August 1946

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August 16, 1946: Direct Action Day protest turns into rioting in Calcutta and 10,000 people die
August 13, 1946: H. G. Wells dies at age 79
August 1, 1946: U.S. President Truman signs Atomic Energy Act of 1946

The following events occurred in August 1946:

August 1, 1946 (Thursday)

August 2, 1946 (Friday)
  • The first sale of radioactive isotopes was completed, when a container of carbon-14 was delivered from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital in St. Louis.[4]
  • What would become known as the "Battle of Athens" took place in Athens, Tennessee, a group of World War II veterans took up arms to keep the McMinn County sheriff and his deputies from counting the ballots in the primary election.[5]
  • Born: Nakagami Kenji, Japanese novelist, in Shingū, Wakayama (d. 1992)
  • Died: Red Army General Andrey Vlasov, 45, was executed in the Soviet Union after being convicted of treason, arising out of his surrender to Germany in 1942.

August 3, 1946 (Saturday)
  • Santa Claus Land, credited as the first "theme park" for coordinating amusement park rides with a Christmas time theme, was opened by Louis Koch at Santa Claus, Indiana. Now operating as Holiday World, the park preceded Disneyland by nine years.[6]
  • Born: Jack Straw, British Home Secretary 1997-2001, Foreign Secretary 2001-06; in Buckhurst Hill, Essex

August 4, 1946 (Sunday)

August 5, 1946 (Monday)

August 6, 1946 (Tuesday)
  • Hungary's gold reserve of $32,000,000 was returned to Budapest, from Frankfurt, where it had been stored by the government of Nazi Germany. The return of the gold stabilized the Hungarian economy following the hyperinflation of the prior two months.[9]
  • Martin Luther King, Jr., a 17-year-old junior at Morehouse College, began a lifelong crusade against racial prejudice, with the publication of a letter in the Atlanta Constitution, in response to an editorial. His father later remarked that the letter was the first "indication that Martin was headed for greatness".[10]
  • A pair of unmanned B-17 bombers landed in California after having been flown a distance of 2,174 miles from Hawaii, piloted entirely by radio control, as the United States Army carried out "Operation Remote". Press releases declared that the experiment proved "that guided missiles of the air forces can be launched by radio control and successfully hit a target more than 2,000 miles distant".[11]
  • Died: Tony Lazzeri, 42, American MLB 2nd baseman and Hall of Famer

August 7, 1946 (Wednesday)

August 8, 1946 (Thursday)
Mitchell
  • The B-36 Peacemaker bomber was flown by the United States Air Force for the first time. Designed to carry the atomic bomb, and having a range of 6,000 miles, the B-36 was the first intercontinental carrier of nuclear weapons.;[14][15]
  • More than twenty years after his court-martial and resignation from the United States Army, and ten years after his death, Billy Mitchell was awarded the Medal of Honor by the U.S. Congress "for outstanding pioneer service in the field of American military aviation", and posthumously promoted to the rank of Major General.[16]

August 9, 1946 (Friday)
  • The body of African-American veteran John C. Jones, victim of a lynching, was found in a bayou near Minden, Louisiana. As a result of an investigation by the NAACP, the crime was reported nationwide and led to the first FBI investigation of a lynching in Louisiana, followed by the creation of a Committee on Civil Rights by President Truman. One author described the response to the Jones murder as "the first time since Reconstruction that the federal government had evinced any real concern over the discriminatiory treatment of black people".[17]
  • Born: Jim Kiick, American NFL running back, in Lincoln Park, New Jersey

August 10, 1946 (Saturday)
  • In Athens, Alabama, a mob of white men and teenagers, estimated at 2,000 people, rioted after two white men had been jailed for an unprovoked attack on a black man the day before. Breaking into smaller groups, the mob went into town and began beating any African-American seen the street. State troops, sent by the Governor, arrived at 4:00 pm and restored order by midnight. Nobody was killed, but more than 50 black persons were injured. Sixteen white suspects were later indicted by a county grand jury for the violence.[18]

August 11, 1946 (Sunday)
Schoolteacher Dumarsais

August 12, 1946 (Monday)
  • In the largest labor strike in South Africa since 1922, more than 60,000 black members of the African Mineworkers Union walked away from their jobs in the nation's gold mines, including 13,000 at Witwatersrand. A group of 4,000 striking miners marched at Johannesburg to protest working conditions.[20]

August 13, 1946 (Tuesday)
McCarthy
  • Tenth Circuit Judge Joseph McCarthy defeated longtime U.S. Senator Robert M. La Follette, Jr. in the Wisconsin Republican primary[21]
  • In the United States, the Indian Claims Commission was established to fix a fair market value for land taken from the American Indians "at the time the land was taken". An example of the low awards of compensation was $29.1 million for the entire state of California, at 47 cents an acre. Between 1946 and the 1951 deadline, 370 petitions were filed.[22]
  • Died:

