Eponymous archon

In ancient Greece the chief magistrate in various Greek city states was called eponymous archon (ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, epōnymos archōn). Archon (ἄρχων, pl. ἄρχοντες, archontes) means "ruler" or "lord", frequently used as the title of a specific public office,[1] while "eponymous" means that he gave his name to the year in which he held office, much like the Roman dating by consular years.

In Classical Athens, a system of nine concurrent archons evolved, led by three respective remits over the civic, military, and religious affairs of the state: the three office holders were known as the eponymous archon, the polemarch (πολέμαρχος, "war ruler"), and the archon basileus (ἄρχων βασιλεύς, "king ruler").[2][3] The six others were the thesmothetai, judicial officers. Originally these offices were filled from the wealthier classes by elections every ten years. During this period the eponymous archon was the chief magistrate, the polemarch was the head of the armed forces, and the archon basileus was responsible for some civic religious arrangements, and for the supervision of some major trials in the law courts. After 683 BC the offices were held for only a single year, and the year was named after the eponymous archon.

Background

The archon was the chief magistrate in many Greek cities, but in Athens there was a council of archons which exerted a form of executive government. From the late 8th century BC there were three archons: the archon eponymos, the polemarchos (originally with a military role, which was transferred to the ten strategoi in 501 BC), and the archon basileus (the ceremonial vestige of the Athenian monarchy).[4] These positions were filled from the aristocracy (the Eupatridae) by elections every ten years. During this period Archon Eponymous was the chief magistrate, the Polemarch was the head of the armed forces, and the Archon Basileus was responsible for the civic religious arrangements.

After 683 BC the offices were held for only a single year, and the year was named after the archon eponymous. The year ran from July to June.[5] The archon eponymous was the chief archon, and presided over meetings of the Boule and Ecclesia, the ancient Athenian assemblies. The archon eponymous remained the titular head of state even under the democracy, though with much reduced political importance. Under the reforms of Solon, himself archon eponymous in 594 BC, there was a brief period when the number of archons rose to ten. After 457 BC ex-archons were automatically enrolled as life members of the Areopagus, though that assembly was no longer extremely important politically.

One of the archons oversaw the procedure for ostracism after 487 BC.[6] An archon's court was in charge of the epikleroi.[7] Other duties of the archons included supervising the Panathenaea and Dionysia festivals.[8]

List of archons of Athens

In the following list of Archons, years where the name of the archon is unknown are identified as such. Years listed as "anarchy" mean that there was literally "no archon". There are various conflicting reconstructions of lists; sources for this list are given at the end. Note that the term of an archon covered two of our years, beginning in the spring or summer and continuing into the next spring or summer. The polemarch or strategoi, basileus, and thesmothetai (the six assistants to the archons) are also listed, where known.

Archaic period

Life archons

The later Athenian tradition varies on the exact position of this line; they held archonship for life, sometimes referred to as "Perpetual Archon", and exercised the sacral powers of kingship, as did the archon basileus later. The historicity of any of this ancient list may be reasonably doubted. Aristotle indicates that Medon and Acastus may have ruled as king rather than Archon.[9]

Year	Archon	Other notable information
1068–1048 BC	Medon (Μέδων)[10]	First ruler of Attica after the Greek Dark Ages.
1048–1012 BC	Acastus (Ἄκαστος)[11][12]	Troy VIIb₂ destroyed (c. 1120 BC).
1012–993 BC	Archippus[13]
993–952 BC	Thersippus[14]
952–922 BC	Phorbas (Φόρβας)	Troy VIIb₃: deserted (c. 950 BC)
922–892 BC	Megacles (Μεγακλῆς)
892–864 BC	Diognetus
864–845 BC	Pherecles[15]	Homer composes the Iliad[16] and Odyssey. (c. 850 BC)[17]
845–825 BC	Ariphron
824–797 BC	Thespieus (Θεσπιεύς)
796–778 BC	Agamestor[18]
778–755 BC	Aeschylus (Αἰσχύλος)	First Olympiad[19][20] (776 BC)
755–753 BC	Alcmaeon (Ἀλκμαίων)

Decennial archons

In 753 BC the perpetual archonship by the Eupatridae[21] was limited to 10 years (the "decennial archons"):[22]

Year	Archon	Other notable information
753–743 BC	Charops[23][24]	In Rome, Romulus, the first ruler of the city, takes power.[25]
743–733 BC	Aesimides[26]	In Messenia, First Messenian War begins.
733–723 BC	Clidicus[27]	Diaulos footrace introduced at the Olympics. (724 BC)
723–713 BC	Hippomenes[28]
713–703 BC	Leocrates
703–693 BC	Apsander[29]	Hesiod writes "Theogony" (c. 700 BC).
693–683 BC	Eryxias	Boxing added to the Olympics. (688 BC)[30] Chalcedon colony founded (685 BC).

Annual archons

After 683 BC the archonship was limited to one year. Archons resided in the Prytaneum.

Year	Eponymous archon[31]	Other officials or associated events
682–681 BC	Creon	Creon is considered by the ancient sources, and most modern authorities, as the first annual archon.[32]
681–680 BC	Lysiades	Mentioned in the Parian Marble.
680–679 BC	Tlesias	Pausanias (IV.15.1) dates the beginning of the Second Messenian War to his archonship.
679–671 BC	Unknown
671–670 BC	Leostratus
670–669 BC	Unknown
669–668 BC	Pisistratus	Pausanias (II.24.7) dates the first Battle of Hysiae to his archonship.
668–667 BC	Autosthenes	Pausanias (IV.23.4) dates the capture of Eira and the end of the Second Messenian War to his archonship.
667–664 BC	Unknown
664–663 BC	Miltiades[33]
663–659 BC	Unknown
659–658 BC	Miltiades[33]
658–645 BC	Unknown	Pausanias (VIII.39.3) dates the capture of Phigalia by the Spartans to his archonship.
645–644 BC	Dropides	The Parian Marble associates Dropides with the floruit of Terpander the Lesbian, who developed the music of the lyre.
644–639 BC	Unknown
639–638 BC	Damasias	Thales was born
638–634 BC	Unknown
634–633 BC	Epaenetus (?)[34]
633–632 BC	Unknown
632–631 BC	Megacles	Cylon attempts to become tyrant
631–624 BC	Unknown
624–623 BC	Aristaechmus	According to the Athenian Constitution, Dracon reformed the laws of Athens during the archonship of Aristaechmus.
623–621 BC	Unknown

