Globalism

Globalism refers to various systems with scope beyond the merely international. It is used by political scientists, such as Joseph Nye, to describe "attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world—and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them."[1] While primarily associated with world-systems, it can be used to describe other global trends. The term is also used by detractors of globalization such as populist movements.

Not to be confused with Globalization.

The term is similar to internationalism and cosmopolitanism.

Political science definitions

Paul James defines globalism "at least in its more specific use [...] as the dominant ideology and subjectivity associated with different historically-dominant formations of global extension. The definition thus implies that there were pre-modern or traditional forms of globalism and globalization long before the driving force of capitalism sought to colonize every corner of the globe, for example, going back to the Roman Empire in the second century AD, and perhaps to the Greeks of the fifth-century BC."[2]

Manfred Steger distinguishes between different globalisms such as justice globalism, jihad globalism, and market globalism.[3] Market globalism includes the ideology of neoliberalism. In some hands, the reduction of globalism to the single ideology of market globalism and neoliberalism has led to confusion. For example, in his 2005 book The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World, Canadian philosopher John Ralston Saul treated globalism as coterminous with neoliberalism and neoliberal globalization. He argued that, far from being an inevitable force, globalization is already breaking up into contradictory pieces and that citizens are reasserting their national interests in both positive and destructive ways.

Alternatively, American political scientist Joseph Nye, co-founder of the international relations theory of neoliberalism, generalized the term to argue that globalism refers to any description and explanation of a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances; while globalization refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.[1] This use of the term originated in, and continues to be used, in academic debates about the economic, social, and cultural developments that is described as globalization.[4] The term is used in a specific and narrow way to describe a position in the debate about the historical character of globalization (i.e., whether globalization is unprecedented or not).

It has been used to describe international endeavours begun after World War II, such as the United Nations, the Warsaw Pact, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union, and sometimes the later neoliberal and neoconservative policies of "nation building" and military interventionism between the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the beginning of the War on Terror in 2001.

Arguments in favor

Proponents of globalism believe in global citizenship; that is, the problems of humanity can be resolved with democratic globalism. Democratic globalism is the idea that all people matter, no matter where they live, and that universal freedom and human rights can be fostered for all mankind.[5] World citizens believe in civic globalism[6] and that by thinking globally and acting locally they can affect positive change across all barriers.

Arguments against

Arguments against globalism are similar to those moved against globalisation, among which loss of cultural identity, deletion of community history, conflict of civilization, loss of political representation and collapse of the democratic process in favour of a globally managed open society.[7] However, the term "globalist" has also been used as a pejorative for political enemies, on the left within the context of the 1990s anti-globalization movement and protests, and on the right as a pejorative of "cosmopolitans" or those who favor internationalist projects over national ones. For example, during the election and presidency of United States president Donald Trump, he and members of his administration used the term globalist on multiple occasions. The administration was accused of using the term as an anti-Semitic "dog whistle", to associate their critics with a Jewish conspiracy.[8][9][10][11][12]

History of the concept

The term first came into widespread usage in the United States.[13] The modern concept of globalism arose in the post-war debates of the 1940s in the United States.[14] In their position of unprecedented power, US planners formulated policies to shape the kind of postwar world they wanted, which, in economic terms, meant a globe-spanning capitalist order centered exclusively upon the United States. This was the period when US global power was at its peak: the country was the greatest economic power the world had ever known, with the greatest military machine in human history.[15] As George Kennan's Policy Planning Staff put it in February 1948: "[W]e have about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3% of its population. […] Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity".[16] America's allies and foes in Eurasia were still recovering from World War II at this time.[17]

American historian James Peck has described this version of globalism as "visionary globalism". Per Peck, this was a far-reaching conception of "American-centric state globalism using capitalism as a key to its global reach, integrating everything that it can into such an undertaking". This included global economic integration, which had collapsed under World War I and the Great Depression.[18]

Modern globalism has been linked to the ideas of economic and political integration of countries and economies. The first person in the United States to use the term "economic integration" in its modern sense (i.e. combining separate economies into larger economic regions) was John S. de Beers, an economist in the US Department of the Treasury, towards the end of 1941.[19] By 1948, "economic integration" was appearing in an increasing number of American documents and speeches.[20] Paul Hoffman, then head of the Economic Cooperation Administration, used the term in a 1949 speech to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.[20] As The New York Times put it,

