Border Security Force

The Border Security Force (BSF) is India's Primary border guarding organisation on its border with Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is one of the three Border Guarding Forces (BGF) OF India, and was raised in the wake of the 1965 War on 1 December 1965, "for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected there with".[5][6]

Border Security Force
Logo of the Border Security Force
AbbreviationBSF
Mottoजीवन पर्यन्त कर्तव्य (Duty Unto Death)[1]
Agency overview
Formed1 December, 1965
Employees257,363 active personnel[2]
Annual budget₹19,650.74 crore (US$2.8 billion) (2019–20 est.)[3]
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agencyIN
Operations jurisdictionIN
Governing bodyMinistry of Home Affairs (India)
Constituting instrument
  • Border Security Force Act, 1968
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersNew Delhi, India
Minister responsible
Agency executive
  • Rakesh Asthana [4], Director General, BSF
Parent agencyMinistry of Home Affairs
Facilities
Boats400+
Aircraft24
Website
bsf.gov.in
India
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It is a paramilitary force charged with guarding India's land border with Pakistan and Bangladesh during peacetime and preventing transnational crime at the same, it has various active roles during an outbreak of war. It is comes under Ministry of Home Affairs. The BSF has its own cadre of officers but its head, designated as a Director-General (DG), since its raising has been an officer from the Indian Police Service.[6] The BSF has grown exponentially from a few battalions in 1965, to 186 battalions with a sanctioned strength of 257,363 personnel including an expanding air wing, marine wing, an artillery regiment, and commando units.[7][8] It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force. BSF has been termed as the First Line of Defence of Indian Territories.[9]

A soldier of Border Security Force in one of the ceremonial uniforms.

History

Since independence, the protection of India's international boundaries was the responsibility of local police belonging to each border state, with little inter-state coordination. [10] However, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Pakistan attacked Sardar Post, Chhar Bet, and Beria Bet on 9 April 1965 in Kutch. This attack exposed the inadequacy of the State Armed Police to cope with armed aggression. So after the end of the war, the government created the Border Security Force as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. This act brought greater cohesion in border security. K F Rustamji, from the Indian Police Service, was the first Director General of BSF. Since it was a new force, the officers had to be deputed or inducted from outside to fill the various vacancies at various levels until the force's own cadre gets matured enough. Keeping in mind the above, emergency commissioned officers and SS officers of the Indian Army were inducted in large numbers in the force along with IPS officers who were deputed to the force for high level appointments.[10]

The BSF's capabilities were used in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 against Pakistani forces in areas where the Regular Forces were thinly spread; BSF troops took part in several operations including the famous Battle of Longewala. In fact, for BSF the war on eastern front had started well before the war actually broke out in December 1971. BSF had trained, supported and formed part of Mukti Bahini and had entered erstwhile East Pakistan before the actual hostilities broke out. BSF had played a very important role in Liberation of Bangladesh which Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rehman had also acknowledged.

Engagements

Objective

During peacetime

  • Border Guard and security.
  • Prevention trans-border crimes, unauthorized entry into or exit from the territory of India.
  • Prevention of smuggling and any other illegal activities on the Border.
  • Anti-infiltration duties.
  • Collection trans-border intelligence.
  • To promote a sense of security among the people living in the border areas.

During war time

  • Holding ground in assigned sectors.
  • Limited aggressive action against irregular forces of the enemy.
  • Maintenance of Law and Order in enemy territory administered under the Army's control.
  • Acting as guides to the Army in border areas.
  • Assistance in control of refugees.
  • Provision of escorts.
  • Performing special tasks connected with intelligence including cross-border raids.[11]

BSF as an armed force is called upon, on the request of state governments to restore law and order whenever deemed necessary. However as a border guarding force, IS duty is not part of its mandate and is secondary to its primary duty of defence of the borders..[11]

Organisation
BSF band marching contingent during the 63rd Republic Day Parade.
The Home Minister with children who are part of the Bharat Darshan Tour organized by the BSF in 2012.

