December 1943

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December 2, 1943: 83 bystanders killed in unintended release of mustard gas in Italy
December 26, 1943: 1,907 German sailors drown in the sinking of Scharnhorst
December 4, 1943: WPA, the last Great Depression relief program ends
December 25, 1943: 64 Lithuanian Jews tunnel out of Nazi "Ninth Fort" prison

The following events occurred in December 1943:

December 1, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • The Cairo Declaration was released after the departure of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and China's President Chiang Kai-shek. For the first time, the Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of Japan, and pledged that the Japanese Empire would be "stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914", that "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China" [1] and that "in due course Korea shall become free and independent".[2][3]
  • The neutral Swedish "repatriation ship", the ocean liner MS Gripsholm, docked in the New York harbor with 1,223 American, 217 Canadians, and some Latin American nationals who had been captured by the Japanese during the early years of the war. The Gripsholm, which was allowed safe passage throughout the war by agreement of both the Axis and Allied powers, had brought the North American prisoners home from Mormugao in Portuguese India (now the State of Goa in India), where they had been taken by the Japanese exchange ship Teia Maru had brought them on October 16.[4]
  • Died: Prince Tisavarakumarn of Siam, 81, Minister of Education who founded the modern Thai educational system. As the Minister of the Interior, Prince Tisavarakumarn also reorganized the national bureaucracy

December 2, 1943 (Thursday)
  • At least 83 people were killed by the release of gas from chemical weapons in the Italian port of Bari, and another 545 were injured, after a surprise air raid by 88 bombers from Germany's Luftwaffe. Unbeknownst to anyone except its commanding officers, the American merchant marine ship SS John Harvey had been carrying a cargo of 2,000 M-47A1 mustard gas bombs. The ship was one of 17 Allied vessels that were sunk in the raid, but had stayed afloat until its deadly cargo had exploded.[5] In that the only people who knew of the ship's cargo had been killed in the blast, physicians were uncertain of the cause of the blisters and burns of their patients until nine days later, when a British diver recovered a shell casing.[6][7] Ironically, the Bari disaster would lead to a breakthrough in cancer chemotherapy, because of the findings (made during the attempt at diagnosis) that patients exposed to the sulfur mustard gas had reduced white blood cell counts; with the substitution of nitrogen for sulfur, the first compound that could fight cancer cells with minimal harm to healthy cells was created, with the derivation of the drug Mustine from nitrogen mustard compounds.[8]
  • U.K. Labour Minister Ernest Bevin announced that one out of every ten men called up between the ages of 18 and 25 would be ordered to work in British coal mines. These conscript miners would be known as "Bevin Boys".[9]
  • Born: William Wegman, American photographer, in Holyoke, Massachusetts

December 3, 1943 (Friday)
Murrow
  • Edward R. Murrow delivered his classic "Orchestrated Hell" broadcast over CBS Radio, describing a nighttime bombing raid on Berlin, by 619 Squadron, RAF, based at RAF Woodhall Spa The night before, Murrow had been allowed to fly on board a 619 Sqn Avro Lancaster, codenamed "D for Dog", during the raid. Toward the close of his report, Murrow commented "Men die in the sky while others are roasted alive in their cellars. Berlin last night wasn't a pretty sight. In about 35 minutes it was hit with about three times the amount of stuff that ever came down on London in a night-long blitz."[10]
  • On the Belorussian front, Soviet forces captured Dovsk north of Gomel and moved towards Rogachev.[11]
  • Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw M. Landis convened a meeting between National League and American League team owners, and publishers from eight African-American newspapers, at the Hotel Roosevelt in New York, to discuss the prospects of allowing black players to compete for jobs in the all-white "Organized Baseball". Three press representatives, John Sengstacke of the Chicago Defender, Ira F. Lewis of the Pittsburgh Courier, and Howard Murphy of the Baltimore Afro-American were allowed to address the owners, and asked them to admit black players. Landis declared at the end, "Each club is entirely free to employ Negro players to any and all extent it pleases," but added that it would be "solely for each club's decision", rather than a league-wide mandate.[12]

