Nuuk

Nuuk (Greenlandic pronunciation: [nuːk], Danish: [ˈnu(ː)k]; Danish: Godthåb [ˈkʌtˌhɔˀp])[2] is the capital and largest city of Greenland. Nuuk is the seat of government and the country's largest cultural and economic centre. The major cities from other countries closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. John's in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland. Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenland's population and its tallest building. Nuuk is also the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality. In January 2020, it had a population of 18,326.[1]

Nuuk

Godthåb
Capital city
(left to right, top to bottom:) Downtown Nuuk, with Katuaq in the foreground; the Teletårnet ("Teletower") office tower; Nuussuaq district; Qernertunnguit, neighborhood in the Quassussuup Tungaa district; Sermitsiaq mountain overlooking Nuussuaq
Nuuk
Location within Greenland
Nuuk
Nuuk (North America)
Coordinates: 64°10′53″N 51°41′39″W
State Kingdom of Denmark
Constituent country Greenland
Municipality Sermersooq
Founded29 August 1728
Incorporated1728
Area
 • Capital city690 km2 (265 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Capital city18,326[1] (Largest in Greenland)
 • Metro
18,547 (including Qeqertarsuatsiaat and Kapisillit)
 City and metropolitan population is co-extensive, the entire Metro area belongs to Nuuk City
Demonym(s)Nuummioq
Time zoneUTC−03:00 (Western Greenland Standard)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−02:00 (Western Greenland Daylight)
Postal code
3900

The city was founded in 1728 by the Dano-Norwegian governor Claus Paarss when he relocated Hans Egede's earlier Hope Colony (Haabets Koloni) to the mainland, and was named Godthåb ("Good Hope"). The city officially adopted its current name in 1979, although the name "Godthåb" remained in use in Danish. "Nuuk" is the Greenlandic word for "cape" (Danish: næs). It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the eastern shore of the Labrador Sea. Its latitude, at 64°11' N, makes it the world's northernmost capital, only a few kilometres farther north than the Icelandic capital Reykjavík.

The campus of the University of Greenland, hosting Statistics Greenland, and the main holdings of the Public and National Library of Greenland[3] are at the northern end of the district, near the road to the Nuuk Airport.[4]

Nuuk receives its electric power mainly from the renewable energy-powered Buksefjord hydroelectric power plant by way of a 132 kV powerline crossing Ameralik fjord over a distance of 5,376 m (17,638 ft), the world's longest free span.[5][6]

History

The site has a long history of habitation. The area around Nuuk was first occupied by the ancient, pre-Inuit, Paleo-Eskimo people of the Saqqaq culture as far back as 2200 BC when they lived in the area around the now abandoned settlement of Qoornoq.[7] For a long time, it was occupied by the Dorset culture around the former settlement of Kangeq but they disappeared from the Nuuk district before AD 1000. The Nuuk area was later inhabited by Viking explorers in the 10th century (Western Settlement), and shortly thereafter by Inuit peoples.[8] Inuit and Norsemen both lived with little interaction in this area from about 1000 until the disappearance of the Norse settlement for uncertain reasons during the 15th century.

The statue of Hans Egede in Nuuk

The city proper was founded as the fort of Godt-Haab in 1728 by the royal governor Claus Paarss, when he relocated the missionary and merchant Hans Egede's earlier Hope Colony (Haabets Koloni) from Kangeq Island to the mainland. At that time, Greenland was formally still a Norwegian colony (until 1814) under the united Dano-Norwegian Crown, but the colony had not had any contact for over three centuries. Paarss's colonists consisted of mutinous soldiers, convicts, and prostitutes and most died within the first year of scurvy and other ailments. In 1733 and 1734, a smallpox epidemic killed most of the native population as well as Egede's wife.[9] Hans Egede went back to Denmark in 1736 after 15 years in Greenland, leaving his son Poul to continue his work.[10] Godthaab became the seat of government for the Danish colony of South Greenland,[11] while Godhavn (modern Qeqertarsuaq) was the capital of North Greenland until 1940 when the administration was unified in Godthaab.[12]

