1984 United States Senate elections

The 1984 United States Senate elections coincided with the landslide re-election of President Ronald Reagan in the presidential election. In spite of the lopsided presidential race, Reagan's Republican Party suffered a net loss of two Senate seats to the Democrats, although it retained control of the Senate and gained seats in the House.

For related races, see 1984 United States elections.

1984 United States Senate elections

November 6, 1984
33 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Howard Baker (retired) Robert Byrd Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 5, 1980 January 3, 1977 Leader's seat Tennessee West Virginia Seats before 55 45 Seats won 53 47 Seat change 2 2 Popular vote 22,850,493 23,079,278 Percentage 49.3% 49.8% Swing 5.9% 4.3% Seats up 19 14 Races won 17 16
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      No election
Majority Leader before election Howard Baker Republican Elected Majority Leader Bob Dole Republican

Results summary

↓

47	53
Democratic	Republican

Parties		Incum bents	This election		Result	+/-	Popular Vote
			Not up	Won			Vote	%
	Democratic	45	31	16	47	2	23,079,278	49.82%
	Republican	55	36	17	53	2	22,850,493	49.33%
	Libertarian	0	0	0	0		160,798	0.35%
	Others	0	0	0	0		232,231	0.50%
Total		100	67	33	100		46,322,800	100.0%

Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk

Change in composition

Before the elections

D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	D10
D20	D19	D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11
D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28	D29	D30
D40 Mont. Ran	D39 Mich. Ran	D38 Mass. Retired	D37 La. Ran	D36 Ky. Ran	D35 Ga. Ran	D34 Del. Ran	D33 Ark. Ran	D32 Ala. Ran	D31
D41 Neb. Ran	D42 N.J. Ran	D43 Okla. Ran	D44 R.I. Ran	D45 W.Va. Retired	R55 Wyo. Ran	R54 Va. Ran	R53 Texas Retired	R52 Tenn. Retired	R51 S.Dak. Ran
Majority →
R41 Iowa Ran	R42 Kan. Ran	R43 Me. Ran	R44 Minn. Ran	R45 Miss. Ran	R46 N.H. Ran	R47 N.M. Ran	R48 N.C. Ran	R49 Ore. Ran	R50 S.C. Ran
R40 Ill. Ran	R39 Idaho Ran	R38 Colo. Ran	R37 Alaska Ran	R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31
R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28	R29	R30
R20	R19	R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11
R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9	R10

After the elections

D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	D10
D20	D19	D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11
D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28	D29	D30
D40 Mich. Re-elected	D39 Mass. Hold	D38 La. Re-elected	D37 Iowa Gain	D36 Ill. Gain	D35 Ga. Re-elected	D34 Del. Re-elected	D33 Ark. Re-elected	D32 Ala. Re-elected	D31
D41 Mont. Re-elected	D42 Neb. Re-elected	D43 N.J. Re-elected	D44 Okla. Re-elected	D45 R.I. Re-elected	D46 Tenn. Gain	D47 W.Va. Hold	R53 Wyo. Re-elected	R52 Va. Re-elected	R51 Texas Hold
Majority →
R41 Ky. Gain	R42 Me. Re-elected	R43 Minn. Re-elected	R44 Miss. Re-elected	R45 N.H. Re-elected	R46 N.M. Re-elected	R47 N.C. Re-elected	R48 Ore. Re-elected	R49 S.C. Re-elected	R50 S.Dak. Re-elected
R40 Kan. Re-elected	R39 Idaho Re-elected	R38 Colo. Re-elected	R37 Alaska Re-elected	R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31
R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28	R29	R30
R20	R19	R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11
R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9	R10

Key:	D# Democratic R# Republican

Race summary

Special elections

There were no special elections to the U.S. Senate in 1984.