December 4, 1943 (Saturday)
  • In Yugoslavia, the Partisan resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaimed a provisional democratic Yugoslav government-in-exile, with lawyer Ivan Ribar to serve as the head of government after the war's end.[13]
  • With unemployment figures falling fast due to war-related employment, President Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the Works Progress Administration, bringing a symbolic end to the Great Depression in the United States.
  • The Congress of Bolivia ratified the executive decree by President Enrique Peñaranda after a six-month debate, and declared war against the Axis Powers.[14] In that 70 percent of the wholesale and large retail sellers in Bolivia were German-operated, Bolivian authorities sent supervisors to monitor their work, but elected not to close their operation. Peñaranda's decrees after the declaration of war, however, would lead to his overthrow later in the month.[15] Bolivia became the 44th nation to join the Allies against the Axis nations (Germany, Japan, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Thailand and Finland). Nine independent nations— Afghanistan, Argentina, Ireland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey— remained neutral.[16]
  • The Moro River Campaign began in Italy.
  • The Japanese escort carrier Chūyō was torpedoed and sunk in the Pacific Ocean by the American submarine Sailfish.

December 5, 1943 (Sunday)
V-1 rocket
  • The Allies began Operation Crossbow in an all-out effort to stop Germany's V-1 rocket program.[17] The first "flying bomb" launch sites targeted were near Ligescourt in France, where U.S. Army Air Force B-26 bombers made an unsuccessful attempt to put a dent in the Nazi guided missile attacks.[18]
  • The Battle of Sio began in New Guinea.
  • Italian Jews were interned for the first time at the Fossoli di Carpi concentration camp.[19]
  • The Indian city of Calcutta (now Kolkata) was attacked in a daylight aerial bombardment for the first time, as Japanese bombers made a brief raid. There had been seven previous bombings of Calcutta, but all had taken place at night.[20] The British Indian government announced that 167 civilians and one soldier were killed.[21]
  • Singer Dinah Shore and film actor George Montgomery were married in Las Vegas, while Montgomery was on leave from his wartime service as an officer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.[22]
  • Born: Eva Joly, Norwegian-born French magistrate, European Parliament member, and Green Party candidate for President of France in 2012; in Grünerløkka

December 6, 1943 (Monday)

December 7, 1943 (Tuesday)

December 8, 1943 (Wednesday)

December 9, 1943 (Thursday)

December 10, 1943 (Friday)
  • Tullio Tamburini, the Chief of Police for the Nazi-controlled Italian Social Republic, issued exceptions to the November 30 order to arrest all of the Jews in Italy, and directed the release of any who were over 70 years old, or "grievously ill", or who had a non-Jewish parent or spouse. About forty percent of the recent arrestees were allowed to go home for the time being. Tamburini would be dismissed by the Nazis in April, and would survive his internment at the Dachau concentration camp following his arrest in February 1945.[33]
  • The British Eighth Army crossed the Moro River.[34]
  • The Mediterranean Allied Air Forces was created, and placed under the overall command of U.S. Army General Ira C. Eaker, replacing the Mediterranean Air Command that had been commanded by General Arthur Tedder of the British Royal Air Force.[35]

December 11, 1943 (Saturday)
Keitel

December 12, 1943 (Sunday)

December 13, 1943 (Monday)
  • The German 117th Jäger Division carried out the destruction of Kalavryta in Greece, rounding up to 460 adult men in the town and executing them with machine gun fire, then burning the town.[29][30]
  • A wave of 1,462 American airplanes flew an early afternoon carpet bombing raid over the German cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Kiel. In a departure from previous missions, all bombers in a unit would release their high explosive bombs and incendiaries, simultaneously, on the population centers.[39]
  • The German submarines U-172, U-391 and U-593 were lost to enemy action.