The Border Security Force has its Headquarters at New Delhi and is known as Force Headquarters (FHQ) headed by a Director General. Various Directorates like Operations, Communications & IT, Training, Engineering, General, Law, Provisioning, Administration, Personnel, Armaments, Medical, Finance etc. function under the DG. Each Directorate is headed by an IG. The Eastern Theatre is looked after by Spl DG HQ (Eastern Command) at Kolkata and the Western Theatre is looked after by Spl DG HQ (Western Command) at Chandigarh. Field Formations in BSF are headed by an IG and are known as Frontiers Headquarters (FtrHQ). There is 13 such Frontier under which Sector Headquarters (SHQ) function headed by a DIG each. Each SHQ has under its command 4–5 Infantry Battalion, along with attachments of artillery, air and water wings. Presently 186 Battalions are sanctioned to BSF. Five major training institutions and 10 Subsidiary Training Centres (STCs) are imparting ab-initio as well as in-service training to its ranks and other central organizations.

BSF is the only Central Armed Police force to have its own Air Wing and artillery regiment, and besides ITBP to have a Water Wing. All these specialized wings support the Infantry Battalions in their operations. The Financial Adviser of the BSF has been an Indian Revenue Service officer of the rank of Joint Secretary and also has Dy Advisers from the Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Indian Civil Account Service and Indian Defence Account Service.

The BSF also has a national level school for breeding and training of dogs. Dogs from other central armed forces and State Police are sent to National Training Centre for Dogs (NTCD) to be trained in infantry patrol, detection of explosives, tracking and the like.

The BSF maintains a Tear Smoke Unit (TSU), which is unique in India. The TSU is responsible for producing tear gas munitions required for the Anti-Riot Forces like the RAF. It also exports a substantial quantity to other countries.

Three battalions of the BSF, located at Kolkata, Guwahati, and Patna, are designated as the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). Each battalion maintains 18 self-contained specialist search and rescue teams of 45 personnel each, including engineers, technicians, electricians, dog squads and medics and paramedics. The establishment of each battalion is 1,158 personnel. The NDRF is a multi-disciplinary, multi-skilled, high-tech force for all types of disasters and can deploy to disasters by air, sea, and land. These battalions are equipped and trained for all natural disasters including combating Chemical, Biological Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) disasters.

Since 2014, As a part of modernisation, BSF also started installing infra-red, thermal imagers, aerostats for aerial surveillance, ground sensors, radars, sonar systems to secure riverine borders, fibre-optic sensor and laser beam intrusion detection systems on specific sections of border with Pakistan as well as Bangladesh. These Hi-tech systems are installed in areas where barbed wire fencing could not be installed due to treacherous terrain or marshy riverine topography. The largest section of this system is located at Dhubri, Assam, where Brahmaputra river enters Bangladesh.[12][13]

ORBAT
  • Western Command, Chandigarh
    • Gujarat Frontier, Gandhinagar
      • Barmer Sector
      • Gandhinagar Sector
      • Bhuj Sector,
    • Rajasthan Frontier, Jodhpur
      • Jaisalmer I Sector
      • Jaisalmer II Sector
      • Bikaner Sector
      • Ganganagar Sector
    • Punjab Frontier, Jalandhar
      • Ferozepur Sector
      • Amritsar Sector
      • Gurdaspur Sector
    • Jammu Frontier, Jammu
      • Jammu Sector
      • Sunderbani Sector
      • Rajauri Sector
      • I/Nagar Sector
    • Kashmir Frontier, Humhama
      • Srinagar Sector
      • Baramulla Sector
      • Bandipore Sector
      • Kupwara Sector
  • Eastern Command, Kolkata
    • South Bengal Frontier,[14] Kolkata
    • North Bengal Frontier, Kadamtala
    • Meghalaya Frontier
      • SHQ Mawpat,Shillong
      • FHQ Umpling,Shillong
    • Tripura Frontier, Agartala
    • Mizoram & Cachar Frontier, Masimpur
      • Aizawl Sector
      • Cachar Sector
      • CI Ops Manipur
    • Assam Frontier, Guwahati
    • ANO Frontier, Bangalore