In 1733, Moravian missionaries received permission to begin a mission on the island; in 1747, there were enough converts to prompt the construction of the Moravian Brethren Mission House and the formal establishment of the mission as New Herrnhut (Danish: Nye-Hernhut). This became the nucleus for present-day Nuuk as many Greenlanders from the southeastern coast left their territory to live at the mission station. From this base, further missions were established at Lichtenfels (1748), Lichtenau (1774), Friedrichsthal (1824), Umanak (1861), and Idlorpait (1864),[13] before they were discontinued in 1900 and folded into the Lutheran Church of Denmark.[14]

Nuuk, c. 1878

Around 1850, Greenland, and especially the area around Nuuk, were in crisis. The Europeans had brought diseases and a culture that conflicted with the ways of the native Greenlanders. Many Greenlanders were living in poverty. In 1853, Hinrich Johannes Rink came to Greenland and perceived the Greenlanders had lost much of their culture and identity under Danish influence. In response, in 1861, he started the Atuagagdliutt, Greenland's first newspaper, with a native Greenlander as editor. This newspaper based in Nuuk later became significant for the Greenlandic identity.

During World War II, there was a reawakening to Greenlandic national identity. Greenlanders shared a written language and assembled a council under Eske Brun's leadership in Nuuk. In 1940, an American and a Canadian Consulate were established in Nuuk. Under new regulations in 1950, two councils amalgamated into one. This Countryside Council was abolished on 1 May 1979, when the city of Godthåb was renamed Nuuk by the Greenland Home Rule government. The city boomed during the 1950s when Denmark began to modernise Greenland. As in Greenland as a whole, Nuuk is populated today by both Inuit and Danes. Over a third of Greenland's total population lives in the Nuuk Greater Metropolitan area.[15]

An article examining indigenous influences on cities worldwide[16] suggested,

One city... stands out. Nuuk... has probably the highest percentage of aboriginal people of any city: almost 90% of Greenland's population of 58,000 is Inuit, and at least eight in 10 live in urban settlements. Nuuk also celebrates Inuit culture and history to an extent that is unprecedented in many cities with higher total aboriginal populations. By proportion and by cultural authority and impact, it may well be tiny Nuuk that is the most indigenous city in the world.[16]

Geography
See also: Nuup Kangerlua
Left: Satellite view. Right: Aerial view of Nuuk

Nuuk is located at approximately 64°10′N 51°44′W[17] at the mouth of Nuup Kangerlua (formerly Baal's River[18]), some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the shores of the Labrador Sea on the southwestern coast of Greenland, and about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. Initially, the fjord flows to the northwest, to then turn southwest at 64°43′N 50°37′W, splitting into three arms in its lower run, with three big islands in between the arms: Sermitsiaq Island, Qeqertarsuaq Island, and Qoornuup Qeqertarsua.[19] The fjord widens into a bay dotted with skerries near its mouth, opening into Labrador Sea at approximately 64°03′N 51°58′W. Some 20 km (12 mi) to the northeast, reaching a height of 1,210 m (3,970 ft), Sermitsiaq can be seen from almost everywhere in Nuuk. The mountain has given its name to the nationwide newspaper Sermitsiaq. Closer to the town are the peaks of Store Malene, 790 m (2,590 ft), and Lille Malene, 420 m (1,380 ft).[20] The magnetic declination at Nuuk is extreme.[21][22]

View from the mountain Ukkusissaq, which means "soap stone" (in Danish it is called Store Malene)
Panorama of Nuuk

Climate

Nuuk has a maritime-influenced tundra climate (Köppen ET) with cold, long, snowy winters and cool, short summers. On 21 December, the shortest day and longest night of the year, the sun rises at 10:30 A.M. and sets at 2:20 pm. By contrast, on the longest day and shortest night of the year, 21 June, the sun rises at 2:54 A.M. and does not set until 12:04 A.M, giving a quasi-Midnight Sun. Nuuk can have mild temperatures on brief occasions year round, with each month having recorded 13 °C (55 °F) or warmer although only June, July, August, and September have recorded what could be considered hot weather (defined as 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) or higher). The monthly averages range from −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) to 8 °C (46 °F), whereas all-time extremes range from −32.5 °C (−26.5 °F) on 14 Jan 1984 to 26.3 °C (79.3 °F) on 6 July 2008.

