2019 Indian general election

The 2019 Indian general election was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. The votes were counted and the result declared on 23 May.[1][2][3][4] About 911 million people were eligible to vote, and voter turnout was over 67 per cent – the highest ever, as well as the highest ever participation by women voters.[5][6][note 3]

2019 Indian general election
11 April – 19 May 2019 (542 Seats)
5 August 2019 (1 Seat)
542[note 1] (of the 545) seats in the Lok Sabha
272 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered911,950,734
Turnout67.40% (0.96%)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Narendra Modi Rahul Gandhi M. K. Stalin
Party BJP INC DMK
Alliance NDA UPA UPA
Leader since 13 September 2013 11 December 2017 28 August 2018
Leader's seat Varanasi (won) Wayanad (won) and
Amethi (lost)		 Did not contest
Last election 282 44 0
Seats won 303 52 23[note 2]
Seat change 21 8 23
Percentage 37.36% 19.01% 2.26%
Swing 6.02% 1.03% 0.50%
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Mamata Banerjee Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Uddhav Thackeray
Party AITC YSRCP SHS
Alliance Federal Front NDA NDA
Leader since 1998 2011 2013
Leader's seat Did not contest Did not contest Did not contest
Last election 34 9 18
Seats won 22 22 18
Seat change 12 13
Percentage 4.07% 2.53% 2.10%
Swing 0.19% 0.02% 0.23%
  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Leader Nitish Kumar Naveen Patnaik Mayawati
Party JD(U) BJD BSP
Alliance NDA NDA MGB
Leader since 2016 2000 2003
Leader's seat Did not contest Did not contest Did not contest
Last election 2 20 0
Seats won 16 12 10
Seat change 14 8 10
Percentage 1.46% 1.66% 3.63%
Swing 0.37% 0.07% 0.56%
Seat results by constituency. As this is a FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote, but instead by the result in each constituency.
The 17th Lok Sabha
Prime Minister before election

Narendra Modi
BJP

 Prime Minister

Narendra Modi
BJP

The Bharatiya Janata Party won 303 seats, further increasing its substantial majority[8] and the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 353 seats.[9] The BJP won 37.36% of votes, while the NDA's combined vote was 45% of the 60.37 crore votes that were polled.[10][11] The Indian National Congress won just 52 seats, and the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 91. Other parties and their alliances won 98 seats.[12]

Legislative assembly elections in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim were held simultaneously with the general election,[13][14] as well as by-elections to twenty-two seats of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.[15]

Election system

All 543 elected MPs are elected from single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. The President of India appoints an additional two members from the Anglo-Indian community if he believes that community is under-represented.[16]

Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 or older than 18, an ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a valid voter identification card issued by the Election Commission of India or an equivalent.[17] Some people convicted of electoral or other offences are barred from voting.[18]

The elections are held on schedule and as per the Constitution of India that mandates parliamentary elections once every five years.[19]

Election schedule
Official logo,
"Desh ka Maha त्यौहार"
Election schedule

The election schedule was announced by Election Commission of India (ECI) on 10 March 2019, and with it the Model Code of Conduct came into effect.[20][21]

The election was scheduled to be held in seven phases. In Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, the election was held in all seven phases. The polling for the Anantnag constituency in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was held in three phases, due to violence in the region.[22]

Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
State/Union territory Total