Special Detachments

Creek Crocodile

The Creek Crocodile is the specialized commando unit of BSF. Primary objective of this unit is to act as Quick reaction force and prevent smuggling and infiltration of terrorists by Pakistan. The unit is specifically deployed at Indus River Estuaries in Gujarat and Sir Creek. It was raised in 2009.[15] The base of operations of this unit is located at Koteshwar outpost of BSF. Its current strength is 42. [16]

Camel Contingent

BSF Camel Contingent is a specialized battalion-size Camelry Unit. The primary purpose of this unit is to patrol the desert section of border with Pakistan. This unit has a strength of 1200 camels and 800 riders. Both camels as well as riders are trained at Camel Training Centre located at BSF Frontier Headquarters in Jodhpur. [17]

List of DGs of BSF

Mr K F Rustamji IPS[18] was the first Director General of Border Security Force from 21 July 1965 to 30 September 1974 & current Director General is Mr S S Deswal, IPS, since 11 March 2020.[19]

No.NameStartEnd
1. Khusro Faramurz Rustamji 21 Jul 1965 30 Sep 1974
2. Aswini Kumar 01 Oct 1974 31 Dec 1978
3. Sharawan Tandon 01 Jan 1979 30 Nov 1980
4. K Rama Murti 01 Dec 1980 31 Aug 1982
5. Birbal Nath 02 Oct 1982 30 Sep 1984
6. M.C. Mishra 01 Oct 1984 31 Jul 1987
7. H.P. Bhatnagar 01 Aug 1987 31 Jul 1991
8. T. Ananthachary 01 Aug 1991 31 May 1993
9. Prakash Singh 09 Jun 1993 31 Jan 1994
10. D.K. Arya 01 Feb 1994 04 Dec 1995
11. Arun Bhagat 04 Dec 1995 01 Oct 1996
12. A.K. Tondon 01 Oct 1996 04 Dec 1997
13. E.N. Rammohan 04 Dec 1997 30 Nov 2000
14. Gurbachan Singh Jagat 30 Nov 2000 30 Jun 2002
15. Ajay Raj Sharma 01 Jul 2002 31 Dec 2004
16. R.S. Mooshahary 10 Jan 2005 27 Feb 2006
17. A.K. Mitra 27 Feb 2006 30 Sep 2008
18. M.L. Kumawat 01 Oct 2008 31 Jul 2009
19. Raman Srivastava 01 Aug 2009 31 Oct 2011
20. U.K. Bansal 01 Nov 2011 30 Nov 2012
21. P.R. Jaishree 01 Dec 2012 28 Feb 2014
22. Pal Anjali Ramsajeevan 01 Jan 2015 28 Feb 2016
23. K.K. Sharma 1 March 2014 30 September 2018
24. Rajni Kant Mishra 1 October 2018 31 August 2019
25. V.K. Johri 1 September 2019 10 March 2020
26. Surjeet Singh Deswal 11 March 2020 Present

Counter-Insurgency Operations

Although originally charged with guarding India's external boundaries, In 1990s, the BSF was given the task in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in Jammu And Kashmir, Punjab, and the Northeastern Seven Sister States. While in Punjab, BSF took Part in operations like Blue Star, Black Thunder 1 & 2 till 1989 and when the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989, the BSF handover the Counter Insurgency Operations to CRPF and Punjab Police and moved towards state of Jammu & Kashmir. In Jammu and Kashmir, state police and the thinly-deployed Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) struggled to cope up with the spiraling violence, and the Indian government deployed the BSF in Jammu and Kashmir to combat terrorists.

In Jammu and Kashmir, BSF initially suffered casualties from insurgent attacks but later saw successes. During the initial years, terrorists activity had even reached parts of jammu and Himachal Pradesh, however it was only due operation by BSF that by late 90s, area of activity had restricted to only the valley. BSF was also successful in setting up a robust HUMINT network. BSF is also credited for killing Ghazi Baba chief of Jaish-e-Mohammed and the mastermind of the 2001 Indian Parliament attack—in August 2003 along with his deputy commander. The BSF raided Baba's hideout in Srinagar and he was killed in the ensuing gun battle along with his deputy chief.