The average monthly temperature (7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in August) is colder than what is considered the limit for trees (10 °C (50 °F) during the warmest month). There are a few planted trees[23] which do not sustain well.

Climate data for Nuuk (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1866–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3)		 13.0
(55.4)		 13.2
(55.8)		 14.6
(58.3)		 18.3
(64.9)		 23.8
(74.8)		 26.3
(79.3)		 25.1
(77.2)		 23.8
(74.8)		 19.9
(67.8)		 15.8
(60.4)		 13.2
(55.8)		 26.3
(79.3)
Average high °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −6.8
(19.8)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 3.4
(38.1)		 7.7
(45.9)		 10.2
(50.4)		 10.4
(50.7)		 6.3
(43.3)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 1.3
(34.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2)		 −9.1
(15.6)		 −9.2
(15.4)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 0.8
(33.4)		 4.4
(39.9)		 6.8
(44.2)		 7.3
(45.1)		 3.7
(38.7)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 −1.4
(29.5)
Average low °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3)		 −11.5
(11.3)		 −11.4
(11.5)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 1.7
(35.1)		 3.8
(38.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 2.8
(37.0)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −8
(18)		 −3.7
(25.3)
Record low °C (°F) −32.5
(−26.5)		 −29.6
(−21.3)		 −27.5
(−17.5)		 −30.0
(−22.0)		 −19.0
(−2.2)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −16.6
(2.1)		 −24.4
(−11.9)		 −25.2
(−13.4)		 −32.5
(−26.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54.7
(2.15)		 51.1
(2.01)		 49.1
(1.93)		 45.6
(1.80)		 56.5
(2.22)		 60.6
(2.39)		 81.3
(3.20)		 89.1
(3.51)		 90.2
(3.55)		 66.5
(2.62)		 75.2
(2.96)		 62.0
(2.44)		 781.6
(30.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13.8 12.7 15.1 13.2 13.0 10.5 12.5 12.5 14.1 13.5 14.3 14.4 159.6
Average snowy days 13.6 12.1 14.5 11.4 9.4 2.8 0.1 0.2 4.3 9.8 12.7 13.8 104.7
Average relative humidity (%) 78 79 81 81 84 84 87 87 83 78 76 77 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 15.5 65.0 148.8 180.0 189.1 204.0 195.3 164.3 141.0 80.6 30.0 6.2 1,419.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 0.5 2.3 4.8 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.3 5.3 4.7 2.6 1.0 0.2 3.9
Source 1: Danish Meteorological Institute[24][25]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),[26] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1961–1990, sun 1980–1990)[27]

Demographics

With 18,326 inhabitants as of January 2020,[1] Nuuk is by far the largest town in Greenland. The population of Nuuk has doubled since 1977, increased by over a third since 1990, and risen by almost 21% since 2000. In addition to those born in Greenland, data from 2015 showed 3,636 were born outside the country.[28] Attracted by good employment opportunities with high wages, Danes have continued to settle in the town. Today, Nuuk has the highest proportion of Danes of any town in Greenland. Half of Greenland's immigrants live in Nuuk, which also accounts for a quarter of the country's native population.[20]

Government

As the capital of Greenland, Nuuk is the administrative centre of the country, containing all of the important government buildings and institutions. The public sector bodies are also the town's largest employer.[20]

As of January 2020, the mayor of Nuuk is Charlotte Ludvigsen. She replaced former mayor Asii Chemnitz Narup in 2019 following a social media scandal. Like Narup, Ludvigsen is a member of the Inuit Ataqatigiit party.[29]

Greenland's self-government parliament, the Inatsisartut, is in Nuuk. It has 31 seats and its members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms.[30] All of Greenland's major political parties have their headquarters in Nuuk, including the Inuit Ataqatigiit, Siumut, Democrats, Atassut, Association of Candidates and the Women's Party.[31]