Reorganized

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or associated events
621–615 BC	Unknown
615–614 BC	Heniochides
614–605 BC	Unknown
605–604 BC	Aristocles	The Parian Marble associates the archonship of Aristocles with Alyattes becoming king of Lydia.
604–600 BC	Unknown
600–599 BC	Critias	The Parian Marble dates the flight of Sappho from Lesbos to Sicily in the archonship of Critias.
599–597 BC	Unknown
597–596 BC	Cypselus[35]
596–595 BC	Telecles[35]
595–594 BC	Philombrotus[35]	First Sacred War begins.
594–593 BC	Solon	Solon reforms Draco's code.
593–592 BC	Dropides
592–591 BC	Eucrates
591–590 BC	Simon
590–589 BC	anarchy
589–588 BC	Phormion
588–587 BC	Philippus
587–586 BC	Unknown
586–585 BC	anarchy
585–582 BC	Unknown	Pythian Games reorganised at Delphi.
582–581 BC	Damasias	According to the Athenian Constitution, Damasias held the archonship for two years and nine months before being expelled.
581–580 BC	Damasias	Demetrios of Phaleron states that it was during the archonship of Damasias that "Thales was first called wise".
580–579 BC	anarchy	Committee of 10 men serves jointly as archons[36]
579–578 BC	anarchy
578–577 BC	Unknown
577–576 BC	Archestratidas
576–570 BC	Unknown
570–569 BC	Aristomenes
569–566 BC	Unknown
566–565 BC	Hippocleides
565–561 BC	Unknown
561–560 BC	Komeas	The Athenian Constitution dates the usurpation of Pisistratus as tyrant of Athens to the archonship of Komeas.
560–559 BC	Hegestratus	Phaenias of Eresus dates the death of Solon to the archonship of Hegestratus.
559–556 BC	Unknown
556–555 BC	Hegesias	The Athenian Constitution dates the first expulsion of Peisistratos to the archonship of Hegesias.
555–554 BC	Euthidemus
554–548 BC	Unknown
548–547 BC	Erxicleides	Pausanias (X.5.13) dates the destruction by fire of the fourth temple of Delphi to his archonship.
547–546 BC	Thespius[35]	Pisistratus becomes tyrant again
546–545 BC	Phormion[35]
545–536 BC	Unknown
536-535 BC	[...]naios	The Parian Marble dates the first performance of Thespis to the tenure of this archon, whose name is damaged.
535–533 BC	Unknown
533–532 BC	Thericles
532–528 BC	Unknown
528–527 BC	Philoneus	According to the Athenian Constitution, Philoneus was archon when Pisistratus died and his sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded him as tyrants
527–526 BC	Onetor[37]
526–525 BC	Hippias
525–524 BC	Cleisthenes[38]	Cleisthenes later made reforms, in 508 BC.[39]
524–523 BC	Miltiades	Cadoux is uncertain whether this is Miltiades son of Kypselos, or Miltiades son of Cimon.[40]
523–522 BC	Calliades
522–521 BC	Pisistratus	Possibly the son of Hippias, archon of 526/5.[41]
521–518 BC	Unknown
518–517 BC	Hebron (?)[42]
517–511 BC	Unknown
511–510 BC	Harpactides	The Parian Marble dates the assassination of Hipparchus and the expulsion of the Peistratids from Athens to Harpactides' archonship.
510–509 BC	Scamandrius
509–508 BC	Lysagoras
508–507 BC	Isagoras	Cleisthenes competes with Isagoras for archonship, but is expelled by Cleomenes I of Sparta
507–506 BC	Alcmeon
506–504 BC	Unknown
504–503 BC	Acestorides
503–501 BC	Unknown
501–500 BC	Hermocreon
500–499 BC	Smyrus (?)[43]
499–497 BC	Unknown
497–496 BC	Archias[44]
496–495 BC	Hipparchus
495–494 BC	Philippus
494–493 BC	Pythocritus
493–492 BC	Themistocles
492–491 BC	Diognetus
491–490 BC	Hybrilides
490–489 BC	Phaenippus	The Parian Marble, Plutarch, and the Athenian Constitution all date the Battle of Marathon to the archonship of Phaenippus.
489–488 BC	Aristides the Just
488–487 BC	Anchises
487–486 BC	Telesinus[45]	The Athenian Constitution dates the ostracism of Megacles to the archonship of Telesinus.
486–485 BC	Unknown
485–484 BC	Philocrates
484–483 BC	Leostratus
483–482 BC	Nicodemus
482–481 BC	Unknown
481–480 BC	Hypsichides	According to the Athenian Constitution, Hypsichides was archon when the ostracized of Athens were recalled.[46]

