HM LST-420

LST-420 was a United States Navy LST-1-class tank landing ship that was transferred to the Royal Navy during World War II. She was lost on 7 November 1944, after hitting a mine in heavy seas off Ostend, Belgium, sinking with great loss of life, particularly amongst her Royal Air Force passengers. It was the greatest loss of life on a British landing craft during World War II.[3]

History
United Kingdom
Name: LST-420
Ordered: as a Type S3-M-K2 hull, MCE hull 940[1]
Builder: Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, Baltimore, Maryland
Yard number: 2192[1]
Laid down: 6 November 1942
Launched: 5 December 1942
Commissioned: 15 February 1943
Stricken: 2 June 1945
Identification: Hull symbol: LST-420
Fate: lost in action, 7 November 1944
General characteristics [2]
Class and type: LST-1-class tank landing ship
Displacement:
  • 1,625 long tons (1,651 t) (light)
  • 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) (full (seagoing draft with 1,675 short tons (1,520 t) load)
  • 2,366 long tons (2,404 t) (beaching)
Length: 328 ft (100 m) oa
Beam: 50 ft (15 m)
Draft:
  • Unloaded: 2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) forward; 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) aft
  • Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft
  • Landing with 500 short tons (450 t) load: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft
Installed power:
Propulsion:
Speed: 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Range: 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t)
Boats & landing
craft carried:		 2 x LCVPs
Capacity: 1,600–1,900 short tons (3,200,000–3,800,000 lb; 1,500,000–1,700,000 kg) cargo depending on mission
Troops: 16 officers, 147 enlisted men
Complement: 13 officers, 104 enlisted men
Armament:

Construction

LST-420 was laid down on 6 November 1942, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 940, by the Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, Baltimore, Maryland; launched 5 December 1942; then transferred to the United Kingdom and commissioned on 15 February 1943.[4]

She was a purpose designed “tank landing ship” capable of transporting vehicles and personnel to anywhere in the world. She had served in the Mediterranean and in the landings on D-Day.[5] From 20 July 1944, she was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Douglas Harold Everett, Royal Navy Reserve, a 30 year old professional Master Mariner serving with the Royal Navy for the duration of the war.[6]

Background for final operations

The weather was very poor and had resulted in a relative lull in aerial fighting in North West Europe. This presented the 2nd Tactical Air Force with an opportunity to conduct necessary servicing, repairs and overhaul of radar installations in North West Europe as “partial downtime” was unavoidable in the process and the defences could not be "down" when the Luftwaffe was active. The process involved taking a radar installation "off line" but leaving the site still functioning on its alternative systems.

All such major maintenance after the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944, until November 1944, had been accomplished by small “Mobile Signals Servicing Units” (M.S.S.U.) which had been enormously successful. The tactical plan was for the “No. 1 Base Signals and Radar Unit” (B.S.R.U.), which had completed eighteen months training at “Signals Battle Training School”, to land in France once the Normandy bridgehead was sufficiently stable but due to the MSSU’s success and the greater rate of territorial advance than expected, the BSRU had been held in England until a more suitable time.

After meetings at the Air Ministry in London and the HQ of 2nd Tactical Air Force in North West Europe, it was decided to move the unit, its vehicles and personnel to a site at Ghent, Belgium where workshops were set up and equipment began to arrive. On receipt of movement orders in the marshalling area in Essex, the 303 men comprising the unit began boarding LST-420 which took aboard 19 officers and 250 enlisted personnel of No. 1 BSRU (some sources say 263 officers and men) with their 50 vehicles, equipment and supplies, the remaining officer and 33 enlisted men boarded another LST with several of their vehicles.[7]

