Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Ernest I (German: Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig; 2 January 1784 – 29 January 1844) was the last sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (as Ernest III) and, from 1826, the first sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (as Ernest I). He was the father of Albert, Prince Consort, who was the husband of Queen Victoria. Ernest fought against Napoleon Bonaparte, and through construction projects and the establishment of a court theatre, he left a strong imprint on his residence town, Coburg.

Ernest I
Portrait by George Dawe (c. 1819)
Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
(as Ernest III)
Reign9 December 1806 –
12 November 1826
PredecessorFrancis
Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(as Ernest I)
Reign12 November 1826 –
29 January 1844
SuccessorErnest II
Born(1784-01-02)2 January 1784
Coburg, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Holy Roman Empire
Died29 January 1844(1844-01-29) (aged 60)
Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, German Confederation
Burial
Morizkirche, then Friedhof am Glockenberg
Spouse
    Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
    ​
    (
    m. 1817; div. 1826)
      Issue
      Full name
      German: Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig
      (English: Ernest Anthony Charles Louis)
      HouseWettin
      FatherFrancis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
      MotherCountess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf
      ReligionLutheranism
      Garter-encircled arms of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as displayed on his Order of the Garter stall plate in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England

      Early life

      Ernest was the eldest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf. His youngest brother, Leopold Georg Christian Frederick, was later elected the first King of the Belgians.

      On 10 May 1803, aged 19, Ernest was proclaimed an adult because his father had become gravely ill, and he was required to take part in the government of the duchy. When his father died in 1806, he succeeded in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld as Ernest III. However, he could not immediately take over the formal government of his lands, because the duchy was occupied by Napoleonic troops and was under French administration. The following year, after the Peace of Tilsit (1807), the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was reunited (having previously been dissolved) and restored to Ernest.[1] This occurred through Russian pressure, since his sister Juliane was married to the brother of the Russian Tsar.

      Marriages and children

      Ernest married Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in Gotha on 3 July 1817. They had two children:

      The marriage was unhappy because both husband and wife were promiscuous. As the biographer Lytton Strachey put it: "The ducal court was not noted for the strictness of its morals; the Duke was a man of gallantry, and the Duchess followed her husband's example. There were scandals: one of the Court Chamberlains, a charming and cultivated man of Jewish extraction, was talked of; at last there was a separation, followed by a divorce."[2] Ernest and Louise were separated in 1824 and were officially divorced on 31 March 1826. As heirs to Coburg, the children remained with their father. Seven months after the divorce, in October 1826, Louise secretly married one of her lovers. She died in 1831.

      In Coburg on 23 December 1832, Ernest married his niece Duchess Marie of Württemberg, the daughter of his sister Antoinette. They had no children. This marriage made Marie both Prince Albert's first cousin and his stepmother.

      Ernest had three illegitimate children:

      • Berta Ernestine von Schauenstein (26 January 1817 – Coburg, 15 August 1896), born to Sophie Fermepin de Marteaux. She married her first cousin Eduard Edgar Schmidt-Löwe von Löwenfels, the illegitimate son of her father's sister, Juliane.
      • Ernst Albert and Robert Ferdinand, twins born in 1838 to Margaretha Braun. They were created Freiherren von Bruneck in 1856.

      Estates

      After 1813, Ernest was a Prussian general and participated in military actions against Napoleon. He fought in the battles of Lützen and Leipzig (1813), and drew in 1814 into the French fortress of Mainz.[1] After the battle of Leipzig, he commanded the 5. Armeekorps.[3]:106

      After the defeat of Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815 gave him an area of 450 square kilometres with 25,000 inhabitants around the town of St. Wendel. Its area was somewhat augmented by the second Treaty of Paris.[1] In 1816, this estate received the name of Principality of Lichtenberg. Ernest sold it to Prussia in 1834.[3]:106

      In 1825, Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, who was the uncle of Ernest's first wife Louise, died without an heir. This resulted in a rearrangement of the Ernestine duchies. It was only as a member of the Ernestine dynasty (and not as Louise's husband) that Ernest had a claim on the late duke's estates. However, he was at that time in the process of divorcing Louise, and the other branches used this as a leverage to drive a better bargain for themselves by insisting that he should not inherit Gotha. They reached a compromise on 12 November 1826: Ernest received Gotha, but had to cede Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen. He subsequently became "Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha". Although he had given a constitution to Gotha in 1821, he did not interfere in the system of government in Gotha.[1]

      At Coburg, Ernest was responsible for various construction projects, including the establishment of the Hoftheater in its new building. The Schlossplatz as it appears today is largely due to work under his rule.[3]:107 He is chiefly remembered for the economic, educational and constitutional development of his territories, and for the significant international position attained by the house of Coburg.[1]

      Death and burial

      Ernest died on 29 January 1844 and was initially buried in the Morizkirche but later reinterred in the newly built mausoleum in Friedhof am Glockenberg.[3]:47

      Honours

      He received the following awards:[4]

      Ancestry
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      gollark: Initiating orbital 38 strike.
      gollark: 10.

      References
      1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ernest I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 751.
      2. Strachey, Lytton (1921). Queen Victoria. London: Chatto and Windus. pp. 97–98
      3. Klüglein, Norbert (1991). Coburg Stadt und Land (German). Verkehrsverein Coburg.
      4. Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Genealogie des Herzoglichen Hauses" pp. xxiii-xxiv
      5. A.A. Podmazo, ed. (1996). "Словарь русских генералов, участников боевых действий против армии Наполеона Бонапарта в 1812—1815 гг" [Russian generals and participants in the hostilities against the army of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812-1815.]. The history of the Fatherland in the evidence and documents of the XVIII — XX centuries (in Russian). Russian archives. 7: 548.
      6. Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 137.
      7. Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1843. Heinrich. 1843. pp. 3, 5.
      8. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
      9. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1843), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 7
      10. Staatshandbücher ... Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1837), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 10
      11. Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 6–7. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
      12. Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer, Volume 1 /Ferdinand Veldekens
      13. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 55
      14. M. & B. Wattel. (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 522. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
      15. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1843), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 31, 46
      Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
      Born: 2 January 1784 Died: 29 January 1844
      Regnal titles
      Preceded by
      Francis      		 Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
      1806–26      		 Became Duke of
      Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
      Previously Duke of
      Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld      		 Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
      1826–44      		 Succeeded by
      Ernest II
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