However, with changing tactical and operationnal conditions, and expansion & modernization of State police. Despite the BSF was withdrawn from counter-terrorism operations in Jammu and Kashmir in 2006. Government then withdrew all the 16 BSF battalions and diverted back to guard the Indo-Pak border and Bangladesh–India border|Indo-Bangladesh border]]. These unit were then replaced by fresh units from the CRPF that had undergone specialised training in counter-terrorism. Some units of BSF are also deployed Central India to Combat Naxal violence Counter-Maoist operations are diversified between ITBP and BSF. BSF is deployed in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh, where Naxal strength is comparatively thinner than that of other parts of Bastar region. At present total 15 battalions of BSF are stationed in different parts of Kanker district to combat the Naxal menace.

Proposal regarding, guarding Indo - Myanmar (Burma) Border

The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has been considering a proposal to entrust the border-guarding duty along the Indo-Myanmar border to the Border Security Force (BSF). Presently, the 1,640 kilometres (1,020 mi) Indo-Myanmar border is being guarded by Assam Rifles.

The proposed move to guard the Indo-Myanmar border follows a proposal from the BSF to take over the role by raising 45 new battalions, one headquarters of additional director general, four frontier headquarters to be headed by an IG rank official and 12 sector headquarters to be headed by DIG level officials. However, as of 1 March 2015, it was decided by the Ministry of Home Affairs to keep the authority of this border with Assam Rifles only.

Proposed ORBAT for Myanmar Border

  • Northeast Command HQ, Imphal
    • Mizoram Frontier
    • Manipur Frontier
    • Nagaland Frontier
    • Arunachal frontier

Rank structure (gazetted officers)
BSF RANKSPOLICE RANKSARMY RANKS
Director General (Level 17 - Available only to IPS officers on deputation)Director General of a State Police ForceLieutenant General (Level 16)
Special Director General (Level 16 - Available only to IPS officers on deputation)Director General Of Police at centre/DG rank in stateLieutenant General (Level 15)
Additional Director General (Level 15)Adl. Director General Of Police at centre/DG rank in stateLieutenant General (Level 15)
Inspector General (IG) (Level 14)Insp. General Of Police at centre/ADG in stateMajor General (Level 14)
Deputy Inspector General (DIG) (Level 13A)Dy. Inspector General Of Police at Centre/IG in stateBrigadier (Level 13A)
Commandant (Level 13)Sr. Superintendent Of Police at Centre/DIG in state/senior DCPsenior Lt.Col./ Colonel (Level 13)
Second-In-Command (Level 12)Superintendent Of Police/SSP/DCPsenior Major/junior Lt.Col.(No exact equivalent)
Deputy Commandant (Level 11)Adl. Supritendent Of Police/SP/DCP/Addl. DCPMajor (Level 11)
Assistant Commandant (3 stars)No equivalent/Addl. DCP/Addl.SPCaptain
Assistant Commandant (2 stars) (Junior Time Scale/Level 10))ACP/ASPLieutenant (Level 10)

Awards

The BSF personnel have been recipients of the following awards:

Military awards

Civil awards

Police medals

Arjuna awardees
  1. Comdt (Retd) Nripjit Singh, Volleyball-1962
  2. Dy Comdt (Retd) Udham Singh, Hockey-1965
  3. Dy Comdt (Retd) Praveen Kumar, Athletic-1967
  4. Inspr (Retd) Jagjit Singh, Hockey-1967
  5. Asst Comdt (Retd) Ajit Pal Singh, Hockey-1970
  6. Dy Comdt (Retd) Balwant Singh, Volleyball-1972
  7. Sec-in-Command Anil Kumar, B/Ball-1974
  8. Dy Inspr Gen (Retd) Mohinder Singh, Shooting-1983
  9. Asst Comdt Mahabir Singh, Wrestling-1985
  10. Asst Comdt Subhash Verma, Wrestling-1987
  11. Inspr Rajesh Kumar, Wrestling-1990
  12. Inspr Sanjay Kumar, Wrestling-1998