Classical period

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or notable events
480–479 BC	Calliades[47]	According to Diodorus Siculus, the Second Persian invasion of Greece began during Calliades' archonship.[48] Aristides and Themistocles are strategoi.
479–478 BC	Xanthippus	Battle of Plataea; Aristides is strategos
478–477 BC	Timosthenes	Delian League founded.
477–476 BC	Adimantus
476–475 BC	Phaedon
475–474 BC	Dromoclides
474–473 BC	Acestorides
473–472 BC	Menon
472–471 BC	Chares
471–470 BC	Praxiergus
470–469 BC	Demotion
469–468 BC	Apsephion
468–467 BC	Theagenides
467–466 BC	Lysistratus
466–465 BC	Lysanias
465–464 BC	Lysitheus	Sophanes is a strategos
464–463 BC	Archedemides
463–462 BC	Tlepolemus	Cimon is a strategos
462–461 BC	Conon	According to the Athenian Constitution (ch. 25), Ephialtes reforms the Areopagus, and is assassinated.
461–460 BC	Euthippus	Also spelled Euippos.[49]
460–459 BC	Phrasicles
459–458 BC	Philocles	Phrynicus, Dicaeogenes and Hippodamas are strategoi.
458–457 BC	Habron	So Diodorus Siculus (11.79); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Bion.[50]
457–456 BC	Mnesitheides
456–455 BC	Callias
455–454 BC	Sosistratus
454–453 BC	Ariston
453–452 BC	Lysicrates
452–451 BC	Chaerephanes
451–450 BC	Antidotus	Anaxicrates and Cimon are strategoi
450–449 BC	Euthydemus
449–448 BC	Pedieus	Second Sacred War begins.
448–447 BC	Philiscus	Pericles, Tolmides and Epiteles are strategoi; Peace of Callias ends the Greco-Persian Wars
447–446 BC	Timarchides	Construction of the Parthenon begins.
446–445 BC	Callimachus
445–444 BC	Lysimachides	Peace between Athens and Sparta. Age of Pericles begins.
444–443 BC	Praxiteles	Pericles is a strategos
443–442 BC	Lysanias	Pericles is a strategos
442–441 BC	Diphilus	Pericles is a strategos
441–440 BC	Timocles	Pericles and Glaucon are strategoi[51][52]
440–439 BC	Morychides	Pericles is a strategos
439–438 BC	Glaucinus	Also spelled Glaucidus. Pericles is a strategos
438–437 BC	Theodorus	Pericles is a strategos
437–436 BC	Euthymenes	Pericles is a strategos. Construction of the Propylaea begins
436–435 BC	Lysimachus	So Diodorus Siculus (12.33); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Nausimachos.[50] Pericles is a strategos
435–434 BC	Antiochides	Also spelled Antilochidos. Pericles is a strategos
434–433 BC	Crates	Also spelled Chares. Pericles is a strategos
433–432 BC	Apseudes	Pericles, Lacedaemonius, Diotimus, and Proteas are strategoi
432–431 BC	Pythodorus	Thucydides dates the beginning of the Peloponnesian War to the tenure of this archon.[53] Pericles and Callias are strategoi.
431–430 BC	Euthydemus	Also spelled Euthydemos. Pericles is a strategos.
430–429 BC	Apollodorus	Pericles dies; Xenophon, Hestiodorus, Calliades, Melesandrus, and Phanomachus are strategoi.
429–428 BC	Epameinon	Phormio is a strategos.
428–427 BC	Diotimus	Demosthenes, Asopius, Paches, Cleidippes, and Lysicles are strategoi
427–426 BC	Eucles	Also spelled Eucleides. Nicias, Charoiades and Procles are strategoi
426–425 BC	Euthynos	Also called Euthydemos. Laches and Hippocrates are strategoi
425–424 BC	Stratocles	Nicias, Eurymedon, Pythodorus, and Sophocles are strategoi
424–423 BC	Isarchus	Demosthenes, Cleon, Thucydides and Hippocrates are strategoi
423–422 BC	Amynias	Also spelled Ameinias. Cleon is a strategos
422–421 BC	Alcaeus	Cleon is a strategos
421–420 BC	Aristion	Construction of the Erechtheion begins.
420–419 BC	Astyphilus	Alcibiades is strategos
419–418 BC	Archias
418–417 BC	Antiphon	Laches and Nicostratus are strategoi[54]
417–416 BC	Euphemus
416–415 BC	Arimnestus	Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus are strategoi
415–414 BC	Charias	Also spelled Chabrias. Alcibiades is a strategos
414–413 BC	Tisandrus	Lamachus is a strategos
413–412 BC	Cleocritus	Eurymedon, Demosthenes, and Nicias are strategoi
412–411 BC	Callias Scambonides
411–410 BC	Mnasilochus (died); Theopompus	Simichus and Aristarchus are strategoi
410–409 BC	Glaucippus
409–408 BC	Diocles	Anytus is a strategos
408–407 BC	Euctemon
407–406 BC	Antigenes	Alcibiades, Adeimantus, and Aristocrates are strategoi
406–405 BC	Callias Angelides	Archestratus, Thrasylus, Pericles, Lysias, Diomedon, Aristocrates, Erasinides, Protomachus, and Aristogenes are strategoi
405–404 BC	Alexias	Adeimantus, Eucrates, Philocles, Menandrus, Tydeus, and Cephisodotus are strategoi
404–403 BC	Pythodorus	Sparta sets up the oligarchy of the Thirty Tyrants; Pythodorus not recognized as Eponymous Archon
403–402 BC	Eucleides[55]	Thirty Tyrants expelled, democracy reestablished. Old Attic alphabet was officially abolished in favor of the Ionic alphabet of twenty-four letters.
402–401 BC	Micon	Also spelled Micion.
401–400 BC	Xenaenetus	Also spelled Exaenetus.
400–399 BC	Laches
399–398 BC	Aristocrates
398–397 BC	Euthycles	Also spelled Ithycles.
397–396 BC	Souniades
396–395 BC	Phormion
395–394 BC	Diophantus
394–393 BC	Eubulides
393–392 BC	Demostratos	Adeimantus is a strategos
392–391 BC	Philocles
391–390 BC	Nicoteles
390–389 BC	Demostratus	Thrasybulus and Ergocles are strategoi
389–388 BC	Antipatrus	Agyrrhius and Pamphilus are strategoi
388–387 BC	Pyrgion	Thrasybulus and Dionysius are strategoi
387–386 BC	Theodotus
386–385 BC	Mystichides
385–384 BC	Dexitheus
384–383 BC	Dieitrephes	Also spelled Diotrephes
383–382 BC	Phanostratus
382–381 BC	Euandrus
381–380 BC	Demophilus
380–379 BC	Pytheas
379–378 BC	Nicon
378–377 BC	Nausinicus
377–376 BC	Calleas	Also spelled Callias.
376–375 BC	Charisandrus	Cedon is a strategos.
375–374 BC	Hippodamas
374–373 BC	Socratides
373–372 BC	Asteius	Iphicrates, Callistratus, Chabrias, and Timotheus are strategoi
372–371 BC	Alcisthenes
371–370 BC	Phrasicleides
370–369 BC	Dysnicetus	(mistakenly Dyscinetus in Pausanias 4.27.9)
369–368 BC	Lysistratus
368–367 BC	Nausigenes
367–366 BC	Polyzelus
366–365 BC	Ciphisodorus	Chabrias is a strategos
365–364 BC	Chion	Iphicrates is a strategos
364–363 BC	Timocrates
363–362 BC	Charicleides	Ergophilus and Callisthenes are strategoi
362–361 BC	Molon	Leosthenes and Autocles are strategoi.
361–360 BC	Nicophemus	Timomachus is a strategos
360–359 BC	Callimides	Menon, Timotheus, and Cephisodotus are strategoi
359–358 BC	Eucharistus
358–357 BC	Cephisodotus
357–356 BC	Agathocles	Chabrias is a strategos.
356–355 BC	Elpines	Iphicrates, Timotheus, and Menestheus are strategoi.
355–354 BC	Callistratus
354–353 BC	Diotemus
353–352 BC	Thudemus
352–351 BC	Aristodemus
351–350 BC	Theellus	Theogenes is Basileus (possibly)
350–349 BC	Apollodorus
349–348 BC	Callimachus	Hegesileus is a strategos
348–347 BC	Theophilus
347–346 BC	Themistocles[56]	Proxenus is a strategos
346–345 BC	Archias
345–344 BC	Eubulus
344–343 BC	Lyciscus	Phocion is a strategos.
343–342 BC	Pythodotus
342–341 BC	Sosigenes
341–340 BC	Nicomachus
340–339 BC	Theophrastus	Phocion is a strategos
339–338 BC	Lysimachides	Phocion is a strategos, and is defeated by Philip II of Macedon
338–337 BC	Chaerondas	Lysicles is a strategos
337–336 BC	Phrynichus
336–335 BC	Pythodelos	Also spelled Pythodoros.
335–334 BC	Euaenetus
334–333 BC	Ctesicles
333–332 BC	Nicocrates
332–331 BC	Nicetes	Also spelled Niceratos
331–330 BC	Aristophanes
330–329 BC	Aristophon
329–328 BC	Cephisophon
328–327 BC	Euthicritus
327–326 BC	Hegemon
326–325 BC	Chremes
325–324 BC	Anticles	Philocles is a strategos
324–323 BC	Hegesias	Also spelled Agesias
323–322 BC	Cephisodorus	Also spelled Cephisophon. Phocion and Leosthenes are strategoi. Battle of Amorgos signals the end of Athenian sea power.
322–321 BC	Philocles	End of the Lamian War. Restriction of voting rights and installation of a Macedonian garrison in the Piraeus.