Mr Hoffmann used the word 'integration' fifteen times or almost once to every hundred words of his speech. It is a word that rarely if ever has been used by European statesmen having to do with the Marshall Plan to describe what should happen to Europe's economies. It was remarked that no such term or goal was included in the commitments the European nations gave in agreeing to the Marshall Plan. Consequently it appeared to the Europeans that "integration" was an American doctrine that had been superimposed upon the mutual engagements made when the Marshall Plan began …[21]

Globalism emerged as a dominant set of ideologies in the late twentieth century. As these ideologies settled, and as various processes of globalization intensified, they contributed to the consolidation of a connecting global imaginary.[22] In 2010, Manfred Steger and Paul James theorized this process in terms of four levels of change: changing ideas, ideologies, imaginaries and ontologies.[23]

See also

• Alter-globalization
• Anti-globalization movement
• Cosmopolitanism
• Cultural globalization
• Dimensions of globalization
• Global capitalism
• Global warming
• Information Age
• Internationalism
• Isolationism
• Neoconservatism
• New World Order (conspiracy theory)
• New world order (politics)
• Post-industrial society
• Power elite
• Ruling class
• Rootless cosmopolitan
• Techno-globalism
• United Nations

References

1. Nye 2002.
2. James 2006, p. 22.
3. Steger 2008, p. .
4. Martell, Luke (2007). "The Third Wave in Globalization Theory" (PDF). International Studies Review. 9 (2): 173–196. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00670.x.
5. "The answer to nationalist fervour isn't less globalisation. It's more". World Economic Forum.
6. Naidoo, Kumi (April 20, 2000). "The New Civic Globalism". The Nation – via www.thenation.com.
7. Parekh, Bhikhu C. (2000). Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674004368.
8. Stack, Liam (14 November 2016). "Globalism: A Far-Right Conspiracy Theory Buoyed by Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
9. Sales, Ben (6 April 2017). "Stephen Bannon reportedly called Jared Kushner a 'globalist.' Here's why the term makes some Jews uneasy". www.jta.org. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
10. Weber, Peter (7 March 2018). "Mick Mulvaney throws an 'anti-Semitic dog whistle' into his fond farewell message to Gary Cohn". The Week. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
11. Levin, Brian (1 April 2018). "Opinion | Brian Levin: How globalism became a dirty word in the Trump White House (and America)". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
12. Goodkind, Nicole (1 August 2018). "Donald Trump keeps calling adversaries "globalists," despite warnings it's anti-Semitic". Newsweek. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
13. "globalism in American-English corpus, 1800–2000". Google Ngram Viewer. Retrieved 24 October 2014.

    Compare this with globalism in the British-English corpus, where its appearance is later and much more muted.

14. Rosenboim, Or (2017). The Emergence of Globalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8523-7. JSTOR j.ctt1q1xrts.
15. Leffler 2010, p. 67.
16. DoS 1948, p. 524.
17. Kolko & Kolko 1972
18. (Peck 2006, p. 19, 21)
19. Machlup 1977, p. 8.
20. Machlup 1977, p. 11.
21. Machlup 1977, p. 11; Veseth 2002, pp. 170–1, where the Times article is reprinted.
22. Steger 2008.
23. James & Steger 2010.

Works cited

• James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In. London: Sage Publications.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• James, Paul; Steger, Manfred B. (2010). Globalization and Culture, Volume IV: Ideologies of Globalism. London: Sage Publications.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kolko, Joyce; Kolko, Gabriel (1972). The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012447-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Leffler, Melvyn P. (2010). "The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952". In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins (pp. 67–89). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Machlup, Fritz (1977). A History of Thought on Economic Integration. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04298-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Nye, Joseph (15 April 2002). "Globalism Versus Globalization". The Globalist. Retrieved 27 October 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Peck, James (2006). Washington's China: The National Security World, the Cold War, and the Origins of Globalism. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-536-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Steger, Manfred B. (2008). The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199286935.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• United States Department of State (1948). Foreign Relations, 1948: Volume I, Part 2. Washington, DC: US Government.
• Veseth, Michael, ed. (2002). The Rise of the Global Economy. The New York Times 20th Century in Review. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57958-369-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Ankerl Guy; Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations. INUPRESS; Geneva, 2000, ISBN 2-88155-004-5
• Steger, Manfred B. (2009). Globalism: The New Market Ideology (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Globalism/Antiglobalism: a survey and a view