December 14, 1943 (Tuesday)

December 15, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • The first war crimes trial of World War II began at Kharkov in the Soviet Union, when three German officers and a Russian collaborator were tried for "crimes and atrocities [that are] ... links in a long chain of crimes which have been, and are still being, committed by the German invaders on the direct instructions of the German Government and of the Supreme Command of the German Army." [44] The four men (Abwehr Captain Wilhelm Langheld, SS Lieutenant Hans Ritz, Corporal Reinhard Retzlaff of the Secret Field Police, and Mikhail Bulanov of Kharkov) would be found guilty on December 17 and hanged the next day, in public, in front of thousands of spectators at Kharkov's main square.[45][46]
  • The New Britain campaign began. American and Australian forces began the Battle of Arawe as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester on New Britain in Papua New Guinea.
  • The biographical film Madame Curie, and starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon as Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, was released.
  • Born: Lucien den Arend, Dutch geometric abstract sculptor, in Dordrecht
  • Died: Fats Waller (Thomas Wright Waller), 39, African-American jazz pianist and composer, of pneumonia, after collapsing on a train at Kansas City, Missouri.[47]

December 16, 1943 (Thursday)
  • Seventy-three train passengers were killed and another 187 injured in the collision of two Atlantic Coast Line Railroad trains near Lumberton, North Carolina. At about 1:15 a.m., the Tamiami West Coast Champion, with 18 cars, derailed as it was traveling south during a snowstorm, and two Pullman sleeper cars and the diner car were knocked across the northbound track. Thirty-five minutes later, the Tamiami East Coast Champion, with 16 cars, moved past warning signals and crashed at full speed into the first train.[48] Both trains had been traveling between New York City and Miami when their paths crossed in North Carolina.[49]
  • The sister of Erich Maria Remarque, the German-born author of All Quiet on the Western Front, was beheaded after being convicted in the German "People's Court" (Volksgerichtshof) of "undermining the war effort" by failing to denounce her famous brother, who had become successful in the United States. Judge Roland Freisler told Elfriede Remark Scholz, "Your brother is beyond our reach, but you will not escape us." [50][51]
  • The German submarine U-73 was sunk off Oran, Algeria by American warships.

December 17, 1943 (Friday)
  • The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, along with its amendments, which had limited the number of immigrants from China to the United States to only 105 persons per year, was repealed as President Roosevelt signed the Magnuson Act into law.[52][53]
Boyington
  • U.S. Marine Colonel Gregory "Pappy" Boyington led Marine Attack Squadron 214, the "Black Sheep Squadron" in the first use of the "fighter sweep technique" in combat, sending 76 fighters over the Japanese air station at Rabaul in New Guinea.[54]
  • The Battle of San Pietro Infine ended in Allied victory.
  • The romantic film Immensee, based on an 1849 novel by Theodor Storm and directed by Veit Harlan, was released throughout Germany and became that nation's most popular film of the year. Well after the end of World War II, the classic film would be a favorite of a new generation of German viewers on television.[55]
  • On the fortieth anniversary of the Wright Brothers' historic first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, President Roosevelt announced that the Wrights' airplane would be returned to the United States from storage in England, and donated to the Smithsonian Institution. The Wrights had allowed the aircraft to go overseas after the Smithsonian had refused to recognize the Wrights as the makers of the first flight, crediting Samuel Langley instead.[56]
  • Born: Ron Geesin, Scottish musician and songwriter for Pink Floyd; in Stevenston

December 18, 1943 (Saturday)
  • Heinrich Himmler ordered new rules for arrest and deportation of Jews in Germany, revoking most previous exemptions for Jews who had married Gentiles. Most Jewish spouses were ordered deported to the nominally Jewish city of Theresienstadt in January, rather than immediately to concentration camps. Exceptions continued to be made, however, for intermarried couples who had lost a son in combat, and for those who had very young children at home.[57]
  • The Japanese destroyer Numakaze was torpedoed and sunk east of Naha, Okinawa by the American submarine Grayback.
  • German SS soldiers carried out the Drakeia massacre in Greece, executing 118 men as part of so-called anti-partisan reprisals.
  • Born:
    • Keith Richards, English rock guitarist and songwriter for the Rolling Stones; in Dartford
    • Bobby Keys, American saxophonist who backed up the 1988 debut album of Richards as a solo artist, Talk Is Cheap, as well as numerous other classic rock acts (including songs on 11 Rolling Stones' albums) (died 2014)