Hellenistic period

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or notable events
321–320 BC	Archippus
320–319 BC	Neaechmus
319–318 BC	Apollodorus
318–317 BC	Archippus
317–316 BC	Demogenes	Demetrius Phalereus installed by the Macedonian regent Cassander as Governor.
316–315 BC	Democleides
315–314 BC	Praxibulus
314–313 BC	Nikodorus
313–312 BC	Theophrastus	So Diodorus Siculus (19.73); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Theodorus.[57]
312–311 BC	Polemon	Seleucid Empire begins.
311–310 BC	Simonides
310–309 BC	Hieromnemon
309–308 BC	Demetrius
308–307 BC	Caerimus	Also spelled Charinus.
307–306 BC	Anaxicrates	Demetrius Phalereus is expelled when Demetrius I Poliorcetes captures the city from Cassander.
306–305 BC	Coroebus	Antigonid dynasty begins.
305–304 BC	Euxenippus
304–303 BC	Pherecles
303–302 BC	Leostratus
302–301 BC	Nicocles
301–300 BC	Clearchus
300–299 BC	Hegemachus[58]
299–298 BC	Euctemon
298–297 BC	Mnesidemus
297–296 BC	Antiphates
296–295 BC	Nicias
295–294 BC	Nicostratus
294–293 BC	Olympiodorus
293–292 BC	Olympiodorus
292–291 BC	Philippus
291–290 BC	Charinus (?)[59]
290–289 BC	Ambrosius (?)[59]
289–288 BC	Ariston (?)[59]
288–287 BC	Cimon
287–286 BC	Xenophon
286–285 BC	Diocles
285–284 BC	Diotimus
284–283 BC	Isaeus
283–282 BC	Euthius
282–281 BC	Nicias	Attalid dynasty begins.
281–280 BC	Ourias
280–279 BC	Telecles[60]
279–278 BC	Anaxicrates
278–277 BC	Democles
277–276 BC	Aristonymus
276–275 BC	Philocrates
275–274 BC	Olbius
274–273 BC	Eubulus
273–272 BC	Glaucippus
272–271 BC	Lysitheides
271–270 BC	Pytharatus[61]
270–269 BC	Sosistratus
269–268 BC	Peithidemus	Beginning of the Chremonidean War; Athens declares war on Macedon, ruled by Antigonus Gonatas.
268–267 BC	Diogeiton
267–266 BC	Menecles
266–265 BC	Nicias (Otryneus)
265–264 BC	Eubulus
264–263 BC	Diognetus	Diognetus is the latest archon mentioned in the Parian Chronicle, therefore that inscription was made during his tenure.
263–262 BC	Antipatrus	Athens surrenders to Antigonus Gonatas in the archonship of Antipatros.[62]
262–261 BC	Arrheneides	Antigonus Gonatas imposes a new regime on Athens.[62]
261–260 BC	[...]sinus[63]
260–259 BC	Philostratus
259–258 BC	Philinus
258–257 BC	Antiphon
257–256 BC	Thymochares
256–255 BC	Antimachus
255–254 BC	Cleomachus
254–253 BC	Phanostratus
253–252 BC	Pheidostratus
252–251 BC	Callimedes
251–250 BC	Thersilochus
250–249 BC	Polyeuctus
249–248 BC	Hieron
248–247 BC	Diomedon
247–246 BC	Theophemus
246–245 BC	Philoneos
245–244 BC	Cydenor
244–243 BC	Lysiades
243–242 BC	Eurycleides
242–241 BC	Phanomachus
241–240 BC	Lyceus
240–239 BC	Polystratus
239–238 BC	Athenodorus
238–237 BC	Lysias
237–236 BC	Alkibiades
236–235 BC	Cimon
235–234 BC	Ecphantus
234–233 BC	Lysanias
233–232 BC	Unknown
232–231 BC	Mneseides (?)
231–230 BC	Jason (?)
230–228 BC	Unknown
228–227 BC	Heliodorus
227–226 BC	Leochares[64]
226–225 BC	Theophilus
225–224 BC	Ergochares
224–223 BC	Nicetes
223–222 BC	Antiphilus[65]
222–221 BC	Euxenus
221–220 BC	Unknown
220–219 BC	Thrasyphon[66]
219–218 BC	Menecrates
218–217 BC	Chaerephon
217–216 BC	Callimachus
216–215 BC	Unknown
215–214 BC	Hagnias
214–213 BC	Diocles	First Macedonian War begins. (214 BC)
213–212 BC	Euphiletus
212–211 BC	Heracleitus
211–210 BC	Archelaus
210–209 BC	Aeschron[67]
209–208 BC	Unknown[68]
208–207 BC	Unknown
207–206 BC	Callistratus
206–205 BC	Pantiades
205–204 BC	Diodotus
204–203 BC	Apollodorus
203–202 BC	Proxenides
202–201 BC	Dionysius
201–200 BC	Isocrates[69]
200–199 BC	Nicophon
199–198 BC	[...]ppus
198–197 BC	Unknown
197–196 BC	Ancylus
196–195 BC	Pleistaenus[70]
195–194 BC	Unknown
194-193 BC	Dionysius
193–192 BC	Phanarchides
192–191 BC	Diodotus
191–190 BC	Timouchus
190–189 BC	Demetrius
189–188 BC	Euthycritus
188–187 BC	Symmachus
187–186 BC	Theoxenus
186–185 BC	Zopyrus
185–184 BC	Eupolemus
184–183 BC	Charicles[70]
183–182 BC	Hermogenes
182–181 BC	Timesianax
181–180 BC	Hippias
180–179 BC	Dionysius
179–178 BC	Menedemus
178–177 BC	Philon
177–176 BC	[...]ppus
176–175 BC	Hippacus
175–174 BC	Sonicus
174–173 BC	Alexander
173–172 BC	Alexis
172–171 BC	Sosigenes
171–170 BC	Antigenes
170–169 BC	Aphrodisius
169–168 BC	Eunicus
168–167 BC	Xenocles
167–166 BC	Nicosthenes
166–165 BC	Achaeus (?)[71]
165–164 BC	Pelops
164–163 BC	Euergetes
163–162 BC	Erastus
162–161 BC	Poseidonius
161–160 BC	Aristolas
160–159 BC	Tychandrus
159–158 BC	Aristaemus[72]
158–157 BC	Aristaechmus
157–156 BC	Anthesterius
156–155 BC	Callistratus
155–154 BC	Mnestheus
154–153 BC	Unknown
153–152 BC	Phaidrias
152–151 BC	Andreas (?)[73]
151–150 BC	Zeleucus (?)[73]
150–149 BC	Speusippos (?)[73]	Fourth Macedonian War begins (150 BC).
149–148 BC	Lysiades (?)[73]
148–147 BC	Archon
147–146 BC	Epicrates	Rome takes control of Greece