August 14, 1946 (Wednesday)
  • Soviet politician Andrei Zhdanov began a campaign against writers and artists whose work showed "anti-Soviet sentiment" or complacency toward Communist party goals. At Zhdanov's direction, the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party passed the resolution "About the journals Zvezda and Leningrad" on proper Soviet literature, condemning the two literary magazines for publishing the works of author Mikhail Zoshchenko and poet Anna Akhmatova. The editors of the magazines were replaced, and the two writers were barred from publishing further works.[24] Similar condemnations followed against bourgeois influence in theater (August 26) and film productions (September 4).[25]
  • An American B-29 reconnaissance plane discovered a large ice floe 300 miles north of Alaska. Nine miles in width, 17 miles long, and ideal for the basing of aircraft, "Target X" was the first of three "floating bases" used by the United States.[26]
  • Born: Larry Graham, American comedian, in Beaumont, Texas

August 15, 1946 (Thursday)

August 16, 1946 (Friday)

Born: Jim Brochu, American stage actor and playwright, in Brooklyn

August 17, 1946 (Saturday)

August 18, 1946 (Sunday)

August 19, 1946 (Monday)

August 20, 1946 (Tuesday)

August 21, 1946 (Wednesday)
  • In Marburg in the American zone of Germany, the bodies of Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786, and his father Frederick William I of Prussia (who ruled 1713-1740) were reburied after having been removed from Potsdam in 1943. The ceremony was presided over by Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, grandson of the last Kaiser of Germany and the eldest son of former Crown Prince Wilhelm.[43] Louis Ferdinand, pretender to the throne from 1951 to 1994, lived to see the reinternment of the kings in Potsdam in 1991, following the reunification of Germany.[44]

August 22, 1946 (Thursday)
Sztojay
  • Döme Sztójay, who had served as Prime Minister of Hungary during occupation by the Nazi Germany, was executed by a firing squad after being convicted of treason and crimes against humanity.[45]
  • The Seoul National University was established in Korea on the campus of the former Keijo Imperial University, and included colleges of arts and sciences, engineering, agriculture, law, education, commerce, arts, medicine and dentistry. By[46]

August 23, 1946 (Friday)

August 24, 1946 (Saturday)
  • Norma Jean Baker agreed to a suggestion by Ben Lyon, talent manager at 20th Century Fox signing a contract for the first time with her new stage name. Borrowing the names of actress Marilyn Miller, and her mother, Gladys Monroe Baker, she became Marilyn Monroe.[50]
  • Philippine Communist leader Juan Feleo disappeared and was presumed killed, triggering the eight year insurgency called the Hukbalahap or Huk Rebellion.[51]
  • Elijah Muhammad was released from federal prison in Milan, Michigan after four years, and became the American Nation of Islam's undisputed leader.[52]
  • The House of Representatives of Japan approved the nation's new Constitution by a vote of 421-8.[53] The House of Councillors would approve it later in the year.[54]
  • Died: James McReynolds, 84, U.S. Supreme Court Justice from 1914 to 1941

August 25, 1946 (Sunday)

August 26, 1946 (Monday)

August 27, 1946 (Tuesday)
  • A milestone in vascular surgery was achieved when Portuguese surgeon João Cid dos Santos performed the removal of plaque from an artery, a procedure now referred to as an endarterectomy.[59]
King Sisavang Vong
  • Owners of baseball's National League and American League teams met and secretly voted 15-1 to retain the ban against African-Americans, on grounds that integration of the game would be harmful to the Negro Leagues. The dissenting vote was from Branch Rickey, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who then went to Commissioner Happy Chandler to overturn the ruling.[60]
  • France signed a treaty with Laos establishing a protectorate and recognizing Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Prabang, as the nation's monarch[61]
  • Born: Flossie Wong-Staal, Chinese-born American biochemist and co-discoverer (with Robert Gallo) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as Wong Yee Ching in Guangzhou

August 28, 1946 (Wednesday)

August 29, 1946 (Thursday)
  • The Workers Party of North Korea was created by a merger of the Communist Party and the New People's Party, with Kim Tu-bong as Chairman, and Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha as vice chairmen.[63]
  • Born:
  • Died: Grigory Semyonov, 55, who had fled the Soviet Union in 1921 to Korea under Japanese protection, then provided intelligence to the Japanese throughout the World War II. Captured by the Soviets in 1945 after the Japanese surrender, Semyonov was convicted of treason and hanged [64] [65].