December 19, 1943 (Sunday)
  • On the Philippines' Panay Island, ten American Baptist missionaries, three other Americans and two children were captured by the Japanese Army after having hidden for two years, and became the Hopevale Martyrs the next day, volunteering to be executed in return for the Japanese allowing their Filipino captives to go free. The following day, after being granted an hour to pray, the adults, ranging in age from 59 to 39, were beheaded by sword, and the two children, including a nine-year-old boy, were bayoneted.[58]
  • American forces at Arawe, New Guinea captured the Japanese airstrip and held it against counterattacks.[59]
  • Born:

December 20, 1943 (Monday)
  • In an act of mercy that would be written about nearly 70 years later in the popular book A Higher Call: An Incredible True Story of Combat and Chivalry in the War-Torn Skies of World War II, German Luftwaffe Oberleutnant Franz Stigler, a fighter ace with 22 victories, declined to shoot down the severely damaged American B-17 bomber Ye Olde Pub, and instead escorted the plane until it left German airspace. The American plane, piloted by 2nd Lieutenant Charlie Brown, had been on its first mission and was shot up before it could release its cargo of bombs. Flying back to England, it landed safely at its base at RAF Seething. Forty-seven years later, Brown would locate his benefactor, and he and Stigler would remain close friends until the death of both of them in 2008.[60]
  • A colonel in Germany's SS intelligence division prepared a special report to his superiors outlining the requirements for a future invasion of Switzerland, which remained neutral during World War II.[61]
  • Sixteen days after guiding Bolivia into World War II, President Enrique Peñaranda was overthrown in a military coup led by Major Gualberto Villarroel. Less than three years later, on July 21, 1946, Villarroel himself would be assassinated in another revolution.[62][63]
  • The Battle of Ortona began between Canadian and German forces in Italy.
  • The German submarine U-850 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by U.S. aircraft from the escort carrier Bogue.
  • Born: Jacqueline Pearce, English TV actress best known as the villainess "Servalan" on Blake's 7; in Woking (d. 2018)
  • Died: Captain Edward L. Beach, Sr., 76, U.S. Navy officer and author

December 21, 1943 (Tuesday)
Flandin
Peyrouton
  • Pierre-Étienne Flandin, a former Prime Minister of France, was arrested in Algiers along with four other one-time Vichy France government officials who had collaborated with the German occupiers of France. Flandin had headed the government in 1934 and 1935, and then served again for two months as premier of the Vichy government. Jailed also were former Interior Minister Marcel Peyrouton, Information Secretary Pierre Tixler-Vignacourt, member of parliament André Albert, and Pierre François Boisson, the recent Governor-General of French West Africa.[64]
  • The German submarine U-284 was scuttled after suffering storm damage in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Greenland.
  • Born:

December 22, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • Hitler issued a "Führer Order" (Führerbefehl) creating the "National Socialist Leadership Officers", charged with disseminating propaganda for "getting soldiers to believe in final victory" in the war "even if they did not know how it was going to be achieved".[65]
  • The German government ordered that all boys aged 16 and older would be required to register for military duty in January.[66]
  • The Second Battle of Kiev ended in Soviet victory.
  • The German light cruiser Niobe was sunk by British motor torpedo boats three days after running aground off Silba, Yugoslavia.
  • Born: Gareth Morgan, Welsh-Canadian organizational theorist who developed the theory of "organizational metaphors" as a tool of management; in Porthcawl
  • Died:
    • Beatrix Potter, 77, children's book author known for the Peter Rabbit series, died of leukemia
    • U.S. Army Lt. Col. William E. Dyess, 27, nicknamed the "One Man Scourge" for his fight against the Japanese in the Battle of Bataan. Dyess survived the Bataan Death March, then was able to escape the prisoner of war camp and to reveal the details of the march to the world press, but was killed when the P-38 airplane he was piloting caught on fire as he flew over Burbank, California. In an apparent effort to avoid crashing into houses, Dyess stayed with his plane and aimed for a vacant lot, clipping the roof of the St. Finbar's Catholic Church in his descent.[67]