KANUKOKA
Main article: KANUKOKA

KANUKOKA (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaanni Kommunit Kattuffiat) is based in Nuuk. It is an association of Greenland's municipalities, led by Enok Sandgreen.[32] The aim of the organisation was to facilitate cooperation among all five municipalities of Greenland: Avannaata, Kujalleq, Qeqertalik, Qeqqata, and Sermersooq. However with Sermersooq and Qeqertalik both withdrawing and Qeqqata expressing doubts, KANUKOKA is closing down in 2018.[33] The organisation runs the municipal elections every four years, with the last election taking place in 2012. All municipal authorities in Greenland are members of the organisation.[34] The association is overseen by Maliina Abelsen, the Minister for Social Affairs in the Government of Greenland.[32][35]

Economy
The port of Nuuk

Although only a small town, Nuuk has developed trade, business, shipping and other industries. It began as a small fishing settlement with a harbour but as the economy developed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s, the fishing industry in the capital declined.[36] The port is nevertheless still home to almost half of Greenland's fishing fleet. The local Royal Greenland processing plant absorbs landed seafood amounting to over DKK 50 million (US$7 million) per annum, mainly (80%) shrimp but also cod, lumpfish and halibut.[20] Seafood, including seal, is also sold in abundance in Nuuk's fish markets, the largest being Kalaaliaraq Market. Minerals including zinc and gold have contributed to the development of Nuuk's economy.[37]

The city, like much of Greenland, is heavily dependent upon Danish investment and relies on Denmark for block funding.[38]

Energy

All of Greenland's electricity is powered by the government-owned company Nukissiorfiit, which has a monopoly on the electricity in Greenland.[39] Since 1993, Nuuk has received its electric power mainly from Buksefjord hydroelectric power plant by way of a 132 kV powerline crossing Ameralik fjord over a distance of 5,376 m (17,638 ft), the world's longest free span.[5][6]

Education
University of Greenland

Nuuk has several educational institutions of higher learning. The University of Greenland (Ilisimatusarfik), the only university in Greenland, is in Nuuk. The university was founded in 1987 and expanded in 2007 with the new building, Ilimmarfik, housing departments of journalism, management and economics, language, literature and media, cultural and social history, theology and religion and social work. Nuuk is also home to the Department of Learning (Ilinniarfissuaq), the oldest educational facility in Greenland, in the old colonial part of Nuuk (Nuutoqaq: Old Nuuk). Other notable educational institutions include the Department of Nursing and Health Science, Nuuk Technical College and the Iron & Metal School.

Healthcare

The city is served by Queen Ingrid's Hospital. The hospital not only serves as the main hospital for the municipality but is the central hospital in all of Greenland. The hospital has 185 beds.[40]

Tourism

The Nuuk Tourist Office was built in 1992 to house the headquarters of the new National Tourist Board of Greenland.[41]

Shopping

Shops in Nuuk offer local art and craftwork. In July 2012 Greenland's first shopping centre, Nuuk Center (NC), opened. The centre has Greenland's first underground parking. Several supermarkets exist, such as Nuuk Center, Pisiffik, Brugseni, and Spar.

Transportation
Nuuk's main road Aqqusinersuaq with Hotel Hans Egede on the right

Airport
Main article: Nuuk Airport

Nuuk has an international airport 4 km (2.5 mi) to the northeast of the town centre. Built in 1979, it is a hub for Air Greenland, which is also headquartered in Nuuk,[42] and operates its technical base at the airport. There are flights inside Greenland and to Iceland. A decision has been made to extend the runway to allow for flights to European destinations such as Denmark.[43]

Sea

As a result of the high cost of flying goods to Greenland, Nuuk and other towns in Greenland are connected to Denmark by cargo vessels which sail mainly from Aalborg during the warmer months after the winter ice has melted. They bring clothing, flour, medicine, timber and machinery and return with deep-frozen shrimp and fish.[44] For most of the year, Nuuk is served twice-weekly by the coastal ferry of the Arctic Umiaq Line which links the communities of the western coast.[45]