constituencies

 Election dates and number of constituencies
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 Phase 7
11 April 18 April 23 April 29 April 6 May 12 May 19 May
Andhra Pradesh 25 25
Arunachal Pradesh 2 2
Assam 14 5 5 4
Bihar 40 4 5 5 5 5 8 8
Chhattisgarh 11 1 3 7
Goa 2 2
Gujarat 26 26
Haryana 10 10
Himachal Pradesh 4 4
Jammu and Kashmir 6 2 2 ​1⁄3[n 1] ​1⁄3[n 1] 1​1⁄3[n 1]
Jharkhand 14 3 4 4 3
Karnataka 28 14 14
Kerala 20 20
Madhya Pradesh 29 6 7 8 8
Maharashtra 48 7 10 14 17
Manipur 2 1 1
Meghalaya 2 2
Mizoram 1 1
Nagaland 1 1
Odisha 21 4 5 6 6
Punjab 13 13
Rajasthan 25 13 12
Sikkim 1 1
Tamil Nadu 39 38[n 2]
Telangana 17 17
Tripura 2 1 1[n 3]
Uttar Pradesh 80 8 8 10 13 14 14 13
Uttarakhand 5 5
West Bengal 42 2 3 5 8 7 8 9
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 1
Chandigarh 1 1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 1
Daman and Diu 1 1
Delhi 7 7
Lakshadweep 1 1
Puducherry 1 1
Constituencies 543 91 95 116​1⁄3 71​1⁄3 50​1⁄3 59 59
Total constituencies by end of phase 542 91 186 302​1⁄3 373​2⁄3 424 483 542[n 2]
% complete by end of phase 17% 34% 56% 69% 78% 89% 100%
  1. Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.
  2. Polling in Vellore was cancelled. (see below)
  3. Polling in Tripura East was rescheduled from 18 to 23 April.

Rescheduled voting, cancellations
  • Vellore, Tamil Nadu: Over ₹11 crore (US$1.5 million) in cash was seized in Vellore from DMK leaders – a regional party in Tamil Nadu. According to The News Minute, this cash is alleged to have been for bribing the voters.[23] Based on the evidence collected during the raids, the Election Commission of India cancelled 18 April election date in the Vellore constituency. The DMK leaders have denied wrongdoing and alleged a conspiracy.[24]
  • Tripura East, Tripura: The Election Commission of India deferred polling from 18 to 23 April due to the law and order situation.[25] The poll panel took the decision following reports from the Special Police Observers that the circumstances were not conducive for holding free and fair elections in the constituency.[26]

Campaigning

Issues

Allegations of undermining institutions

The opposition parties accused the NDA government of destroying democratic institutions and processes.[27] Modi denied these allegations, and blamed Congress and the communists for undermining institutions including the police, the CBI, and the CAG, and cited the murder of BJP activists in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.[28] The Congress party, along with other opposition parties and a group of retired civil servants, accused the ECI of being compromised, and implied that they endorse the model code of conduct violations by Narendra Modi and other BJP political leaders during their campaigns.[29][30] Another group of 81 retired civil servants, judges and academics disputed these allegations, made counter-allegations, and stated that the ECI acted fairly and similarly in alleged violations by either side. The group states that such political attacks on the ECI are a "deliberate attempt to denigrate and delegitimise the democratic institutions".[30][31]

Economic performance

According to The Times of India, the major economic achievements of the incumbent NDA government include an inflation rate less than 4 per cent, the GST reform, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. Its programs, in recent years, that have positively touched many among the Indian masses, include the Jan Dhan Yojana, rural cooking gas and electricity for homes.[32] According to the IMF, the Indian economy has been growing in recent years, its GDP growth rate is among the highest in the world for major economies, and India is expected to be the fastest growing major economy in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, with real GDP projected to grow at 7.3 per cent.[33][34][35] The GDP growth data has been disputed[32] by a group of Indian social scientists, economists and the political opposition's election campaign, while a group of Indian chartered accountants has defended the data, the GDP calculation methodology, and questioned the motivations of those disputing the recent Indian GDP statistics.[36]

The opposition's election campaign has claimed that both the demonetisation and GST law have "seriously hit small business, farmers and casual labour", states The Times of India.[32][37] The incumbent has claimed that they inherited a country from the previous Congress-led government that was "a legacy of policy paralysis, corruption and economic fragility", and that the BJP-led government policies have placed India on better economic fundamentals and a fast gear.[38] Modi claims that his government pursued demonetisation in the national interest, his government has identified and de-registered 338,000 shell companies, identified and recovered ₹130,000 crore (US$18 billion) in black money since 2014, and almost doubled India's tax base.[39][40] The Congress party disputes the incumbents' claims, and has alleged that BJP offices have "become hubs of creating black money", and seeks a judicial inquiry into the Rafale deal with France and BJP's role in corruption.[41]