December 23, 1943 (Thursday)
  • With one week remaining before a nationwide strike, three of the five rail unions rejected President Roosevelt's offer of arbitration of a wage dispute, and the President ordered Attorney General Francis Biddle to prepare papers to authorize a government seizure of United States railroads on December 30.[68]
  • The Battle of the Dnieper ended in Soviet victory.
  • The British destroyer Worcester struck a mine in the North Sea and was rendered a constructive total loss.
  • Born:

December 24, 1943 (Friday)

December 25, 1943 (Saturday)
  • Allied bombardment of Berlin was temporarily halted after a week of raids by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces that had ended with a heavy attack on the morning of Christmas Eve that had killed more than 2,000 people. At the same time, no German bombers flew over the United Kingdom.[72][73][74][75]
  • Sixty-four prisoners tunneled their way out of the Ninth Fort, a prison in German-occupied Lithuania near Šilainiai, used primarily for the housing of Lithuanian Jews until they could be executed. By mid-January, 32 of the prisoners had been recaptured and five were killed while trying to get away.[76] In all, 40,000 people would be put to death at the Fort, 25,000 of them from the Jewish community in Kaunas, 10,000 Jews deported from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, and thousands of Jewish prisoners of war from the Red Army.[77] Obersturmfuhrer Franz Radif, the operator of the camp, was arrested for negligence but pardoned by Adolf Hitler after two months; after the war ended, Radif would be tried and executed in Czechoslovakia on January 8, 1947.[78]
  • The drama film The Song of Bernadette starring Jennifer Jones had a double world premiere at the United Artists Theatre and the Carthay Circle Theatre in Hollywood.[79]
  • Born: Hanna Schygulla, German film actress, in Königshütte, Germany (now Chorzów, Poland)
  • Died: William Irving, 50, German-born American film actor (b. 1893)

December 26, 1943 (Sunday)

December 27, 1943 (Monday)
  • President Roosevelt signed an order seizing the railroads of the United States in advance of a December 30 strike of rail workers, and at 7:00 pm Washington time, soldiers from the U.S. Army began taking control of lines affected by the impending walkout. It was the first government control of the rails since December 26, 1917, when President Woodrow Wilson had acted during World War One.[83] Control would end after an agreement between the unions and management on January 18.[84]
  • The Battle of The Pimple began in New Guinea.
  • Born: Martha Shelley, American lesbian activist and writer, as Martha Altman in Brooklyn
  • Died: Rupert Julian, 64, New Zealand-born film director and actor

December 28, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was fought between British and German warships. The result was a victory for the Royal Navy as two German torpedo boats and the destroyer Z27 were sunk with no British losses in return.
  • The Battle of The Pimple ended in Allied victory.
  • The Battle of Ortona ended in Canadian victory.
  • One day after abolishing the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union began the forced relocation of the roughly 100,000 people of the Kalmyk ethnic group to various locations in Siberia, after accusing members of the predominantly Buddhist minority of collaboration with the Germans during the war.[85] The surviving exiles would be allowed to return in 1957, and the Kalmyk ASSR would be granted autonomy again in 1958.[86] Over a four-day period from December 28 to December 31, the Kalmyks of the former ASSR and from the Rostov oblast would be removed.[87]
  • U.S. Army Lt. Douglas McDow and aviation cadet Clarence A. Thompson vanished during a training mission while flying a UC-78 Bobcat airplane after taking off from an army air base near Douglas, Arizona.[88] For more than 30 years, their fate remained unknown. In late April, 1974, two hikers would find the wreckage and the men's remains in the Mount Graham mountain range.[89][90]
  • Born:

December 29, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • Leo Pasvolsky of the U.S. State Department finished the draft proposal for the basic organization of the United Nations Charter, which Secretary of State Cordell Hull presented to President Roosevelt. Under Pasvolsky's plan, a "General Assembly", with representatives from all nations, would vote on most matters; a four-member "Executive Council" (composed of the four Allied Powers, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and France) would vote on security matters, with the right of any one member to veto a decision; and a World Court would decide matters of international law.[91] In the final version of the UN Charter, the Executive Council would be renamed the Security Council, and would include China as a fifth member.
  • In one of his first acts as the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe, General Eisenhower cabled an order to all of the Allied Commanders directing them to, as far as possible, avoid attacking the historic monuments of Italy. "Today we are fighting in a country which has contributed a great deal to our cultural inheritance," Eisenhower wrote. "We are bound to respect those monuments so far as war allows. If we have to choose between destroying a famous building and sacrificing our own men, then our men's lives count infinitely more and the buildings must go. But the choice is not always so clear-cut as that. In many cases the monuments can be spared without any detriment to operational needs." [92][93]
  • Bombing of Berlin resumed after a Christmas halt, in one of the heaviest raids by the Royal Air Force up to that time, dropping incendiaries through a thick layer of clouds during a nighttime attack.[94]
  • On the Ukrainian front the Soviet 60th Army recaptured Korosten, while the 40th Army took Skvyra.[95]
  • The Axum, one of the more successful Italian submarines of the war, was scuttled after running aground off the Morea, Greece.

December 30, 1943 (Thursday)
Bose
Territory (in red) of "independent" Republic of India

December 31, 1943 (Friday)
  • Adolf Hitler delivered a New Year's message to the German people admitting that 1943 "brought us our heaviest reverses," and that 1944 "will make heavy demands on all Germans. This vast war will approach a crisis this year. We have every confidence that we will survive." Hitler stated that it was no news that the English intended to carry out a landing somewhere, but assured the German people that defences had been prepared that would "surprise our enemies more than their landings would surprise us."[100]
  • British Deputy Prime Minister Clement Attlee broadcast a New Year's Eve message of his own to the people of the United Kingdom. Attlee declared that the "hour of reckoning has come" for the Nazis but urged the British people not to be complacent, stating: "We do know that in 1944 the war will blaze up into greater intensity than ever before, and that we must be prepared to face heavier casualties. Nineteen-forty-four may be the victory year; it will only be so if we continue to put forward our utmost efforts, and if we allow nothing to divert us from our main purpose."[101]
  • Zhytomyr changed hands again as the Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front recaptured the city.[102]
  • Argentina's President, General Pedro Ramírez, issued various year-end decrees, dissolving all political parties [103] and (on the recommendation of the Education and Justice Minister, novelist Hugo Wast) restoring the requirement of Roman Catholic education in all Argentine public schools.[104]
  • Born:
gollark: !q give 10 iron_ore <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q give 1 iron <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q take 1 iron_ore <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q take 15 fuel <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !give 250 fuel <@!258639553357676545>