Elections leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1985; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State (linked to summaries below)	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	Howell Heflin	Democratic	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Howell Heflin (Democratic) 62.7% Albert L. Smith Jr. (Republican) 36.4% Yana Davis (Libertarian) 0.9%
Alaska	Ted Stevens	Republican	1968 (Appointed) 1970 1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Ted Stevens (Republican) 71.2% John E. Havelock (Democratic) 28.5%
Arkansas	David Pryor	Democratic	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y David Pryor (Democratic) 57.3% Ed Bethune (Republican) 42.7%
Colorado	William L. Armstrong	Republican	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William L. Armstrong (Republican) 64.2% Nancy E. Dick (Democratic) 34.6% Craig Green (Libertarian) 0.9% David Martin (Socialist Workers) 0.2% Earl Higgerson (Prohibition) 0.1%
Delaware	Joe Biden	Democratic	1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Joe Biden (Democratic) 60.1% John M. Burris (Republican) 39.1%
Georgia	Sam Nunn	Democratic	1972 (Special) 1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Sam Nunn (Democratic) 79.9% Jon M. Hicks (Republican) 20.1%
Idaho	James A. McClure	Republican	1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y James A. McClure (Republican) 72.2% Peter M. Busch (Democratic) 26.0% Donald Billings (Libertarian) 1.8%
Illinois	Charles H. Percy	Republican	1966 1972 1978	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	Y Paul Simon (Democratic) 50.1% Charles H. Percy (Republican) 48.2% Steven Givot (Libertarian) 1.2% Marjorie Pries (Citizens) 0.2% Nelson Gonzalez (Socialist Workers) 0.1% Ishmael Flory (Communist) 0.1%
Iowa	Roger Jepsen	Republican	1978	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	Y Tom Harkin (Democratic) 55.5% Roger Jepsen (Republican) 43.7% Garry De Young (Independent) 0.8%
Kansas	Nancy Kassebaum	Republican	1978 1978 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Nancy Kassebaum (Republican) 76.0% James R. Maher (Democratic) 21.2% Lucille Bieger (Conservative) 0.9% Marian Jackson (American) 0.7% Douglas Merritt (Libertarian) 0.7% Freda Steele (Prohibition) 0.5%
Kentucky	Walter "Dee" Huddleston	Democratic	1972 1978	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Mitch McConnell (Republican) 49.9% Walter "Dee" Huddleston (Democratic) 49.5% Dave Welters (Socialist Workers) 0.6%
Louisiana	J. Bennett Johnston	Democratic	1972 (Appointed) 1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y J. Bennett Johnston (Democratic) 85.7% Robert Max Ross (Republican) 8.9%
Maine	William Cohen	Republican	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Cohen (Republican) 73.3% Libby Mitchell (Democratic) 25.9% Ann Stoddard (Constitutionalist) 0.8%
Massachusetts	Paul Tsongas	Democratic	1978	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	Y John Kerry (Democratic) 55.1% Ray Shamie (Republican) 44.9%
Michigan	Carl Levin	Democratic	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Carl Levin (Democratic) 51.8% Jack Lousma (Republican) 47.2%
Minnesota	Rudy Boschwitz	Republican	1978 1978 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Rudy Boschwitz (Republican) 58.1% Joan Growe (Democratic) 41.3%
Mississippi	Thad Cochran	Republican	1978 1978 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thad Cochran (Republican) 60.9% William Winter (Democratic) 39.1%
Montana	Max Baucus	Democratic	1978 1978 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Max Baucus (Democratic) 56.9% Chuck Cozzens (Republican) 40.7% Neil Halprin (Libertarian) 2.4%
Nebraska	J. James Exon	Democratic	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y J. James Exon (Democratic) 51.9% Nancy Hoch (Republican) 48.0%
New Hampshire	Gordon J. Humphrey	Republican	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Gordon J. Humphrey (Republican) 58.7% Norman D'Amours (Democratic) 41.0% Saunder Primack (Libertarian) 0.3%
New Jersey	Bill Bradley	Democratic	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Bill Bradley (Democratic) 64.2% Mary V. Mochary (Republican) 35.2%
New Mexico	Pete Domenici	Republican	1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Pete Domenici (Republican) 71.9% Judith A. Pratt (Democratic) 28.1%
North Carolina	Jesse Helms	Republican	1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Jesse Helms (Republican) 51.7% Jim Hunt (Democratic) 47.8%
Oklahoma	David Boren	Democratic	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y David Boren (Democratic) 75.6% Will E. Crozier (Republican) 23.4% Robert Murphy (Libertarian) 0.9%
Oregon	Mark Hatfield	Republican	1966 1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Mark Hatfield (Republican) 66.5% Margie Hendriksen (Democratic) 33.4%
Rhode Island	Claiborne Pell	Democratic	1960 1966 1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Claiborne Pell (Democratic) 72.6% Barbara Leonard (Republican) 27.4%
South Carolina	Strom Thurmond	Republican	1954 1954 (Appointed) 1956 (Resigned) 1956 (Special) 1960 1966 1972 1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Strom Thurmond (Republican) 66.8% Melvin Purvis Jr. (Democratic) 31.8%
South Dakota	Larry Pressler	Republican	1978	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Larry Pressler (Republican) 74.5% George V. Cunningham (Democratic) 25.5%
Tennessee	Howard Baker	Republican	1966 1972 1978	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	Y Al Gore (Democratic) 60.7% Victor Ashe (Republican) 33.8% Ed McAteer (Independent) 5.3%
Texas	John Tower	Republican	1961 (Special) 1966 1972 1978	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	Y Phil Gramm (Republican) 58.5% Lloyd Doggett (Democratic) 41.4%
Virginia	John Warner	Republican	1978 1979 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John Warner (Republican) 70.0% Edythe Harrison (Democratic) 29.9%
West Virginia	Jennings Randolph	Democratic	1958 (Special) 1960 1966 1972 1978	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold. Winner delayed term until January 15, 1985 to finish term as Governor of West Virginia.	Y Jay Rockefeller (Democratic) 51.8% John Raese (Republican) 47.7% Mary Radin (Socialist Workers) 0.5%
Wyoming	Alan Simpson	Republican	1978 1979 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Alan Simpson (Republican) 78.3% Victor A. Ryan (Democratic) 21.7%

Alabama

1984 United States Senate election in Alabama[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Howell Heflin (Incumbent)	860,535	62.76%
	Republican	Albert Lee Smith	498,508	36.35%
	Libertarian	S.D. (Yana) Davis	12,191	0.89%
Majority			362,027	26.41%
Total votes			1,371,234	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Alaska

Alaska election

Nominee Ted Stevens John Havelock Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 146,919 58,804 Percentage 71.17% 28.49%

U.S. senator before election Ted Stevens Republican Elected U.S. Senator Ted Stevens Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Alaska

Incumbent Republican Ted Stevens sought re-election to a third term. Owing to his popularity and the conservative bent of Alaska, Stevens did not face major opposition, and easily defeated former Alaska Attorney General John Havelock in the general election.