Roman period

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or notable events
146–145 BC	Aristophantus (?)[72][73]
145–144 BC	Metrophanes (?)[73]
144–143 BC	Theaetetus
143–142 BC	Aristophon
142–141 BC	Micion (?)[73]
141–140 BC	[Dionysius]
140–139 BC	Hagnotheus
139–138 BC	Diocles[74]
138–137 BC	Timarchus
137–136 BC	Heracleitus
136–135 BC	Timarchides
135–134 BC	Dionysius
134–133 BC	Nicomachus
133–132 BC	Xenon
132–131 BC	Ergocles
131–130 BC	Epicles
130–129 BC	Demostratus
129–128 BC	Lyciscus
128–127 BC	Dionysius
127–126 BC	Theodorides
126–125 BC	Diotimus
125–124 BC	Jason
124–123 BC	Nicias (died); Isigenes
123–122 BC	Demetrius
122–121 BC	Nicodemus
121–120 BC	Phocion (?)
120–119 BC	Eumachus
119–118 BC	Hipparchus
118–117 BC	Lenaeus
117–116 BC	Menoetes
116–115 BC	Sarapion
115–114 BC	Nausias
114–113 BC	[...]raton
113–112 BC	Paramonus
112–111 BC	Dionysius
111–110 BC	Sosicrates
110–109 BC	Polycleitus
109–108 BC	Jason
108–107 BC	Demochares
107–106 BC	Aristarchus
106–105 BC	Agathocles
105–104 BC	Andronides (?)
104–103 BC	Heracleides
103–102 BC	Theocles
102–101 BC	Echecrates
101–100 BC	Medeius
100–99 BC	Theodosius
99–98 BC	Procles
98–97 BC	Argeius
97–96 BC	Heracleitus
96–95 BC	[...]craton
95–94 BC	Theodotus
94–93 BC	Callias
93–92 BC	Criton
92–91 BC	Menedemus
91–90 BC	Medeius
90–89 BC	Medeius
89–88 BC	Medeius
88–87 BC	anarchy	Athens captured by Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who reorganizes its government
87–86 BC	Philanthes
86–85 BC	Hierophantes
85–84 BC	Pythocritus
84–83 BC	Nicetas
83–82 BC	Pammenes
82–81 BC	Demetrius
81–80 BC	Ar[...]
80–79 BC	Apollodorus
79-78 BC	Unknown
78–77 BC	Aeschraeus
77-76 BC	Seleucus
76–75 BC	Heracleodoros
75–74 BC	Aeschines
74–73 BC	Unknown
73–72 BC	Nicetes (?)
72–71 BC	Unknown
71–70 BC	Aristoxenus (?)
70–69 BC	Criton (?)
69–67 BC	Unknown
67–66 BC	Theoxenus (?)
66–65 BC	Medeius (?)
65–64 BC	Unknown
64-63 BC	Oenophilus
63-62 BC	[...]ius
62–61 BC	Aristeius
61–60 BC	Theophemus
60–59 BC	Herodes[75]
59–58 BC	Leucius
58–57 BC	Calliphon
57–56 BC	Diocles
56–55 BC	Coentus
55–54 BC	Aristoxenus
54–53 BC	Zenon
53–52 BC	Diodorus
52–51 BC	Lysander
51–50 BC	Lysiades
50–49 BC	Demetrius
49–48 BC	Demochares
48–47 BC	Philocrates
47–46 BC	Diocles
46–45 BC	Eucles
45–44 BC	Diocles
44–43 BC	Leucius of Rhamnous
43-42 BC	Polycharmus
42–41 BC	Euthydomus
41–40 BC	Nicander
40–39 BC	Philostratus
39–38 BC	Diocles of Melite
38–37 BC	Menander of Steiria
37–36 BC	Callicratides (?)
36–35 BC	Asclepiodorus
35–34 BC	Theopeithes
34–33 BC	Apollogenes (?)
33–32 BC	Cleidamus
32-31 BC	Unknown
31–30 BC	Unknown
30–29 BC	Architemus
29–26 BC	Unknown
26–25 BC	Dioteimus
25–22 BC	Unknown
22–21 BC	Apolexis
20–19 BC	Demeas
19–17 BC	Unknown
17-16 BC	Ae[...][76]
16–15 BC	Pythagoras[76]
15–14 BC	Antiochus[76]
14–13 BC	Polyaenus
13–12 BC	Zenon
12–11 BC	Leonidas
11–10 BC	Theophilus
10–9 BC	Nicias
9–8 BC	Xenon
8–7 BC	Apolexis of Oesia[77]
7–6 BC	Unknown
6–5 BC	Nicostratus
5–4 BC	Cotys[78]
4–3 BC	Anaxagoras
3–2 BC	Demochares
2–1 BC	Polycharmus
1 BC–AD 1	Lacon
1–2	Democrates
2–3	[...] Sounieus
3–4	[...] Sphettius
4–5	[...]on
5–23	Unknown
23–24	M[...]
24–25	Charm[...]
25–26	Callicr[...]
26–27	Pamphilus	Julio-Claudian dynasty begins.
27–28	Themistocles
28–29	Oenophilus
29–30	Boethus
30–31	[...]trus
31-36	Unknown
36–37	Basileus Rhoemetalkes Ne(oteros)	Later king of Odrysia[79]
37–38	Arist[...] (?)
38-39	Polycritus (?)
39-40	Zen[on] (?)
40-41	[...]ouius Leo[...][80]
41-45	Unknown
45–46	Antipater
46–49	Unknown
49–50	Deinophilus
50–54	Unknown
53–54	Dionysodorus
54–56	Unknown
56–57	Konon
57–61	Unknown
61–62	Thrasyllus
62–65	Unknown
64–65	C. Carrinus Secundus, son of Gaius
65–66	Demostratus
66-74	Unknown
74-75	C. Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus (?)	Grandson of the last king of Commagene
75–79	Unknown
c. 80	Loucius
81-83	Unknown
83-84	Anarchy
84-85	Unknown
85-86	Titus Flavius Domitianus	Also Roman Emperor
86-87	Q. Trebellius Rufus	Also high priest of the imperial cult for Narbonese Gaul.[81]
87-88	anarchy
88-89	Ti. Claudius Hierophantes Callicratidius
89-90	Aeolion
90-91	L. Flavius Phlammas
91-92	T. Flavius Leosthenes
92–93	[...] Oethen
93–94	[...]oteionus
94-95	Dionysodorus
95-96	Philopappus and Laelianon
96–112	Unknown
112–113	Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus	Later Roman Emperor
113–114	Octavius Theon
114–115	Octavius Proclus
115–116	Pantaenus
116–117	Flavius Macrinus