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  2. Djun Kil Kim, The History of Korea (ABC-CLIO, 2014) pp 165–166
  3. "STRIP JAPAN, ALLIES PLEDGE— Aim to Free Stolen Empire; 3 Leaders on New Journey", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 2, 1943, p. 1
  4. "1,223 Are Home on Gripsholm— Well, Happy", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 2, 1943, p. 1
  5. Guy Faguet, The Conquest of Cancer: A Distant Goal (Springer, 2014) p. 110
  6. Infield, Glenn B. (1967). Disaster at Bari.
  7. "Bari Air Raid (2 December 1943)", by Paul J. Rose, in World War Two in Europe (Garland Publishing, 1999)pp. 1382–1383
  8. Guy Faguet, The War on Cancer: An Anatomy of Failure, A Blueprint for the Future (Springer, 2008) pp. 71–72
  9. Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 592. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
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  12. Damion L. Thomas, Globetrotting: African American Athletes and Cold War Politics (University of Illinois Press, 2012) p. 13
  13. "King Protests Regime Set up in Jugo-Slavia", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 6, 1943, p. 10
  14. Waltraud Q. Morales, A Brief History of Bolivia (Infobase Publishing, 2010) pp. 123–124
  15. Max Paul Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 124–125
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  20. "Calcutta Hit in Japs' First Daylight Raid", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 6, 1943, p. 6
  21. "500 Casualties Caused by Jap Calcutta Raid", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 7, 1943, p. 2
  22. "Soldier's Bride", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 6, 1943, p. 3
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  30. Meyer, Frank Hermann (2002). Von Wien nach Kalavryta. Die blutige Spur der 117. Jäger-Division durch Serbien und Griechenland (in German). Mannheim/Möhnesee: Peleus. ISBN 3-933925-22-3.
  31. DeBono, Charles (December 22, 2013). "US President Franklin D. Roosevelt visits Malta on December 8, 1943". Times of Malta. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  32. Ashley Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War (A&C Black, 2006) p. 338
  33. Michele Sarfatti, The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution (University of Wisconsin Press, 2006) pp. 192–193
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  40. "French Vote to Make Educated Arabs Citizens", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 15, 1943, p. 6
  41. "Citizenship Given to Algerian Arabs", Montreal Gazette, December 15, 1943, p6
  42. "300 PLANES RAID GREEK BASES", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, December 15, 1943, p. 1
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  46. "40,000 Reds See Traitors Die in Kharkov Square", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 20, 1943, p. 7
  47. "'Fats Waller, Noted Band Leader, Dies on Train", Ottawa Journal, December 15, 1943, p. 1
  48. Edgar A. Haine, Railroad Wrecks (Cornwall Books, 1993) pp. 112–114
  49. "More Than 50 Killed, Scores Injured in Wreck of Two Florida Fast Trains", Milwaukee Journal, December 16, 1943, p. 1
  50. John Sutherland, Stephen Fender, Love, Sex, Death and Words: Surprising Tales From a Year in Literature (Icon Books, 2011) p. 165
  51. Opritsa D. Popa, Bibliophiles and Bibliothieves: The Search for the Hildebrandslied and the Willehalm Codex (Walter de Gruyter, 2003) p. 16
  52. Franklin Odo, The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience (Columbia University Press, 2002) pp. 281–282
  53. "F.D.R. Okays Repeal of Chinese Exclusion ", Bakersfield Californian, December 17, 1943, p. 1
  54. Dave Windle and Martin Bowman, Vought F4 Corsair: Carrier and Land-based Fighter (Casemate Publishers, 2011) p. 21
  55. Wiebke Strehl, Theodor Storm's Immensee: A Critical Overview (Camden House, 2000) p100
  56. "America to Get Wrights' Plane— Dispute Ended; Craft Now Is in England", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 18, 1943, p. 1
  57. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Volume 2 (Yale University Press, 1961) p. 447
  58. "Martyrology, Baptist", in Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, by William H. Brackney (Scarecrow Press, 2009) pp. 372–373
  59. "Events occurring on Sunday, December 19, 1943". WW2 Timelines. 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  60. Adam Makos and Larry Alexander, A Higher Call: An Incredible True Story of Combat and Chivalry in the War-Torn Skies of World War II (Penguin Books, 2012)
  61. Pierre Th. Braunschweig, Secret Channel to Berlin: The Masson-Schellenberg Connection and Swiss Intelligence in World War II (Casemate Publishers, 2004) p221
  62. Paul H. Lewis, Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) p. 122