Open primary results[2]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ted Stevens (incumbent)	65,522	69.22%
	Democratic	John Havelock	19,074	20.15%
	Democratic	Dave Carlson	4,620	4.88%
	Republican	Michael Beasley	2,443	2.58%
	Democratic	Joe Tracanna	1,661	1.75%
	Democratic	Phil Stoddard	1,331	1.41%
Total votes			94,651	100.00%

Alaska general election[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Ted Stevens (Incumbent)	146,919	71.17%	−4.42%
	Democratic	John E. Havelock	58,804	28.49%	+4.39%
	Write-ins		715	0.35%
Majority			88,115	42.68%	−8.81%
Turnout			206,438
	Republican hold		Swing

Arkansas

Arkansas election

Nominee David Pryor Ed Bethune Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 502,341 373,615 Percentage 57.35% 42.65%

U.S. senator before election David Pryor Democratic Elected U.S. Senator David Pryor Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Arkansas

Incumbent Democrat David Pryor won re-election to a second term over Republican U.S. Representative Ed Bethune.

General election results[4]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David Pryor (Incumbent)	502,341	57.35%
	Republican	Ed Bethune	373,615	42.65%
Majority			128,726	14.70%
Turnout			875,956
	Democratic hold

Colorado

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Colorado

1984 United States Senate election in Colorado[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	William L. Armstrong (Incumbent)	833,821	64.25%
	Democratic	Nancy Dick	449,327	34.62%
	Libertarian	Craig Green	11,077	0.85%
	Socialist Workers	David Martin	2,208	0.17%
	Prohibition	Earl Higgerson	1,376	0.11%
Majority			384,494	29.63%
Total votes			1,297,809	100.00%
	Republican hold

Delaware

Delaware election

Nominee Joe Biden John M. Burris Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 147,831 98,101 Percentage 60.11% 39.89%

County results

U.S. senator before election Joe Biden Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Joe Biden Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Delaware

Incumbent Democrat Joe Biden won re-election to a third term, defeating Republican challenger John M. Burris, former Majority Leader of the Delaware House of Representatives.

General election results[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Joe Biden (Incumbent)	147,831	60.11%	+2.15%
	Republican	John M. Burris	98,101	39.89%	-1.13%
Majority			49,730	20.22%	+3.28%
Turnout			245,932
	Democratic hold		Swing

Georgia

Georgia election

Nominee Sam Nunn Mike Hicks Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,344,104 337,196 Percentage 79.9% 20.1%

County results

U.S. senator before election Sam Nunn Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Sam Nunn Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Georgia

Incumbent Democrat Sam Nunn won re-election to a third term over Republican educator, Mike Hicks[5][6]

General election results[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Sam Nunn (Incumbent)	1,344,104	79.94%	-3.19%
	Republican	Mike Hicks	337,196	20.06%	+3.19%
Majority			1,006,908	59.88%	-6.39%
Turnout			1,681,300
	Democratic hold		Swing

Idaho

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Idaho

1984 United States Senate election in Idaho[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	James A. McClure (Incumbent)	293,193	72.19%
	Democratic	Peter M. Busch	105,591	26.00%
	Libertarian	Donald B. Billings	7,384	1.82%
Majority			187,602	46.19%
Total votes			406,168	100.00%
	Republican hold

Illinois

Illinois election

Nominee Paul Simon Charles Percy Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,397,165 2,308,039 Percentage 50.07% 48.21%

U.S. senator before election Charles H. Percy Republican Elected U.S. Senator Paul Simon Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Illinois

Incumbent Republican Charles H. Percy ran for re-election to a fourth term in the United States Senate. Senator Percy was opposed by Democratic nominee Paul Simon, who was a United States Congressman from Illinois's 22nd congressional district. The campaign between Percy and Simon was brutal and toughly-fought, and ended up with Simon ousting Percy by fewer than 90,000 votes, which was, at the time, considered an upset.

The election was very close. Simon prevailed by only 89,126 votes, or 1.86%. Incumbent Percy did well all throughout the state, including the Chicago collar counties. However, Simon received huge numbers out of the heavily populated and Democratic Cook County, which encompasses most of the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Percy led early on and well into the night, but as Cook County began to count all of its votes, Simon pulled ahead. Simon won despite then-president Reagan winning the state easily. Percy called Simon at around 5 A.M. the next day and conceded. Percy also congratulated Simon on his hard-earned victory. Simon was sworn in on January 3, 1985, and served in the senate until January 3, 1997, when he retired. Simon was later succeeded by Dick Durbin, a close friend and fellow Democrat.

Illinois general election[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Paul Simon	2,397,165	50.07%	+4.60%
	Republican	Charles H. Percy (Incumbent)	2,308,039	48.21%	-5.13%
	Libertarian	Steve I. Givot	59,777	1.25%	+0.74%
	Independent	Marjorie H. Pries	12,366	0.26%
	Socialist Workers	Nelson Gonzalez	4,913	0.10%	-0.40%
	Communist	Ishmael Flory	4,802	0.10%
	Write-ins		273	0.01%
Majority			89,126	1.86%	-6.00%
Turnout			4,787,335
	Democratic gain from Republican		Swing

Iowa

Iowa election

Nominee Tom Harkin Roger Jepsen Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 716,883 564,381 Percentage 55.46% 43.66%

U.S. senator before election Roger Jepsen Republican Elected U.S. Senator Tom Harkin Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Iowa

Incumbent Republican Roger Jepsen ran for re-election to a second term in the United States Senate. Jepsen was opposed by United States Congressman Tom Harkin, from Iowa's 5th congressional district, who won the Democratic primary uncontested. The general election was full of mudslinging and personal attacks, including the embellishment by both candidates of their military records; Harkin attacked Jepsen for failing to keep his promise to not sell AWACS aircraft to Saudi Arabia.[7] Ultimately, Harkin defeated Jepsen by a wide margin, winning the first of five terms in the Senate.