August 30, 1946 (Friday)
  • The United States signed an agreement to sell (for $20,000,000) surplus aircraft to the government of Chiang Kai-shek's Republic of China government for and effectively ruining negotiations between conducted by General George C. Marshall between Chiang and Communist Party leader Mao Zedong.[66]
  • The German state of Rheinland-Pfalz was created from the northern section of the French occupation zone of Germany by the French Governor, Marie Pierre Kœnig.[67]
  • Died: Jack Woolams, chief test pilot for the X-1, in an unrelated airplane crash at an airshow. Chuck Yeager would break the sound barrier in the X-1-1 on October 14, 1947[68]

August 31, 1946 (Saturday)
gollark: It's their own project.
gollark: I want parser combinators.
gollark: Or a coroutine manager like potatOS uses.
gollark: Or... use parallel?
gollark: You probably can.

References
  1. James G. Ryan and Leonard C. Schlup, eds. Historical Dictionary of the 1940s (M.E. Sharpe, 2006) p. 33
  2. Naomi B. Lynn and Arthur F. McClure, The Fulbright Premise: Senator J. William Fulbright's Views on Presidential power (Bucknell University Press, 1973) p. 57
  3. Harm Gustav Schroeter, The European Enterprise: Historical Investigation into a Future Species (Springer, 2008) p. 39
  4. J. Samuel Walker, Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century (University of California Press, 2000) p. 13; Martin G. Pomper, Molecular Imaging in Oncology (Informa Health Care, 2008) iii
  5. "20 Shot in Election Riot", Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1946, p. 1' "Citizen's Council Takes Over In Riot-Torn Athens", Pittsburgh Press, August 3, 1946, p1; "Tennessee: Battle of the Ballots", Time Magazine, August 12, 1946
  6. Pat Koch and Jane Ammeson, Holiday World (Arcadia Publishing, 2006)
  7. USGS Historic Earthquakes; James F. Dolan and Paul Mann, Active Strike-slip and Collisional Tectonics of the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone (Geological Society of America, 1998) p. 151; "Tidal Waves Rip West Indies", Pittsburgh Press, August 5, 1946, p. 1
  8. James R. Hansen, First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong (Simon & Schuster, 2005) p. 50
  9. William Z. Slany, U.S. and Allied Efforts To Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II (DIANE Publishing, 1997) p. 155
  10. Roger Bruns, Martin Luther King, Jr: a biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006) pp. 13-14
  11. "Radio -Guided Planes Fly Pacific To Set Long-Distance Record", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 7, 1946, p. 1
  12. James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (Simon and Schuster, 2007) p153
  13. Mary Roldán, Blood and fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-1953 (Duke University Press, 2002) p. 44
  14. Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Indiana University Press, 1977) p. 372
  15. "U.S. Round-Trip-to Europe Bomber Flies for First Time from Base in Texas", Pittsburgh Press, August 8, 1946, p. 1
  16. Alfred F. Hurley, Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power (Indiana University Press, 1975) p. 277; "Medal for Mitchell", Milwaukee Journal, August 9, 1946, p. 21
  17. Adam Fairclough, Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972 (University of Georgia Press, 2008) p. 113; "Louisiana Negro Beaten to Death", Pittsburgh Press, August 15, 1946, p. 1
  18. "Mob Roaming Alabama Town", Pittsburgh Press, August 11, 1946, p. 1; Ted Robert Gurr, ed., Violence in America: Protest, Rebellion, Reform (SAGE, 1989) p. 248
  19. Martin Munro, Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature(Liverpool University Press, 2007) p. 25
  20. Newell Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner politics in South Africa, 1934-1948 (University of California Press, 1974) p. 115; Iris Berger, South Africa in World History (Oxford University Press US, 2009) pp. 111-112
  21. "Senate Race Lost, La Follette Admits". Pittsburgh Press, August 14, 1946, p. 1.
  22. M. Annette Jaimes, The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance (South End Press, 1992) p. 146; Alison R. Bernstein, American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs (University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: the United States Government and the American Indians (University of Nebraska Press, 1995) p1019
  23. "'Street-Cleaner' Congressman Dies", Pittsburgh Press, August 13, 1946, p. 2
  24. Edward J. Brown, Russian Literature Since the Revolution (Harvard University Press, 1982) p180; "Russian Writers Discover Foreign Customs Are Taboo", Pittsburgh Press, August 22, 1946, p8
  25. Paul Sjeklocha and Igor Mead, Unofficial Art in the Soviet Union (University of California Press, 1967) p. 48
  26. Carl Hoffman, Hunting Warbirds: The Obsessive Quest for the Lost Aircraft of World War II (Random House, Inc., 2002) p. 15; "Ice-Cube Airport", by Aubrey O. Cookman, Jr., Popular Mechanics (September 1952), pp. 134-138