117–118	T. Coponius Maximus	So Oliver; Samuels sees two names in the primary source.[82]
118–119	Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus
119–120	Flavius Stratolaus
120-121	Kl. Demophilus
121-122	Flavius Sophocles
122-123	T. Flavius Alcibiades	Son of T. Flavius Leosthenes, archon in 91/2[83]
123-124	Casius Diogenes
124-125	Flavius Euphanes
125-126	G. Julius Casius
126–127	Claudius Herodes Marathonius	Brother-in-law of Vibullius Hipparchus, archon in 118/9
127–128	Memmius [...]ros
128–131	Unknown
131–132	Claudius Philogenes
132–138	Unknown
138–139	Praxagoras
139–140	Flavius Alcibiades	Son of T. Flavius Alcibiades, archon in 122/3[83]
140–141	Tiberius Claudius Attalus
141–142	Publius Aelius Phileas
142–143	Publius Aelius Alexander
143–144	Publius Aelius Vibullius Rufus	Nephew of Herodes Atticus, archon in 126/7
144–145	Unknown
145–146	Flavius Arrianus Paeanieus
146–147	Tiberius [...]
147–148	Syllas
148–149	Unknown
150–151	Aelius Ardys
151–154	Unknown
154–155	Praxagoras
155–156	Popillius Theotimus
156–157	Aelius Callicrates
157–158	Unknown
158–159	Tiberius Aurelius Philemon Philades
159–160	Aelius Alexander
160–161	Publius Aelius Hellen [who is also called] Pl[...]
161–162	Memmius epi bomo
162–163	Aelius Gelus
163–164	Philisteides
164–165	Unknown
165–166	Sextus
166–167	Marcus Valerius Mamertinus Marathonius[84]
167–168	anarchy	Rotoff suggests that the absence of an archon for this year, and two of the following four years, was likely due to the Antonine Plague.[85]
168–169	Tineius Ponticus Besaieus
169–170	anarchy
170–171	Tiberius Memmius Flaccus Marathonius
171–172	anarchy
172–173	Lucius Gellius Xenagoras
173–174	Biesius Peison
174–175	Flavius Harpalianus
175–176	Arrianus Epaphroditus
176–177	Claudius Heracleides
177–178	Aeschines (?)[86]
178–179	Hegias (?)[87]
179–180	Athenodorus Agrippas Iteaeus (?)[88]
180–181	Claudius Demostratus
181–182	Unknown
182–183	Marcus Munatius Maximianus Vopiscus
183–184	Domitius Aristaeus Paeonides
184–185	Titus Flavius Sosigenes Palleneus
185–186	Philoteimus son of Arcesidemus, of Eleusis
186–187	Gaius Fabius Thisbianus Marathonius
187–188	Tiberius Claudius Marcus Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus	Son of Herodes Atticus, archon 126/7
188–189	Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus	Also Roman Emperor
189–190	Menogenes[89]
190–191	Gaius Peinarius Proclus Agnousius
191–192	Unknown
192–193	Gaius Helvidius Secundus
193–194	Claudius Dadouchos
194-195	Aurelius Philisteides
195-196	Quint[...]
196-197	Flavius Straton
197-198	Xenokles (?)[90]
198–199	Titus Flavius Sosigenes Palleneus (?)
199-200	Dionysodorus Eucarpon (?)
200-201	Flavius Eiachchagogus Agryleus (?)
201-202	Agathokles (?)
202–203	[...]mos
203–204	Aurelius Dem[...] (?)
204-205	Domitius Aristaeus Paeonides (?)
205-206	Gaius Quintus Imertus Marathonius
206-207	anarchy
207-208	Gaius Castius Apollonius Streircus
208-209	Fabius Dadouchus Marathonius
209–210	Flavius Diogenes Marathonius
210-211	Pompeius Alexander (?)[91]
211–212	Claudius Phokas Marathonius (?)[91]
212–213	Aurelius Dionysius Acharneus
213–220	Unknown
220–221	Philinus
221–222	Domitius Arabianus Marathonius
222-223	Gaius Quintus Cleon Marathonius
223-224	Hiereus An[...]
224-225	Tiberius Claudius Patroclus
225-226	Le. Dionysodorus
226-227	Munatius Themison
227–228	G. Pinarios Bassus
228-229	[Maratho]nius Ne(oterus)[92]
229–230	Marcus Ulpius Eubiotus Leurus	Also suffect consul, c. 230[93]
230-231	Marcus Aurelius Calliphron, also called Frontinus
231–232	Casianus
232–233	Unknown
233–234	Claudius Teres
234–235	Epictetus
235–238	Unknown
238-239	Casianus Hieroceryx
239-240	Flavius Asclepiades
240–241	Cassianus Philippus Steirieus
241–244	Unknown
244-245	Aurelius Laudicianus
245-249	Unknown
249–250	Publius Herennius Dexippus	Also archon Basileus?
251–252	Cornelianus
252–262	Unknown
262–263	Lucius Flavius Philostratus
263-264	Unknown
264–265[94]	Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus	Also Roman Emperor
c. 275	Titus Flavius Mondon
between 300 and 330	Constantine the Great[95]
between 300 and 350	Hegeias
end 4th century	Phaedrus
386-387	Hermogenes
between 425 and 450	Theagenes
484-485	Nicagoras

gollark: ++apioform

gollark: ++magic py "bees"

gollark: Try nc instead.

gollark: The server didn't disconnect you, telnet takes it as something.

gollark: HNode™ content is not currently publicly accessible unless you run a webserver and I thingy it, but it could be!