Democratic primary results[8]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Tom Harkin	106,005	99.93%
	Democratic	Write-ins	70	0.07%
Total votes			106,075	100.00%

Republican primary results[8]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roger Jepsen (Incumbent)	113,996	99.87%
	Republican	Write-ins	147	0.13%
Total votes			114,143	100.00%

Iowa general election[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Tom Harkin	716,883	55.46%	+7.54%
	Republican	Roger Jepsen (Incumbent)	564,381	43.66%	-7.47%
	Independent	Garry De Young	11,014	0.85%
	Write-ins		422	0.03%
Majority			152,502	11.80%	+8.58%
Turnout			1,292,700
	Democratic gain from Republican		Swing

Kansas

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Kansas

1984 United States Senate election in Kansas[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Nancy Kassebaum	757,402	75.99%
	Democratic	James R. Maher	211,664	21.24%
	Conservative	Lucille Bieger	9,380	0.94%
	American	Marian Ruck Jackson	6,918	0.69%
	Libertarian	Douglas N. Merritt	6,755	0.68%
	Prohibition	Freda H. Steele	4,610	0.46%
Majority			545,738	54.75%
Total votes			996,729	100.00%
	Republican hold

Kentucky

Kentucky election

Nominee Mitch McConnell Walter Huddleston Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 644,990 639,721 Percentage 49.9% 49.5%

County results

U.S. senator before election Walter Huddleston Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Kentucky

Incumbent Democrat Walter Huddleston ran for re-election to a third term, but lost by less than 0.5% to Jefferson County Executive Mitch McConnell.

Huddleston was unopposed in the Democratic Party's primary.

Republican primary results[9]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Mitch McConnell	39,465	79.22%
	Republican	C. Roger Harker	3,798	7.62%
	Republican	Tommy Klein	3,352	6.73%
	Republican	Thurman Jerome Hamlin	3,202	6.43%
Total votes			49,817	100.00%

General election results[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Mitch McConnell	644,990	49.90%	+13.03%
	Democratic	Walter Huddleston (Incumbent)	639,721	49.50%	-11.48%
	Socialist Workers	Dave Welters	7,696	0.60%
Majority			5,269	0.41%	-23.70%
Turnout			1,292,407
	Republican gain from Democratic		Swing

Louisiana

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Louisiana

1984 United States Senate election in Louisiana[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	J. Bennett Johnston (Incumbent)	Unopposed
	Democratic hold

Maine

Maine election

Nominee William Cohen Libby Mitchell Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 404,414 142,626 Percentage 73.3% 25.9%

U.S. senator before election William Cohen Republican Elected U.S. Senator William Cohen Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Maine

Incumbent Republican William Cohen won re-election to a second term over Democrat Libby Mitchell, State Representative.

General election results

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	William Cohen (Incumbent)	404,414	73.34%
	Democratic	Libby Mitchell	142,626	25.87%
	Constitutionalist	P. Ann Stoddard	4,338	0.79%
Majority			261,788	47.47%
Turnout			551,378
	Republican hold

Massachusetts

Massachusetts election

Nominee John Kerry Ray Shamie Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,393,150 1,136,913 Percentage 55.06% 44.94%

Results by town. Red indicates towns carried by Ray Shamie, blue indicates towns carried by John Kerry.

U.S. senator before election Paul Tsongas Democratic Elected U.S. Senator John Kerry Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

The election was won by Democrat John Kerry, the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts who remained Senator until 2013 when he resigned to become U.S. Secretary of State. One-term incumbent Paul Tsongas declined to seek re-election and retired from the Senate following a battle with cancer.

Democratic Primary [10]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Kerry	322,470	40.83%
	Democratic	James Shannon	297,941	37.72%
	Democratic	David M. Bartley	85,910	10.88%
	Democratic	Michael Connolly	82,999	10.51%
		All others	502	0.06%

Republican Primary [11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ray Shamie	173,851	62.38%
	Republican	Elliot Richardson	104,761	37.59%
		All others	70	0.03%

General election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Kerry	1,393,150	55.06%
	Republican	Ray Shamie	1,136,913	44.94%
		All others	408	0.02%
Turnout			2,530,063
Majority			256,237	10.12%
	Democratic hold

Michigan

Michigan election

Nominee Carl Levin Jack Lousma Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,915,831 1,745,302 Percentage 51.8% 47.2%

U.S. senator before election Carl Levin Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Carl Levin Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Michigan

Incumbent Democrat Carl Levin won re-election to a second term.