National security and terrorism
Further information: India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019) and 2019 Balakot airstrike

In response to the 2019 Pulwama attack, the Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes inside Pakistan — for the first time since the 1971 Indo-Pak war. The ongoing conflict with Pakistan became a significant factor in the election. The opposition parties accused of politicising the army, whilst the BJP countered their accusations by stating that such allegations raised by them were adversely affecting the morale of armed forces.[42]

According to the Pew Research Center, both before and after the outbreak of recent India-Pakistan tensions, their 2018 and 2019 surveys suggest that the significant majority of the voters consider Pakistan as a "very serious threat" to their country, and terrorism to be a "very big problem".[43][44]

Unemployment
Main article: Unemployment in India

According to the Pew Research Center, a majority of Indian voters consider the lack of employment opportunities as a "very big problem" in their country. "About 18.6 million Indians were jobless and another 393.7 million work in poor-quality jobs vulnerable to displacement", states the Pew report.[44]

A report on unemployment prepared by the National Sample Survey Office's (NSSO's) periodic labour force survey, has not been officially released by the government. According to Business Today, this report is the "first comprehensive survey on employment conducted by a government agency after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced demonetisation move in November 2016". According to this report, the 2017–2018 "usual status"[note 4] unemployment rate in India is 6.1 per cent, which is a four-decade high.[45][note 4] The government has claimed that the report was not final.[50] According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) – a United Nations agency, unemployment is rising in India and the "unemployment rate in the country [India] will stand at 3.5 percent in 2018 and 2019 – the same level of unemployment seen in 2017 and 2016", instead of dropping to 3.4 percent as it had previously projected.[51] According to the ILO's World Employment Social Outlook Report, the unemployment rate in India has been in the 3.4 to 3.6 percent range over the UPA-government led 2009–2014 and the NDA-government led 2014–2019 periods.[51]

Opposition parties have claimed in their election campaign that the unemployment in India has reached crisis levels. The NDA government has denied the existence of any job crisis.[52] Prime minister Narendra Modi claimed that jobs are not lacking but the accurate data on jobs has been lacking.[53][54]

The opposition has attacked the NDA government's performance with the NSSO reported 6.1 percent unemployment data. Modi and his government have questioned this job statistics report, stating that "most surveys that try to capture unemployment rate are skewed since these did not cover the unorganised sector, which accounts for 85–90 per cent of jobs [in India]".[55]

Agrarian and rural distress

The Congress party campaign has highlighted "agrarian distress" as an election issue.[56] The BJP campaign has highlighted that the Congress party had been in power for five generations of the Nehru dynasty and its past promises and campaign issues have been empty. It claims that the recent farmer loan waivers by Congress have not reached "even 10% of the farmers" nor has it helped the financial situation of the farmers. BJP highlights that its "Kisan Samman Nidhi" helps the small farmers at the time of seed planting through a direct deposit of ₹6000 to their accounts.[57] The opposition has accused this as being an attempt to lure voters.[58]

According to The Times of India, a group of farmer associations have demanded that the 2019 election manifesto of competing political parties should promise to "keep agriculture out of the World Trade Organization (WTO)" and that the interests of Indian farmers must not be compromised in global trade treaties.[59] They have also demanded loan waivers and income support for the agriculture sector.[59] According to the Business Standard and the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, India has witnessed record crop harvests in recent years including 2017 when its farmers grew more foodgrains than ever before.[60][61] However, the farmers consider the "low remunerative prices" they receive in the free market to be too low and a need for the Indian government to establish higher minimum support prices for agricultural products. These farmers consider this an issue for the 2019 general elections.[60]