Equipment

All the equipment including the uniforms, weapons, ammunition, vehicles such as the bullet proof vehicles, troop carriers, logistics vehicles, mine protected vehicles are manufactured indigenously at the Indian Ordnance Factories under control of the Ordnance Factories Board.[20]

Pistols and handguns
Pistol Auto 9mm 1A
  • IOF .32 Revolver – 6 shot handgun (only used by high rank officer)
  • Pistol Auto 9 mm 1A 9 mm × 19 mm

Sub-machine guns and carbines
Heckler & Koch MP5

Assault rifles
Tavor X95
  • AKM: 7.62x39mm assault rifle.
  • INSAS: 5.56 mm × 45 mm Assault Rifle. Service rifle of the force.
  • Tavor X95: version used as the standard issue carbine.

Machine guns
FN MAG MMG BSF, India

Sniper rifles

Multi-role recoilless rifle
Carl Gustav recoilless rifle
  • Carl Gustav 84 mm recoilless rifles

Grenade launchers
  • AGS-30 Automatic Grenade Launcher

Artillery

MANPADS
  • SA-16 Gimlet
  • SA-7 Grail

Criticism and controversy

Canadian controversy

In 2010, some Canadian visa officials rejected the immigration application of a retired BSF soldier Fateh Singh Pandher, terming BSF a "notoriously violent paramilitary unit engaged in systematic attacks on civilians and responsible for torturing suspected criminals". This accusation did not go down well with the Indian government. The Indian External Affairs Ministry was asked by the Home minister to take up the issue with Canada.[22][23] The Home ministry of India, as well as the Indian public in general and several of India's political parties, expressed outrage at this attack and called Canada's actions discriminatory and spurious, and their charges against the BSF as baseless and unproven. The Indian government threatened diplomatic retaliation unless Canada withdrew their allegations. The Canadian government did not respond immediately.[24] It was speculated that diplomatic retaliation from India will consist of banning Canadians going to participate the War in Afghanistan if they are doing so through India. Public outrage in India prompted Canadian authorities to express "great respect for India's armed forces and related institutions".[25] Subsequently, India's Ministry of External Affairs summoned Canadian High Commissioner Joseph Caron and demanded that "the blatant discrimination against Indian security agencies" cease.[26] India's Minister of External Affairs, SM Krishna, condemned Canada's actions and has expressed pride in the accomplishments of the BSF.[27]

Following complaints made by the Indian government and criticism of Canada's actions against India, the Harper government retracted their earlier accusations against BSF security officials. Canada's Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Jason Kenney, termed as "unfortunate" the incidents involving use of "foul language by the Canadian High Commission in visa rejection letters to some individuals", Kenney said, "This language, or the inaccurate impression it has created, in no way reflects the policy or position of the Government of Canada."[28]

Bangladesh border killings

According to the Bangladeshi government, 136 civilians were killed and a further 170 others suffered injuries in 2009. The Indian government has said that 67 were killed and 80 injured in 2009.[29] The Bangladesh government and Bangladeshi organizations protested heavily against these alleged killings. Media reports claim that in August 2008, Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 persons (34 Bangladeshis, 21 Indians, rest unidentified) who were trying to cross the border illegally during the prior six months.[30] Indian media claimed that, in 2001, Bangladeshi Border Force kidnapped and murdered 16 BSF personnel because they chased some Bangladeshi goons back to Bangladesh. Since then, the BSF has been compelled to act tough against Bangladeshi illegals[31]

In July 2009 Channel 4 News reported that apparently "hundreds" of Bangladeshis and Indians are indiscriminately killed by the BSF along the Indo-Bangladeshi Barrier. The BSF claims that the barrier's main purpose is to check illegal immigration to India, and prevent cross-border terrorism from Islamists.[32]

Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children, aged between 8 and 15, from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh, in 2010. The children were setting fishing nets near the border.[33]