General election results[12]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Carl Levin (Incumbent)	1,915,831	51.8%
	Republican	Jack Lousma	1,745,302	47.2%
	Tisch Citizens	Arthur Richard Tisch	22,882	0.6%
	Libertarian	Lynn Johnston	7,786	0.2%
	Socialist	Helen Meyers	2,686	0.1%
	Workers World	William Roundtree	2,279	0.1%
	Independent	Max Dean	2,135	0.1%
	Communist	Samuel L. Webb	1,196	0.0%
	Workers League	Fred Mazelis	818	0.0%
Turnout			3,700,915
Majority			170,529	4.6%
	Democratic hold

Minnesota

Minnesota election

Nominee Rudy Boschwitz Joan Growe Party Republican Democratic (DFL) Popular vote 1,199,926 852,844 Percentage 58.08% 41.28%

U.S. senator before election Rudy Boschwitz Republican Elected U.S. Senator Rudy Boschwitz Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Minnesota

Incumbent Republican Rudy Boschwitz defeated Democratic challenger Joan Growe, Minnesota Secretary of State.

General election results[13]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Rudy Boschwitz (Incumbent)	1,199,926	58.08%
	Democratic	Joan Growe	852,844	41.28%
	Socialist Workers	Eleanor Garcia	5,351	0.26%
	New Union Party	Jeffrey M. Miller	4,653	0.23%
	Libertarian	Richard Putman	3,129	0.15%
Turnout			2,065,903
Majority			347,082	16.8%
	Republican hold

Mississippi

Mississippi election

Nominee Thad Cochran William Winter Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 580,314 371,926 Percentage 60.9% 39.1%

U.S. senator before election Thad Cochran Republican Elected U.S. Senator Thad Cochran Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Mississippi

Incumbent Republican Thad Cochran won re-election to a second term over former Democratic Governor William Winter.

Mississippi U.S. Senate Election, 1984[14]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Thad Cochran (Incumbent)	580,314	60.9%
	Democratic	William Winter	371,926	39.1%
Turnout			952,240
Majority			298,388	21.8%
	Republican hold

Montana

Montana election

Nominee Max Baucus Chuck Cozzens Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 215,704 154,308 Percentage 56.89% 40.70%

U.S. senator before election Max Baucus Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Max Baucus Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Montana

Incumbent Max Baucus ran for re-election. He easily won renomination in the Democratic primary, and advanced to the general election, where he faced Chuck Cozzens, a former State Representative and the Republican nominee. Despite President Ronald Reagan's strong performance in the state that year, Baucus was able to easily win a second term over Cozzens.

Democratic Party primary results[15]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Max Baucus (Incumbent)	80,726	79.37%
	Democratic	Bob Ripley	20,979	20.63%
Total votes			101,705	100.00%

Republican Primary results[15]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Chuck Cozzens	33,661	50.78%
	Republican	Ralph Bouma	17,900	27.00%
	Republican	Aubyn Curtiss	14,729	22.22%
Total votes			66,290	100.00%

Montana general election[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Max Baucus (Incumbent)	215,704	56.89%	+1.20%
	Republican	Chuck Cozzens	154,308	40.70%	-3.61%
	Libertarian	Neil Haprin	9,143	2.41%
Majority			61,396	16.19%	+4.81%
Turnout			379,155
	Democratic hold		Swing

Nebraska

Nebraska election

Nominee J. James Exon Nancy Hoch Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 332,117 307,147 Percentage 51.9% 48.0%

U.S. senator before election J. James Exon Democratic Elected U.S. Senator J. James Exon Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Nebraska

Incumbent Democrat J. James Exon won re-election to a second term over Republican businesswoman Nancy Hoch.

General election results[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	J. James Exon (Incumbent)	332,217	51.94%	-15.72%
	Republican	Nancy Hoch	307,147	48.02%	+15.67%
	Write-ins		304	0.05%
Majority			25,070	3.92%	-31.40%
Turnout			639,668
	Democratic hold		Swing

New Hampshire

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

1984 United States Senate election in New Hampshire[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Gordon J. Humphrey (Incumbent)	225,828	58.75%
	Democratic	Norman D'Amours	157,447	40.96%
	Libertarian	Saunder H. Primack	1,094	0.28%
Majority			67,381	17.79%
Total votes			384,369	100.00%
	Republican hold

New Jersey

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in New Jersey

1984 United States Senate election in New Jersey[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Bill Bradley (Incumbent)	1,986,644	64.16%
	Republican	Mary V. Mochary	1,080,100	34.88%
	Independent	James T. Hagen	10,409	0.34%
	Libertarian	Harold F. Leiendecker	7,135	0.23%
	Socialist Labor	Julis Levin	6,053	0.20%
	Socialist Workers	Priscilla Schenk	3,224	0.10%
	Independent	Jasper C. Gould	2,891	0.09%
Majority			906,544	29.28%
Total votes			3,096,456	100.00%
	Democratic hold

New Mexico

New Mexico election

Nominee Pete Domenici Judith Pratt Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 361,371 141,253 Percentage 71.9% 28.1%

County results

U.S. senator before election Pete Domenici Republican Elected U.S. Senator Pete Domenici Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in New Mexico

Incumbent Republican Pete Domenici successfully ran for re-election to a third term, defeating Democrat Judith Pratt.