Dynasty politics

The BJP has highlighted that the Congress party has relied on Nehru's dynasty for leadership since India's independence, its lack of internal party institutions and claimed that whenever Congress has been in power, the freedom of press and Indian government institutions have "taken a severe beating".[62][63] During the election campaign, its leaders have mentioned the Emergency of 1975, the nepotism, corruption and widespread abuses of human rights under the Congress rule in the past.[62][64][65] Congress-led alliance leader H. D. Kumaraswamy – the son of a former prime minister of India and the former chief minister of Karnataka, has countered that "India developed because of dynasty politics", stating that "dynasty politics are not the main issue, rather country's problems are".[66] The Congress has alleged hypocrisy by the BJP, claiming that the BJP itself forms alliances with dynasty-based parties such as the Akali Dal in Punjab, and that family relatives of senior BJP leaders such as Rajnath Singh and Arun Jaitley have been in politics too.[67]

According to an IndiaSpend report published by the BloombergQuint, the smaller and regional parties such as the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, Lok Jan Sakti Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Biju Janata Dal and Samajwadi Party have higher densities of dynasty-derived candidates and elected representatives in recent years.[68][69] While both the Congress and the BJP have also nominated candidates from political dynasties, states the report, the difference between them is that in Congress "top party leadership has been handed down from generation to generation within the same [Nehru Gandhi dynasty] family", while there has been a historic non-dynastic diversity in the top leadership within the BJP. According to the report, while BJP has also nominated candidates from political dynasties, its better public relations operation "can leap to its defence when attacked on the same grounds".[68] In contrast to the IndiaSpend report, analysis of Kanchan Chandra, a prominent professor of Politics, of the 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections included a finding that the Congress party has had about twice or more dynastic parliamentarians than the BJP at those elections, and higher than all major political parties in India except the Samajwadi Party.[70][note 5] Many of these dynastic politicians in India who inherit the leadership positions have never held any jobs and lack state or local experience, states Anjali Bohlken – a professor and political science scholar, and this raises concerns of rampant nepotism and appointments of their own friends, relatives and cronies if elected.[71] The BJP has targeted the Congress party in the 2019 elections for alleged nepotism and a family dynasty for leadership.[62][68]

Campaign controversies

Income tax raids

In April 2019, raids conducted by the Income Tax Department found bundles of unaccounted for cash amounting to ₹281 crore (US$39 million), along with liquor and documentary evidence in premises of people with close connections to Madhya Pradesh chief minister Kamal Nath of the Congress. Modi has highlighted this evidence to attack the Congress in its election campaign, alleging corruption is part of Congress party's culture.[72][73]

Social media abuses and fake news

According to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, the election attracted a systematic attempt to spread misinformation through social media.[74][75] Facebook said that over a hundred of these advocacy accounts spreading disinformation were traced to "employees of the Pakistani military public relations wing".[74][75] Some others have been linked to the INC and BJP.[74][75]

Political parties spent over ₹53 crore (US$7.4 million) with the largest spending by BJP on digital platforms for online ads. The BJP placed 2,500 ads on Facebook while the Congress placed 3,686 ads.[76] According to a study by Vidya Narayanan and colleagues at the Oxford Internet Institute, social media was used by all the major parties and alliances, and all of them linked or posted divisive and conspiratorial content and images. According to Narayanan, "a third of the BJP's images, a quarter of the INC's images, and a tenth the SP-BSP's images were catalogued as divisive and conspiratorial".[77][78] The Narayanan et al. study added that "we observed very limited amounts of hate speech, gore or pornography in either platform samples" by BJP, Congress or SP-BSP, but the election did include proportionally more polarising information on social media than other countries except for the US presidential election in 2016.[78]

About 50,000 fake news stories were published during the recent Lok Sabha elections and shared 2 million times, according to a study conducted by fact-checking startup Logically.[79]

