French Cochinchina

French Cochinchina (sometimes spelled Cochin-China; French: Cochinchine française, Vietnamese: Nam Kỳ, Hán tự: 南圻) was a colony of French Indochina, encompassing the whole region of Lower Cochinchina or Southern Vietnam from 1867 to early 1945. In 1946, it was established as the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina, a controversial decision that helped trigger the First Indochina War. In 1948, the autonomous republic, whose legal status had never been formalized, was renamed as the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam, not to be confused with the 1969–76 Viet Cong government. It was reunited with the rest of Vietnam in 1949.

French Cochinchina Cochinchine française
1862–1945 1945–1949
Flag (1862–1946) and Flag (1946–1949)
Anthem: La Marseillaise
Colonial Cochinchina (greenish yellow) to the South
Status	Colony of France Constituent territory of French Indochina (In 1946–49 "autonomous republic")
Capital	Saigon
Common languages	Khmer Cham Chinese Lao French Vietnamese
Religion	Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Catholicism Animism Caodaism Hòa Hảo Islam
Historical era	New Imperialism
• Capture of Saigon	17 February 1859
• Ceded by Đại Nam	5 June 1862
• Part of French Indochina	17 October 1887
• Japanese occupation	28 July 1941
• Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	2 September 1945
• "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina"	1 June 1946
• Merged to the Central Government	4 June 1949
Area
1868	65,478 km^2 (25,281 sq mi)
1939	65,478 km^2 (25,281 sq mi)
Population
• 1868	1,214,141
• 1939	4,484,000
Currency	Vietnamese văn (1862–1945) Cochinchina piastre (1878–1885) French Indochinese piastre (1885–1949)
Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Đại Nam 1887: French Indochina 1949: Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
Today part of	Vietnam
a. Population figure taken from P. Gubry, Population et développement au Viêt-nam (2000), p. 44.

Nam Kỳ originated from the reign of Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty, but became a name associated with the French colonial period and so Vietnamese, especially nationalists, prefer the term Nam Bộ to refer to Southern Vietnam.

French conquest

Main article: Cochinchina Campaign

Capture of Saigon by France

For a series of complex reasons, the Second French Empire of Napoleon III, with the help of Spanish troops arriving from the Spanish East Indies, attacked Đà Nẵng (Tourane) of Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam in September 1858. Unable to occupy Đà Nẵng, the alliance moved to Lower Cochinchina in the South. On 17 February 1859, they captured Saigon. Later on, the French defeated the Nguyễn army at the Battle of Ky Hoa in 1861. The Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three southern Vietnamese provinces of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France in June 1862 Treaty of Saigon.[1]

Administration

Further information: French Indochina

The six provinces of Lower Cochinchina in 1863

In 1867, the provinces of An Giang, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French-controlled territory. All the territories in southern Vietnam were declared to be the new French colony of Cochinchina, which would be governed by Admiral Marie Jules Dupré from 1871 to 1874.

In 1887, it became part of the Union of French Indochina. Unlike the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both de jure and de facto, and was represented by a deputy in the National assembly. Together with Tonkin, it was one of the economic centers of French Indochina.

Fifty-one Vietnamese rebels were executed following the 1916 Cochinchina uprising. In 1933, the Spratly Islands were annexed to French Cochinchina. In July 1941, Japanese troops were based in French Cochinchina (a de facto occupation). After the Japanese surrendered in August 1945, Cochinchina was returned to French rule.

End

Main articles: Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina and First Indochina War

In 1945, Cochinchina was ruled directly by the Japanese after they had taken over from the French in March. In August, it was briefly incorporated into the Empire of Vietnam. Later that month, the Japanese surrendered to the Việt Minh during the August Revolution.[2] On September 2, 1945 Việt Minh established Democratic Republic of Vietnam with territory of Annam, Tonkin and Cochinchina.[2] The independentists held the general election on January 6, 1946 in order to establish the first National Assembly in Vietnam.[3] The elections were supposedly organized in all areas of Vietnam including Cochinchina, but the southern colony was by then back under the control of the French.

On June 1, 1946, whilst the Viet Minh leadership was in France for negotiations, southern autonomists proclaimed a government of Cochinchina, at the initiative of High Commissioner d'Argenlieu and in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement. The colony was proclaimed an "Autonomous Republic" .[4] War between France and the Viet Minh followed (1946–54). Nguyễn Văn Thinh, the first head of its government, died in an apparent suicide in November of the same year. He was succeeded by Lê Văn Hoạch, a member of the caodaist sect. In 1947, Nguyễn Văn Xuân replaced Lê and renamed the "Provisional Government of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" as the "Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam", overtly stating his aim to reunite the whole country.[5]

The next year, the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed with the merger of Annam and Tonkin: Xuân became its Prime minister and left office in Cochichina, where he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu. Xuân and the French had agreed to reunite Vietnam, but Cochinchina posed a problem because of its ill-defined legal status. The reunification was opposed by the French colonists, who were still influential in the Cochinchinese council, and by Southern Vietnamese autonomists: they delayed the process of reunification by arguing that Cochinchina was still legally a colony - as its new status as a Republic had never been ratified by the French National Assembly - and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a by-law reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council.[6]

Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor Bảo Đại – whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh – refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On March 14, 1949, the French National Assembly voted a law permitting the creation of a Territorial Assembly of Cochinchina. This new Cochinchinese parliament was elected on April 10, 1949, with the Vietnamese representatives then becoming a majority. On April 23, the Territorial Assembly approved the merger of the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on May 20,[6] and the merger was effective on June 4.[7] The State of Vietnam could then be proclaimed, with Bảo Đại as head of state.[6]

See also

• Cochinchina
• French Indochina
  • Protectorate of Annam
  • Protectorate of Tonkin
• List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina
• List of French possessions and colonies
• State of Vietnam

References

1. Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery, Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954, La Découverte, 2004, p. 34-35
2. "Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2016-08-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. Frederick Logevall Embers of War Random House 2012 p. 137
5. Philippe Devillers, Histoire du viêt-nam de 1940 à 1952, Seuil, 1952, pp 418-419
6. Philippe Franchini, Les Guerres d'Indochine, vol. I, Pygmalion - Gérard Watelet, Paris, 1988, pp. 399-406
7. Fac-similé JO du 5 juin 1949, French Cochinchina, Legifrance.gouv.fr.

Further reading

• Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4 (Vietnam) 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
• Vietnam - A Long History by Nguyễn Khắc Viện (1999). Hanoi, Thế Giới Publishers
• ArtHanoi Vietnamese money in historical context
• WorldStatesmen- Vietnam