Democratic primary results[16]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Judith Pratt	67,722	45.50%
	Democratic	Nick Franklin	56,434	37.91%
	Democratic	Anselmo A. Chavez	24,694	16.59%
Majority			11,288	7.58%
Total votes			148,850	100.00%

General election results[17][3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Pete Domenici (Incumbent)	361,371	71.90%
	Democratic	Judith Pratt	141,253	28.10%
	N/A	Others	10	0.00%
Majority			220,118	43.79%
Total votes			502,634	100.00%
	Republican hold

North Carolina

North Carolina election

Nominee Jesse Helms Jim Hunt Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,156,768 1,070,488 Percentage 51.7% 47.8%

U.S. senator before election Jesse Helms Republican Elected U.S. Senator Jesse Helms Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in North Carolina

The election was fought between the Republican incumbent Jesse Helms and Democratic Governor Jim Hunt. Helms won the election, the most expensive non-presidential election in United States history up to that point, by a margin significantly reduced from that that Helms achieved in 1978.

1984 North Carolina U.S. Senate Republican primary election[18]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Jesse Helms	134,675	90.65%
	Republican	George Wimbish	13,799	9.35%
Turnout			148,574

1984 North Carolina U.S. Senate Democratic primary election[18]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Jim Hunt	655,429	77.48%
	Democratic	Thomas Allred	126,841	14.99%
	Democratic	Harrill Jones	63,676	7.53%
Turnout			845,946

Hunt had a commanding lead in opinion polls for much of the campaign, with one poll in 1983 putting him nineteen points clear of Helms.[19] However, that was changed by the most bitterly contested election in the country that year.[19] Hunt ran a campaign ad connecting Helms to death squads in El Salvador through his association with the Nationalist Republican Alliance, for whom Roberto d'Aubuisson had recently run for the President of El Salvador.[19] In the short time before election day, however, the highly popular incumbent US President Ronald Reagan gave Helms a significant boost[20] by campaigning for him and running a local TV ad praising Helms and asking registered voters in North Carolina to re-elect him.[21]

The election cost a total of $26,379,483 in total reported spending (over twelve times as much as the 1980 race), of which, 64% ($16.9m) was spent by Helms.[22]

1984 North Carolina U.S. Senate election[18]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Jesse Helms (Incumbent)	1,156,768	51.7%
	Democratic	Jim Hunt	1,070,488	47.8%
	Libertarian	Bobby Emory	9,302	0.4%
	Socialist Workers	Kate Daher	2,493	0.1%
Turnout			2,239,051
Majority			86,280	3.9%
	Republican hold

Voters Education Project (VEP) in Atlanta study showed that Helms received 63 percent of the white vote and was particularly successful in small towns and rural areas, while receiving less than 1 percent of the black vote in 35 almost-all-black precincts.[23] "Hunt got 37 percent of the white and 98.8 percent of the black vote, according to VEP. But only 61 percent of registered blacks voted, down from 63 percent in 1980."[23] While, It had among the lowest industrial wages in the United States and was third in terms of mobile homes.[23]

Oklahoma

Incumbent Democrat David Boren won re-election to a second term.

Oklahoma election

Nominee David Boren Will E. Bill Crozier Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 906,131 280,638 Percentage 75.6% 23.4%

U.S. senator before election David Boren Democratic Elected U.S. Senator David Boren Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Oklahoma

Oklahoma general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David Boren (Incumbent)	906,131	75.6%
	Republican	Will E. Bill Crozier	280,638	23.4%
	Libertarian	Robert T. Murphy	11,168	0.9%
Majority			625,493	52.2%
Total votes			1,197,937[24]	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Oregon

1984 United States Senate election in Oregon[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Mark Hatfield (Incumbent)	808,152	66.53%
	Democratic	Margie Hendricksen	406,122	33.43%
	Independent Republican	Ralph H. Preston	461	0.04%
Majority			402,030	33.10%
Total votes			1,214,735	100.00%
	Republican hold

Rhode Island

Rhode Island election

Nominee Claiborne Pell Barbara Leonard Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 285,811 107,545 Percentage 72.7% 27.3%

County results

U.S. senator before election Claiborne Pell Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Claiborne Pell Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Rhode Island

Incumbent Democrat Claiborne Pell successfully sought re-election, defeating Republican Barbara M. Leonard.

General election results[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Claiborne Pell (Incumbent)	285,811	72.66%
	Republican	Barbara Leonard	107,545	27.34%
Majority			178,266	45.32%
Total votes			393,356	100.00%
	Democratic hold

South Carolina

South Carolina election

Nominee Strom Thurmond Melvin Purvis Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 644,814 306,982 Percentage 66.8% 31.8%

U.S. senator before election Strom Thurmond Republican Elected U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in South Carolina

Popular incumbent Republican Strom Thurmond cruised to re-election against Democratic challenger Melvin Purvis. Melvin Purvis, a white minister and the son of famous FBI agent Melvin Purvis, won a close race against black photographer Cecil J. Williams. The closeness of the race and the fact that the black candidate did not win propelled Jesse Jackson to request a Justice Department investigation into the primary and he also considered an independent bid for the seat. Governor Richard Riley and 3rd district Representative Butler Derrick flirted with running, but backed down when Thurmond received endorsements from prominent Democrats in South Carolina.

Democratic Primary
Candidate	Votes	%
Melvin Purvis	149,730	50.2%
Cecil J. Williams	148,586	49.8%

Senator Strom Thurmond easily defeated Robert Cunningham to advance to the general election.