References

At first the chief of the city was only a priest. "The charge of the public sacrifices of the city belongs according to religious custom, not to special priests, but to those men who derive their dignity from the hearth, and who are here called kings, elsewhere Prytaneis, and again archons." (Aristotle, Politics, VIII.5)
Michael Rostovtzeff, Greece, passim.
"The Athenian archons when they entered upon their duties ascended to the Acropolis wearing crowns of myrtles, and offered a sacrifice to the titular, divinity of the town. It was also customary for them to wear crowns of foliage when they exercised their functions. And it is certain that the crown, which became and which still remains the emblem of power, was then only a religious symbol, an exterior sign, which accompanied prayer and sacrifice. Amongst the nine archons, the second archon, the one called the King, was the representative of the high priestly function of the old Kings, but each of his colleagues had some priestly duty to fulfill, some sacrifice to offer to the gods. ("Gustave Ducoudray, The history of ancient civilization: a handbook, 1889 pg 129)
Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos By Emmet John Sweeney.
Green, Peter (2009). "Diodorus Siculus on the Third Sacred War". In Marincola, John (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. 364. ISBN 9780470766286.
Fox The Classical World p. 122
Lacey The Family in Ancient Greece p. 139-145
Adkins Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece p. 35-36
Aristotle Constitution of Athens, 3
The son of Codrus was lame, which was why his brother Neileus would not let him rule, but the Delphian oracle bestowed the kingdom upon Medon. For more see Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7. 2. 1.
Constitution of Athens and Related Texts – Page 70
John Blair, Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844. pg. 27
John Lemprière, A Classical Dictionary pg. 183
Pausanias, Description of Greece, Volume 3 – Page 64. (cf. "The successors of Codrus were Medon (son of Codrus), Acastus (son of Medon), Archippus (son of Acastus), Thersippus (son of Archippus), Phorbas (son of Thersippus), Megacles (son of Phorbas), Diognetus (son of Megacles), Pherecles (son of Diognetus), Ariphron (son of Pherecles), Thespieus (son of Ariphron), Agamestor (son of Thespieus), Aeschylus (son of Agamestor), Alcmaeon. All these, according to the common tradition, held the archonship for life. After Alcmaeon the tenure of the office was made decennial. The first decennial archon was Charops, the second was Aesimides, and the third was Clidicus. See Eusebius, Chronic. vol. 1. pp. 185–190, ed. Schone.")
Michael Russell, A Connection of Sacred and Profane History, Pg 355
See Historicity of the Iliad.
Herodotus 2.53.
George Crabb, Universal Historical Dictionary pg. 91
According to Diodorus Siculus (of the 1st century BC).
Blair, Chronological and Historical Tables pg. 30
Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, Ed. with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of Information; and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery, Volume 3. Appleton, 1882. Pg 316
Evelyn Abbott. A Skeleton Outline of Greek History: Chronologically Arranged. Pg 27.
The Roman Antiquities, Volume 1. By Dionysius (Halicarnassensis). pg 162.
History of Ancient and Modern Greece. By John Frost. Pg 35
According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Pausanias's Description of Greece, 4.5.3; Volume 3 By Pausanias. Pg 64
Henry-Fines Clinton. Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press, 1834 pg 241, Pg 166
Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy. Chronological Tables of Universal History: Sacred and Profane, Ecclesiastical and Civil; from the Creation of the World, to the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-three. With a Preliminary Discourse on the Short Method of Studying History; and a Catalogue of Books Necessary for that Purpose; with Some Remarks on Them, Volume 1. A. Millar, 1762. Pg 124
John Blair. Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row., 1844. Pg 38
Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables. Pg 39
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of archons down to 481/0 BC are taken from T. J. Cadoux, "The Athenian Archons from Kreon to Hypsichides", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 68 (1948), pp. 70-123
Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 88
Cadoux notes "We cannot be sure that it was the same man who held the second archonship, nor, if we held that it was, do we know anything of the circumstances under which this happened. Nor, again, do we know if this man or men belonged to the Philaid family." ("Athenian Archons", p. 90)
Cadoux notes this entry is based on a surviving passage of Hippys of Rhegion which is very obscure; Hippys states one Epainetos was king at Athens in the 36th Olympiad. However, this statement is full of mistakes which makes Cadooux suspicious of this passage. ("Athenian Archons", p. 91)
Per one surviving fragment of the Athenian Archon list. Donald W. Bradeen, "The Fifth-Century Archon List", Hesperia, 32 (1963), pp. 187-208
Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 103
So Cadoux and Alan Samuel; Benjamin D. Merrit notes the name could be read "Onetorides". (Merrit, "Greek inscriptions, 14-27", Hesperia, 8 (1939), p 60)
This identification has been questioned by Matthew P. J. Dillon, "Was Kleisthenes of Pleisthenes Archon at Athens in 525 BC?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 155 (2006), pp. 91-107
Herodotus, Histories, books V and VI Google Books link
But he adds, "It seems gratuitous to invent a third Miltiades-presumably from another family; and there are no solid chronological grounds for rejecting either of the two Philaids." (Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 110)
See Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", pp. 111f
Alan Samuel is doubtful this archon existed, claiming this is based on Eustathius' misunderstanding his source, which provides the date Pindar died, not when he was born. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), p. 204
Cadoux suspects this is a corruption of the archon's real name. ("Athenian Archons", p. 116)
Added from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 205
Nine archons were appointed by lot by the tribes from 500 nominees chosen by the demes and that this was the method in the Archonship of Telesinus. See also the Areopagite constitution.
Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 119
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 480/79 to 348/7 BC are taken from Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), pp. 206-210.
"Calliades was archon in Athens, and the Romans made Spurius Cassius and Proculus Verginius Tricostus consuls, and the Eleians celebrated the Seventy-fifth Olympiad, that in which Astylus of Syracuse won the 'stadion.' It was in this year that king Xerxes made his campaign against Greece" (Diodorus, 11.1.2)
Alternative spellings are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 206-210
Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 207
Classical Philology. p. 53
The Works of Xenophon: & II and Anabasis. 1890 By Xenophon. Pg 98