  27. Tareq Y. Ismael, International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: A Study in World Politics (Syracuse University Press, 1986) p. 142
  28. Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi (Oxford University Press US, 2002) p. 222; Ross Marlay and Clark D. Neher, Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) p. 293
  29. "Rioters Sweep Calcutta: 2250 Dead, Injured", Pittsburgh Press, August 18, 1946, p. 1; The Calcutta Riots of 1946 Archived 2016-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, massviolence.org
  30. Bhaskara Rao, V. Agrarian and Industrial Relations in Hyderabad State. New Delhi: Associated Pub. House, 1985. p. 121
  31. Gour, Raj Bahadur. Random Writings. Hyderabad: Makhdoom Society in collaboration with Prachee Publications, Hyderabad, 2002. p. 5
  32. Masʻūd Bārzānī, Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) p. 173
  33. James A. Grimshaw, Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren: A Literary Correspondence (University of Missouri Press, 1998)
  34. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996) p. 43
  35. http://afehri.maxwell.af.mil/Documents/pdf/lambert.pdf
  36. "Dodgers, Rockets Tie At 14 To 14", Bend (OR) Bulletin, August 19, 1946, p. 3
  37. Mines Explosion at Vergarola Beach, Pola August 18, 1946
  38. "Another U.S. Plane Shot Down", Pittsburgh Press, August 19, 1946
  39. "Yugoslavs Return Bodies of Flyers" (Pittsburgh Press, August 28, 1946
  40. Robert Cowley, The Cold War: A Military History (Random House, Inc., 2006 ) p. 11
  41. Tom Deveaux, The Washington Senators, 1901-1971(McFarland, 2005) p. 166
  42. "Pirates Vote, 15-3, Against Baseball Union", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 21, 1946; William Marshall, Baseball's Pivotal Era, 1945-1951 (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) p. 82; MLBPA History
  43. Giles MacDonogh, After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation (PublicAffairs, 2009) p93
  44. Jay Brunhouse, Maverick Guide to Berlin (Pelican Publishing, 2008) p. 404
  45. John Laughland, A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein (Peter Lang, 2008) p. 150
  46. John C. Weidman and Namgi Park, eds., Higher Education in Korea: Tradition and Adaptation (Taylor & Francis, 2000)
  47. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1 (Cambridge University Press, 2010) p. 140
  48. Gene D. Phillips, Creatures of Darkness: Raymond Chandler, Detective Fiction, and Film Noir (University Press of Kentucky, 2003) p. 67.
  49. Frank L. Holt, Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan (University of California Press, 2006) pp. 139-140
  50. Sarah Churchwell, The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe (Macmillan, 2005) pp. 167-171
  51. Amy Blitz, The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) p. 87
  52. Claude Andrew Clegg III, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad (Macmillan, 1998) p. 97
  53. "New Constitution Passed by Jap House", Post-Gazette, August 25, 1946, p5
  54. Louis Henkin, Albert J. Rosenthal, Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad (Columbia University Press, 1990) p. 233
  55. Ray Moseley, Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce (Taylor Trade Publications, 2004) p356
  56. Anna von der Goltz, Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (Oxford University Press US, 2009) p. 193
  57. "World Court Rule Accepted by U.S.", Pittsburgh Press, August 26, 1946, p2
  58. Michla Pomerance, The United States and the World Court as a "Supreme Court of the Nations" (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996) p. 449
  59. Jeffrey A. Norton, Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence (Springer, 2001) p. 974
  60. Roger I. Abrams, Legal Bases: Baseball and the Law (Temple University Press, 1998) p. 105
  61. "Indochina", by Ellen Hammer, in The State of Asia: A Contemporary Survey (American Institute of Pacific Relations, 1951) p. 240
  62. Tekeste Negash, Eritrea and Ethiopia: the federal experience (Transaction Publishers, 1997) p. 42
  63. Charles K. Armstrong, The North Korean Revolution, 1945-1950 (Cornell University Press, 2004) pp. 108-109; Gi-Wook Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford University Press, 2006) p161
  64. "Soviets Hang Gen. Semenov— Radio Moscow Reports Five Aides Also Dead", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 31, 1946, p1
  65. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996) p. 125
  66. Lyman Van Slyke, The China White Paper: August 1949 (U.S. Department of State, 1949) p180
  67. F. Roy Willis, France, Germany, and the New Europe: 1945-1967 (Stanford University Press, 1968) p47
  68. Alan Pierce, Breaking the Sound Barrier (ABDO Group, 2005) p24
  69. Lawrence S. Wittner, The Struggle Against the Bomb (Stanford University Press, 1993) p. 58
  70. Charles Winslow, Lebanon: War and Politics in a Fragmented Society(Psychology Press, 1996) p. 73
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