Republican Primary
Candidate	Votes	%
Strom Thurmond	44,662	94.3%
Robert H. Cunningham	2,693	5.7%

Thurmond received endorsements from former Democratic governor Robert Evander McNair, Charleston mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr., and an assortment of black mayors in the state. He did not face a serious challenge and spent almost $1.5 million on the race whereas Purvis spent less than $10,000. An ironic footnote to the election is the fact that Purvis used Thurmond's age as an issue in the campaign. He claimed Thurmond was too old, yet Purvis died less than two years after the election of a heart attack at age 46.

South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1984

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Strom Thurmond (Incumbent)	644,814	66.8%	+11.2%
	Democratic	Melvin Purvis	306,982	31.8%	-12.6%
	Libertarian	Stephen Davis	13,323	1.4%	+1.4%
	No party	Write-Ins	335	0.0%	0.0%
Majority			337,832	35.0%	+23.8%
Turnout			965,454	68.7%	+11.0%
	Republican hold

South Dakota

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in South Dakota

1984 United States Senate election in South Dakota[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Larry Pressler (Incumbent)	235,176	74.49%
	Democratic	George V. Cunningham	80,537	25.51%
Majority			154,639	43.79%
Total votes			315,713	100.00%
	Republican hold

Tennessee

Tennessee election

Nominee Al Gore Victor Ashe Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,000,607 557,016 Percentage 60.72% 33.80%

County results

U.S. senator before election Howard Baker Republican Elected U.S. Senator Al Gore Democratic

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Tennessee

Three-term popular incumbent Howard Baker, who had served as United States Senate Majority Leader since 1981 (Minority Leader from 1977 to 1981) decided not to seek re-election in order to concentrate on a planned bid for 1988 Republican presidential nomination (which did not happen, as he later accepted a White House Chief of Staff position under President Ronald Reagan). This made a seat open.

Democrats nominated Representative and future Vice President of the United States Al Gore, whose father Albert Gore, Sr. once held the other Tennessee Senate seat.

Democratic primary results

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Al Gore	476,582	100.00%
Total votes			476,582	100.00%

In the Republican primary, held on August 2, Ashe easily emerged as a winner:[25]

• Ashe - 145,744 (86.47%)
• McNeil - 17,970 (10.66%)
• Patty - 4,777 (2.83%)
• Write-in - 49 (0.03%)

Although the Senate election coincided with the landslide re-election of President Reagan, who carried Tennessee by a wide margin, this time his victory did not have any coattails, as it did in 1980, and Democrats picked up three Republican seats. One of the Democratic gains was in Tennessee, where conservative democrat Gore won in a landslide:[26]

General election results

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Al Gore	1,000,607	60.72%
	Republican	Victor Ashe	557,016	33.80%
	Independent	Ed McAteer	87,234	5.29%
	Independent	Khalil-Ullah Al-Muhaymin	3,179	0.19%
Turnout			1,640,836
Majority			443,591	26.92%
	Democratic gain from Republican

Texas

Texas election

Nominee Phil Gramm Lloyd Doggett Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 3,111,348 2,202,557 Percentage 58.6% 41.4%

U.S. senator before election John G. Tower Republican Elected U.S. Senator Phil Gramm Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Texas

Incumbent Republican John G. Tower decided to retire, instead of seeking a fifth term. Republican Phil Gramm won the open seat over Democratic State Senator Lloyd Doggett.

The Democratic primary was 45% Hispanic, but included many moderate to conservative voters. Hance positioned himself as the most moderate to conservative candidate, who co-sponsored President Ronald Reagan's tax package.[27] Doggett was the more liberal candidate, attacking Reaganomics and getting endorsements from the Texas teachers' union and Agriculture Commissioner Jim Hightower.[28] Krueger was seen as the front runner and was a moderate who supported the state's oil and gas industry, but had close ties with the Hispanic community because he was Spanish-speaking.[29] Hance attacked both Kroeger and Doggett for supporting amnesty for illegal aliens and supporting gay rights.[30] The initial primary was extremely close between the top three candidates. Each candidate got 31% of the electorate. Hance ranked first, only 273 votes ahead of Doggett and 1,560 votes ahead of Krueger.

Since no candidate passed the 50% threshold, Hance and Doggett qualified for the run-off election. Hance fired his pollster despite ranking first.[31] Krueger endorsed fellow U.S. Congressman Hance, saying "Ultimately, the quality of one's public service depends upon the character that one displays in filling an office."[32][33] In the June election, Doggett very narrowly defeated Hance by just 1,345 votes.

Initial election in May 5, 1984

May Democratic primary[34]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Kent Hance	456,446	31.2%
	Democratic	Lloyd Doggett	456,173	31.2%
	Democratic	Robert Charles Krueger	454,886	31.1%
	Democratic	David Young	47,062	3.2%
	Democratic	Robert S. Sullivan	34,733	2.4%
	Democratic	Harley Schlanger	14,149	1.0%

Run-off election on June 2, 1984

June Democratic primary[35]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Lloyd Doggett	491,251	50.1%
	Democratic	Kent Hance	489,906	49.9%

The Republican primary was a highly competitive, multimillion-dollar contest.[36] Gramm recently switched parties in 1983, but he was a conservative who supported Reaganomics. Gramm spent $4 million.[37]

May Republican primary[38]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Phil Gramm	247,280	73.3%
	Republican	Ron Paul	55,771	16.5%
	Republican	Robert A. Mosbacher Jr.	26,250	7.8%
	Republican	Hank Grover	8,055	2.5%