  63. "Anti-U.S. Rebels Seize Tin Mines in Bolivia Coup", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 21, 1943, p. 4
  64. "French Seize 5 Ex-officials on Treason Charge", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 22, 1943, p4
  65. Sönke Neitzel and Harald Welzer, Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying (Simon and Schuster, 2012)
  66. Milwaukee Journal, December 23, 1943, p. 6
  67. "Flying Hero of Bataan Killed in California Crash", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 23, 1943, p1; "HERO KILLED IN BURBANK CRASH", Long Beach (CA) Independent, December 23, 1943, p. 1
  68. "FDR Prepares to Seize Railroads", Daytona Beach (FL) Morning Journal, December 24, 1943, p. 1
  69. "EISENHOWER NAMED CHIEF OF ALLIED INVASION FORCE", The Pittsburgh Press, December 24, 1943, p. 1
  70. "14 Dead, 10 Hurt In Hotel Fire", El Paso (TX) Herald-Post, December 25, 1943, p. 1
  71. "Death Toll Now 19", Ottawa Journal, December 29, 1943, p. 17
  72. "Christmas Lull Settles Over Air Front in Europe— No Announcement Of Holiday Truce, Germans Fight Fires", AP report in Paris (TX) News, December 26, 1943, p. 1
  73. "100,000 tons of RAF bombs fall on reich", Sunday Journal and Star (Lincoln, NE), December 26, 1943, p. 1
  74. "Charred Berlin Spends Its Yule Battling Fires", Chicago Sunday Tribune, December 26, 1943, p. 15
  75. "Recover Bodies of 2,000 in Berlin, Stockholm Says", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 28, 1943, p. 4
  76. Yitzhak Arad, The Holocaust in the Soviet Union (University of Nebraska Press, 2009) p. 503
  77. Harry Gordon, The Shadow of Death: The Holocaust in Lithuania (University Press of Kentucky, 1992)
  78. Aleks Faitelson, The Truth and Nothing But the Truth: Jewish Resistance in Lithuania (Gefen Publishing, 2006) p. 264
  79. Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7864-6062-5.
  80. Chris Mann, British Policy and Strategy towards Norway, 1941–45 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) pp. 34–35
  81. "BRITISH SINK SCHARNHORST", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1943, p. 1
  82. Todd Anton and Bill Nowlin, When Football Went to War (Triumph Books, 2013) p. 20
  83. "ARMY RULE FOR RAILROADS!", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 28, 1943, p. 1
  84. H. Roger Grant, Erie Lackawanna: The Death of an American Railroad, 1938–1992 (Stanford University Press, 1996) p. 37
  85. Nikolai Bouga, The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union (Nova Publishers, 1996) p. 68
  86. Arthur Tsutsiev, with Nora Seligman Favorov, Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (Yale University Press, 2014) pp. 98–99
  87. Konstantin N. Maksimov, Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System (Central European University Press, 2008) pp. 307–312
  88. "Ex-Nevada Star Listed Missing", Bend (OR) Bulletin, January 6, 1944, p. 3
  89. "Bamboo bomber crew identified", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, August 10, 1974, p. 14
  90. Trey Brandt, Faded Contrails: Last Flights Over Arizona (Acacia Publishing, 2003) pp 25–31
  91. Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations (Basic Books, 2003) p. 45
  92. A. P. V. Rogers, Law on the Battlefield (Manchester University Press, 1996) p. 54
  93. "General Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Protection of Cultural Property"
  94. "Berlin Bombed Thru Clouds in Big Night Raid", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 30, 1943, p. 2
  95. "War Diary for Wednesday, 29 December 1943". Stone & Stone Second World War Books. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  96. Samir Bhattacharya, Nothing But! The Long Road to Freedom (Partridge Publishing, 2013)
  97. Krishna Bose, An Outsider in Politics (Penguin Books India, 2013) p. 246
  98. Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved (Skyhorse Publishing, 2013) pp. 230–231
  99. "War Diary for Thursday, 30 December 1943". Stone & Stone Second World War Books. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  100. "No Victory in War, No Mercy for Foe: Hitler". Chicago Daily Tribune. Chicago. January 1, 1944. pp. 1–2.
  101. Giles, Nicki (December 31, 2014). "New Year's Eve 1943: The End of a Year Spent at War ... and the Beginning of Another!". Forces War Records. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  102. "Events occurring on Friday, December 31, 1943". WW2 Timelines. 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  103. "Argentina Orders Dissolution of All Political Parties", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 1, 1944, p. 1
  104. Graciela Ben-Dror, The Catholic Church and the Jews: Argentina, 1933–1945 (University of Nebraska Press, 2008) pp. 41–42
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