Loss

On 7 November 1944, a small convoy of vessels comprising LST-200, LST-320, LST-367, LST-405 and LST-420 crossed the English Channel bound for Ostend, Belgium. The weather had been very poor for a week and a severe storm was rising. By mid-afternoon when they arrived off the Belgian coast conditions were terrible, and as a result they were refused permission to enter port at Ostend due to concerns that an accident in the harbourmouth might cause considerable disruption in the supply line for land forces. The convoy duly altered course back towards England planning to shelter overnight in the Thames Estuary before returning to Ostend on the following day.[7]

an LST with its bow doors open to disembark passengers and cargo

At approximately 15:00, within sight of Ostend the bow section of LST-420 struck a powerful German mine which tore a large hole in the ship's hull causing it to break into two parts. The ship's galley fires were lit at the time due to the evening meal being prepared and gallons of petrol from the damaged fuel tanks of the vehicles caught fire enveloping the stern section of the ship in flame. LST-420 sank very rapidly and due to the heavy seas only larger vessels were able to attempt to rescue survivors in the water.[6]

Of the ill-fated “BSRU” only 31 or 32 men were saved from life rafts.[7]

The position of the wreck is recorded as 51°15.033′N 2°41.798′E.[8]

Casualties
  • Crew - Lieutenant-Commander Douglas Everett,[9] Sub-Lieutenant William Dowling,[10] and 53 members of the crew of LST-420 were lost that night. (4 are buried in Belgium, 1 was washed ashore in England and was taken home for burial by his family. The other members of the crew are commemorated on the Naval Memorials at Plymouth, Chatham and the Royal New Zealand Naval Memorial.) The crew ranged from naval veterans of over 25 years service,[11] to a lad only 18 years of age,[12] and included regular service seamen, wartime service seamen and a Royal New Zealand Navy signalman.[13]
Runnymede Memorial where at least 136 of the casualties of LST-420 are commemorated

At least 292 persons were killed, with the total loss of life probably being over 320. (Calculations based on the records of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission coupled with the “Armed Forces Register” of the General Register Office of England & Wales and Scotland and records held on the “Air of Authority” website.) The dead were washed ashore as far north as the north German coast,[25] on the beaches of the Netherlands, Belgium, England and as far south as Calais, France.[26]

Notes

A section of the bow of LST-420 was raised in 1990.[27]

A yellow marker buoy is located above the wreck today.[28]

gollark: Ah, the Macron logic interpreter.
gollark: Pen plotters do NOT exist.
gollark: It's wrong iff not approved by the PIERB.
gollark: ↓ you, consequently
gollark: Bernie Sanders, probably.

See also

References
  1. Bethlehem-Fairfield 2008.
  2. Navsource 2009.
  3. Wolf 2013.
  4. DANFS.
  5. LST-420 with history of LST-427
  6. Helgason.
  7. Smoothy.
  8. VlaamseHydrografie – HydrographicWreck mapping
  9. CWGC details – LtCdr DH Everett RNR
  10. CWGC details – SubLt WV Dowling RNVR
  11. CWGC details - Petty Officer HH Bushby RN
  12. CWGC details – StoI PW Powell RN
  13. CWGC details – Sig JT Riley RNZN
  14. CWGC details – W/Cdr WE Wendon RAF
  15. CWGC details – S/Ldr EJ Irish RAF
  16. CWGC details – Rev. DH James RAFVR
  17. CWGC details – Rev. EW McKeeman RAFVR
  18. CWGC details – F/Lt GJ Binks RAFVR
  19. CWGC details – F/Lt S Greenop RAFVR
  20. CWGC details – F/Lt LJ Tyler RAFVR
  21. National Archives, London. File AIR 29/143 No. 1 Base Signals
  22. RAF MOD Chaplains Branch website, PDF document
  24. National Archives, London. WO 361/741 – Loss of HM LST-40 casualties
  25. CWGC details - LAC P Marshall RAFVR
  26. CWGC details - AC2 WA Wilcox RAFVR
  27. Shipwreck registry, Europe – LST-420
  28. Rev.E W McKeeman – buoy marker

Bibliography

Online resources

  • "LST-420". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 12 May 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • "Bethlehem-Fairfield, Baltimore MD". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 14 August 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  • "USS LST-420". Navsource.org. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  • Wolf, Grey (2013). "Storm Damage". Ystalyfera History. Retrieved 12 May 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smoothy, Peter. "Account of the Sinking of HM LST-420". Retrieved 12 May 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMS LST-420". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 12 May 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Lenton, H. T. (1980). Warships of World War II. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0403-X.
  • Silverstone, Paul (1982). US Warships of World War II. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0157-X.


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