General election results[39]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Phil Gramm	3,111,348	58.6%
	Democratic	Lloyd Doggett	2,202,557	41.4%
Turnout			5,313,905
Majority			908,791	17.2%
	Republican hold

Virginia

Virginia election

Turnout	52.4% (voting eligible)[40]
Nominee John Warner Edythe Harrison Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,406,194 601,142 Percentage 70.0% 29.9%
U.S. Senate election results map. Red denotes counties/districts won by Warner. Blue denotes those won by Harrison.
U.S. senator before election John Warner Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Warner Republican

Main article: 1984 United States Senate election in Virginia

Incumbent Republican John W. Warner won re-election to a second term. He handily defeated Edythe C. Harrison, member of the Virginia House of Delegates[41] the "first woman in Virginia nominated by the Democratic Party for statewide office."[42]

Virginia general election[43]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	John Warner (Incumbent)	1,406,194	70.05%	+19.88%
	Democratic	Edythe C. Harrison	601,142	29.95%	-19.84%
	Write-ins		151	0.01%	-0.03%
Majority			805,052	40.10%	+39.71%
Turnout			2,007,487
	Republican hold

West Virginia

1984 United States Senate election in West Virginia[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Jay Rockefeller	374,233	51.82%
	Republican	John Raese	344,680	47.73%
	Socialist Workers	Mary E. 'Joan' Radin	3,299	0.46%
Majority			29,553	3.09%
Total votes			722,212	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Wyoming

1984 United States Senate election in Wyoming[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Alan K. Simpson (Incumbent)	146,373	78.32%
	Democratic	Victor A. Ryan	40,525	21.68%
Majority			105,848	43.79%
Total votes			186,898	100.00%
	Republican hold

See also

• 1984 United States elections
  • 1984 United States gubernatorial elections
  • 1984 United States presidential election
  • 1984 United States House of Representatives elections
• 98th United States Congress
• 99th United States Congress

References

1. Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (1985). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1984" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office.
2. http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/84PRIM/84prim.pdf
3. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives (1985). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 6, 1984" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office.
4. "General Election Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
6. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1984&off=3&elect=0&fips=13&f=0
7. "Down and Dirty - News - The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
8. http://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/results/80s/1984primcanv.pdf
9. "Kentucky State Board of Elections Welcome to the State Board of Elections". Elect.ky.gov. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
10. "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 18, 1984". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
11. "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate - R Primary Race - Sep 18, 1984". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
12. Parker, Randy; Reporting for Duty (April 9, 2005). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
13. "Our Campaigns - MN US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1984". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
14. "Our Campaigns - MS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1996". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
15. "Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana, June 5, 1984" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
16. "NM US Senate - D Primary". OurCampaigns. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
17. "NM US Senate". OurCampaigns. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
18. "North Carolina DataNet #46" (PDF). University of North Carolina. April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
19. Joseph N., Boyce; Lamar, Jacob V. (September 24, 1984). "The Old South vs. the New". Time. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
20. http://www.unctv.org/U.S%5B%5D. Senatorno/peopleevents/events1.html
21. Kenneth Salt (February 1, 2009). "Ronald Reagan ad for Jesse Helms during 1984 election". Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via YouTube.
22. "North Carolina DataNet #25" (PDF). University of North Carolina. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
23. Bill Peterson (November 18, 1984), "Jesse Helms' Lesson for Washington", The Washington Post, retrieved January 16, 2017
24. "1984 Oklahoma Election Results" (PDF). Oklahoma State Election Board. 1984. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
25. "Our Campaigns - TN US Senate- R Primary Race - Aug 02, 1984". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
26. "Our Campaigns - TN US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1984". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
27. "Conservative Holds Lead in Texas Senate Primary". June 3, 1984. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
28. "The Victoria Advocate - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
29. "Kentucky New Era - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
30. "Mid Cities Daily News - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
31. "The Bonham Daily Favorite - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
32. AP (June 1, 1984). "CAMPAIGN ; Krueger Backs Hance In Democratic Runoff". Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
33. "The Victoria Advocate - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
34. "Our Campaigns - TX US Senate - D Primary Race - May 05, 1984". ourcampaigns.com.
35. "Our Campaigns - TX US Senate - D Runoff Race - Jun 02, 1984". ourcampaigns.com.
36. "Daily Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
37. "The Victoria Advocate - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
38. "Gramm Voices Surprise". The Victoria Advocate. May 6, 1984.
39. "Our Campaigns - TX US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1990". ourcampaigns.com.
40. Dr. Michael McDonald (March 25, 2013). "Turnout 1980-2012". George Mason University. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
41. Virginia Women in History,
42. "Edythe C. Harrison Papers, 1961-1993 - Special Collections and University Archives". www.lib.odu.edu. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
43. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=51&year=1984&f=0&elect=0&off=3

Sources

• Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1985). The Almanac of American Politics 1986: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts.
• Snider, William D. (1985). Helms and Hunt: The North Carolina Senate Race, 1984. University of North Carolina Press.
• State Election Commission (1985). Report of the South Carolina State Election Commission 1984-1985. Columbia, SC: State Election Commission. p. 62.
• Bass, Jack; Marilyn W. Thompson (1998). Ol' Strom: An Unauthorized Biography of Strom Thurmond. Longstreet. p. 302.