Roadways

The majority of buses and cars owned in Greenland operate in Nuuk.[46] There are no roads connecting Nuuk with other areas of Greenland.[47] The main street in Nuuk is Aqqusinersuaq, with a number of shops and the 140-room Hotel Hans Egede.[48]

Since 2009, the city bus service Nuup Bussii provides city transport services in Nuuk for the Sermersooq municipality,[49] linking the town centre with the airport, the outlying districts and neighborhoods[50] of Nuussuaq, Qinngorput, as well as Qernertunnguit in Quassussuup Tungaa.[51] In 2012 the buses transported more than 2 million passengers around the city of Nuuk.[52]

Cityscape

Historical buildings
Hans Egede's House

Hans Egede's House, built in 1721 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede, is the oldest building in Greenland. Standing close to the harbour among other old houses, it is now used for government receptions.[44][53]

Nuuk Cathedral
Nuuk Cathedral

The Church of Our Saviour of the Lutheran diocese of Greenland was built in 1849 and the tower was added in 1884. The red building with a clock tower and steeple is a prominent site on the landscape.[54] The church received the status of Nuuk Cathedral in 1994 when the first bishop was Kristian Mørk, followed in 1995 by Sofie Petersen, a native of Greenland and the second woman in Denmark to become a bishop.[55]

The Herrnhut House was the centre of the Moravian mission of New Herrnhut. Other landmarks include the Hans Egede Church and the Statue of Hans Egede.

National Museum

Greenland National Museum is in Nuuk and was one of the first museums established in Greenland, inaugurated in the mid-1960s.[56] The museum has many artifacts and exhibits related to Greenland's archaeology, history, art, and handicrafts, and contains the Qilakitsoq mummies.

Cultural
Katuaq
Nuuk Art Museum
Main articles: Katuaq and Nuuk Art Museum

Katuaq is a cultural centre used for concerts, films, art exhibitions, and conferences. It was designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen and inaugurated on 15 February 1997. Katuaq contains two auditoria, the larger seating 1,008 people and the smaller, 508. The complex also contains an art school, library, meeting facilities, administrative offices and a café.

The Nuuk Art Museum is the only private art and crafts museum in Greenland.[57] The museum contains a notable collection of local paintings, watercolours, drawings, and graphics, some by Andy Warhol; and figures in soapstone, ivory, and wood, with many items collected by archaeologists.

Educational
Main article: University of Greenland

Ilisimatusarfik, the University of Greenland, is in Nuuk and is the national university of Greenland. Most courses are taught in Danish, although a few are in Kalaallisut as well. As of 2007, the university had approximately 150 students (almost all Greenlanders), around 14 academic staff, and five administrators.[58] Its library holds approximately 30,000 volumes.

The National Library of Greenland in Nuuk is the largest reference library in the country, devoted to the preservation of Greenland's cultural heritage and history.[59] The library holdings are split between the public library in the town centre and Ilimmarfik, the campus of the University of Greenland. As of 1 January 2008, there are 83,324 items in the library database at Ilimmarfik.[60]

Sports
Main article: Nuuk Stadium
Godthåbhallen exterior
Teletårnet, Nuuk

Nuuk's sports clubs include Nuuk IL (established in 1934), B-67, and GSS Nuuk. Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium, used mostly for football games. The stadium has a capacity of 2,000.[61] The stadium can also be used as an entertainment venue: the Scottish rock band Nazareth performed at the venue. Nuuk also has the Godthåbhallen, a handball stadium. It is the home of the Greenland national handball team and has a capacity of 1,000.[61] There is a hill for alpine skiing with an altitude difference around 300 meters on the mountain Lille Malene,[62] with the valley station close to the airport terminal.[63] There is also the Nuuk golf course, the northernmost course in the world.[64]

Notable people

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greenland

Twin towns and sister cities

Nuuk is twinned with:

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See also
  • Coat of Arms of Nuuk

References
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  2. The pre-1948 spelling was Godthaab.
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