In 2010, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued an 81-page report which alleged "over 900 of abuses by the BSF" in the first decade of the 21st century. The report was compiled from interviews with victims of BSF shootings, witnesses and members of the BSF and its Bangladeshi counterpart. According to HRW, while most of them were killed when they crossed into Indian territory for indulging in cattle raiding or other smuggling activities.[34]

In February 2012, the BSF website was hacked by Bangladeshi hackers in retaliation. The hackers later shared the news in the internet and also in the other social sites where they claimed to have defaced the sites asking the BSF to stop killing Bangladeshis at border. The site became normal sometime on 15 February 2012.[35][36][37][38]

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gollark: Do they not "run off" sometimes or whatever? Someone check help.
gollark: Okay, Shadowdrake, I agree that the system is probably fixed base rarities with some userdefined extra multiplier.
gollark: It may also be because people have had longer to gather them so they're less wanted.
gollark: That would imply a lot of nonuserdefinedness, Shadowdrake.

See also

References
  1. "DG BSF's Message on Occasion of Raising Day 2014". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  2. "Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2016–17" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. http://bsf.nic.in/en/DGMessage.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. Government of India (2 September 1968). "THE BORDER SECURITY FORCE ACT, 1968 No. 47 of 1968" (PDF) (in English and Hindi). MINISTRY OF LAW (Legislative Department ). pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  6. Border Security Force. "ROLE OF THE BSF". Border Security Force, Ministry of Home Affairs. Border Security Force. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  7. "BSF Air Wing". Border Security Force. Border Security Force. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  8. "MHA Report 2016-2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017.
  9. "BSF is first Wall of Defence of India, says Home Minister Rajnath Singh at 13th Investiture Ceremony". news.biharprabha.com. ANI. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  10. "Border Security Force". bsf.nic.in.
  11. Page no. 636 & 637 of Chapter 20 India 2013 published by Publications Division of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India
  12. "Union Home Minister launches Smart Fencing on International border, an effective deterrence against illegal infiltration". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  13. "Dozen laser walls activated along Indo-Pak border". Economic Times. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  14. "sb.bsf.gov.in". Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  15. "New force of BSF to man hostile creeks along Indo-Pak border". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  16. "New force of BSF to man hostile creeks along Indo-Pak border". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  17. "Did you know The Border Security Force has a camel band? Here's all about BSF and Its Camels". The Better India. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  18. "Border Security Force -Photo Gallary(Civic)". bsf.nic.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016.
  19. http://bsf.nic.in/en/DGMessage.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. "Indian Ordnance Factories: OFB in Brief". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  21. "Anti-material rifle handed over to BSF". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  22. "Canada calls BSF a 'violent paramilitary unit'". Hindustan Times. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  23. Kumar, Vinay (22 May 2010). "Terming BSF". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017.
  24. "Canada Visa Application". Times of India. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  25. "We have great respect for Indias armed forces -Canada". Times of India. 22 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  26. "Visa row, India warns Canada of retaliation". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  27. "Visa Row, India warns Canada". Deccanherald.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  28. "Canada regrets language used by its officials in visa letters". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  29. "BSF killed 136 Bangladeshis since 2009". 25 March 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  30. India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 24 August 2008.
  31. "Fortress India – By Scott Carney, Jason Miklian, and Kristian Hoelscher". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  32. "Channel 4 News". 24 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 December 2009.
  33. "BSF abducts 5 children from border". The Daily Star. 24 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  34. "India/Bangladesh: Indiscriminate Killings, Abuse by Border Officers". Human Rights Watch. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  35. "Bangladesh group hacks BSF website to 'avenge border killings' – The Times of India". The Times of India. 15 February 2012.
  36. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. "সীমান্তে বিএসএফ আগ্রাসন : বাংলাদেশী নাগরিকদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা ও গুম". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  38. "বেপরোয়া বিএসএফ : ২৪ ঘণ্টার ব্যবধানে চাঁপাই সীমান্তে আরও দুই বাংলাদেশীকে হত্যা". আমার দেশ. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
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