Thucydides (2.2) states that it began "in the 48th year of the priestess-ship of Chrysis at Argos, in the ephorate of Aenesias at Sparta, in the last month but two of the archonship of Pythodorus at Athens." Thucydides reports a solar eclipse that summer (2.28), which can be confidently dated to 3 August 431 BC. (E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 87)
Thucydides: Arguments. Peloponnesian War, Book III (cont'd.)-VI By Thucydides. Pg 208
Sophocles: The Oedipus Coloneus. 3d ed. 1900 By Sophocles, Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb. Pg 4. (cf. Micon was [the Archon of] 402 B.C., Callias of [the Archon of] 406 B.C. Between them came Alexias (405), Pythodorus (404, the Anarchy), and Eucleides (403).)
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 347/6 to 301/0 BC are taken from Benjamin D. Meritt, "Athenian Archons 347/6–48/7 B.C.", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 26 (1977), pp. 161–191
Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 210
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 300/299 to 228/7 BC are taken from Michael J. Osborne, "The Archons of Athens 300/299-228/7", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 171 (2009), pp. 83-99
The order in which these three archons held their office is not yet clear. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 85 n. 14)
This year is commonly attributed to "Gorgias" based on Pseudo-Plutarch (Vitae Decem Oratorum, 847D); however, Gorgias may be a corruption of the very rare name "Ourias" archon in 281/0 BC; Gorgias is thus a ghost. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 87 n. 21)
Osborne notes that Pytharatus "is one of the very few archons of the 3rd century after the 290s to be securely dated on the basis of Olympiads and literary testimony." "Archons of Athens", p. 88 n. 26
Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 90 n. 29
Voula Bardani and Stephen Tracy, "A New List of Athenian Ephebes and a New Archon of Athens", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 75-80
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 227/6 to 211/0 BC are taken from Michael Osborne, "The Date of the Athenian Archon Thrasyphon", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 164 (2008), pp. 85-8
Aleshire had placed Hoplon at this year because there was a gap; however, Osborne's latest revision of the Archon list has removed that gap. For further details, see Aleshire, "The Athenian Archon Hoplon", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 253-5
Thrasyphon is commonly dated to 221/0 BC based on a Magnesian inscription that allows his archonship to be dated to the fourth year of Olympiad 139; Osborne has argued that the correlation is not that exact and his archonship could fall in the first year of Olympiad 140. (Osborne, "The Date", pp. 85, 88)
Merrit disagrees, placing Sostratos here and providing a primary source; Osborne provides no supporting evidence for Aeschron here. Merritt, "Athenian Archons", p. 178
Unless otherwise noted, the archons from 209/8 to 201/0 BC are taken from John S. Traill, "A Revision of Hesperia, XLIII, 1974, 'A New Ephebic Inscription from the Athenian Agora'", Hesperia, 45 (1976), pp. 296-303
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 201/0 to 160/59 BC are taken from Osborne, "Archons of Athens"
Following the arguments of John S. Traill, "The Athenian Archon Pleistainos", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 103 (1994), pp. 109-114
Christian Habicht argues that, based on the floruit of the letter-cutter of inscription did not extend beyond 185 BC, Achaeus' archonship occurred earlier and places Epaenetus in this year. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 245)
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 159/8 to 141/0 BC are taken from Christian Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons of Athens from 159/8 to 141/0 B. C.", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 237-247
Habicht expresses less certainty about the dates of these seven archones. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 246)
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 139/8 to 61/60 BC are taken from Merrit, "Athenian Archons"
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 60/59 to 10/9 BC are taken from Simone Follet, "Deux inscriptions attiques inédites copiées par l'abbé Michel Fourmont (Parisinus Suppl. gr. 854)", Revue des Études Grecques, 118 (2005). pp. 1-14.
Samuel adds these three names, as well as the next four, citing IG III² 1713 for their presence in the archon list. (Greek and Roman), p. 226
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 8/7 BC to AD 165/6 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman, pp. 223–237
Identified with a member of the Thracian Royal house based on IG II² 1070, making him the first verified foreigner to be the Athenian Eponymous archon. (Robert K. Sherk, "The Eponymous Officials of Greek Cities: I", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 83 (1990), p. 275)
R. Neubauer, "Das Archontat des Rhoemetalkas in Athen", Hermes, 10 (1876), pp. 145–152
Or eponymous archon in 41/2.
James H. Oliver, "Greek Inscriptions", Hesperia: The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Twenty-First Report, 11 (1942), p. 80
Oliver, "Greek Inscriptions", p. 84
Gustav Hirschfeld, "Die Familie des Titus Flavius Aklibiades", Hermes, 7 (1873), pp. 52–61
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 166/7 to 188/9 are taken from Susan I. Rotoff, "An Athenian Archon List of the Late Second Century after Christ", Hesperia, 44 (1975), pp. 402–408
Rotoff, "An Athenian Archon List", p. 408
Or Aischines could be archon for 178/9 (Rotoff, "Athenian Archon List", p. 407)
Or Hegias could be archon for 177/8 or 179/80 (Rotoff, "Athenian Archon List", p. 407)
Or Athendorus could be archon for 181/2 (Rotoff, "Athenian Archon List", p. 407)
Unless otherwise noted, archons for 189/90 to 484/5 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 234–237.
Following the order from 197/8 to 204/5 offered by James A. Notopoulos, "Studies in the Chronology of Athens under the Empire", Hesperia, 18 (1949), pp. 21f. The chief differences between Notopoulos and Samuels here are that Samuels marks 197/8 as unknown, puts the next three archons in the order Dionysodoros - T. Ph. Sosigenes - Xenokles, then omitting [...]mos takes the other four archons Notopoulos distributes from 200/1-202/3 and compresses them into the years 201/2–202/3. Since Notopoulos considers [...]mos to be the only archon in this period whose date is certain, and Samuels provides no reasoning for removing him, Notopoulos has been followed here.
Notopulos is uncertain of the order of these two archons during these two years ("Studies in the Chronology", pp. 35, 36), while Samuels leans towards the inverted order (Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 235)
i.e. 'the more recent Marathonian'
James H. Oliver, "Review", American Journal of Philology, 69 (1948), pp. 440f
After 265, the record is so fragmentary that "Unknown" is not indicated past this point.
So claimed by James H. Oliver, "Roman Emperors and Athens", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), 423