NaMo TV and Modi biopic

According to The Financial Times and other news sources, on 31 March 2019, the cable and satellite operators – such as Tata Sky, DishTV, and Videocon – added a new "NaMo TV" channel to the dozens of news and entertainment channels they already offer.[80][81][82] Further, independently, a Bollywood biopic named "PM Narendra Modi" starring Vivek Oberoi was due for release in early April. The NaMo TV channel exclusively focuses on replaying Narendra Modi's speeches, the live coverage of rallies by Modi and key leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, and presenting the incumbent government's initiatives and achievements in the last five years to the audience that chooses to tune to the channel.[80] The election time Bollywood biopic, states The Financial Times, is "adulatory, which depicts his [Modi's] rise from humble origins as the son of a railway station tea-seller to a strongman who vows to avenge Pakistani terror attacks".[80]

The Indian opposition led by the Congress Party and activists opposed to the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party have expressed outrage and alleged that it violates India's election laws and the regulations on "broadcast channels" under the Programme Codes of the Cable TV Act of 1994.[80][81] The Bharatiya Janata Party and its supporters claim that this is an exercise of the "Right to Free Speech" protected by the Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, a means to address the bias against them and to communicate directly to the voters.[80] They also claim that the NaMo TV does not violate any regulations or laws, as similar "Direct-to-Home (DTH) operator channels" have already been distributed by cable and satellite operators in the past since 2006.[81] Others state that the audience has a choice to ignore or tune into the channel, and "only Modi's most devoted loyalists were likely to tune in". However, they state that if the BJP pressures public facilities and commercial establishments to show it exclusively during the elections then that would lead to abuse.[80] The Congress Party and activists have filed a complaint to the Indian Election Commission, demanding that the NaMo TV channel be stopped.[80] The Election Commission announced on 12 April that any content broadcast on the NaMo TV must be pre-approved by its committee, and only pre-certified content can be broadcast.[82] On 13 April 2019, the BJP submitted the contents of NaMo TV to the Election Commission designated "certification and monitoring committee" for its review and pre-certification.[83] The Election Commission ruled on 19 April 2019, that live speeches of Narendra Modi and other BJP leaders can be broadcast on NaMo TV as well as Twitter platform tweets can be broadcast by Rahul Gandhi and Congress leaders during the silence period. However, neither should mention the constituency or candidates covered by the silence period immediately prior to the polling date.[84]

The ECI blocked the release of the Modi biopic while the election is in progress.[85] The producers appealed this "stay" to the Supreme Court.[86] The film was released on 24 May 2019 finally.

EC actions under Article 324

Election Commission curtailed West Bengal campaigning by one day, after a bust of 19th century Bengali icon Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was vandalised during 7th phase poll violence.[87]

Party campaigns
Main articles: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election and Indian National Congress campaign for the 2019 Indian general election

Party manifestos

Highlights of the Congress manifesto

The Congress released its manifesto, titled Congress Will Deliver on 3 April.[96][97] Some of its highlights:[96][98][99]

  • Introduce a Nyuntam Aay Yojana welfare program wherein ₹72,000 (US$1,000) per year will be transferred directly to the bank account of a woman-member in each family in the poorest 20 percent households.
  • Create 1 million "Seva Mitra" jobs in rural and urban local government bodies. Fill all 400,000 central government vacancies before March 2020, and encourage state governments to fill their 2,000,000 vacancies. Enact a law that requires all non-government controlled employers with over 100 employees to implement an apprentice program.
  • Enact a permanent National Commission on Agricultural Development and Planning and introduce a "Kisan Budget" (Farmer Budget) in the parliament every year. Waive all farmer loans in all states with any amounts outstanding.
  • Enact a Right to Homestead Act that will provide free land to every household that does not own a home.
  • Enact a Right to Healthcare Act and guarantee every citizen free diagnostics, free medicines, free hospitalisation, and free out-patient care. Double spending on healthcare to 3 percent of its GDP by 2024.
  • Double spending on education to 6 percent of its GDP by 2024.
  • Revise the national GST law from three tax tiers to a single moderate rate of tax. Reduce taxes on exported products to zero. Exempt from the GST essential goods and services that are currently not exempt. Enact a new Direct Taxes Code.
  • Augment and rapid construction of national highways. Modernise Indian railway infrastructure. Promote green energy. Manufacturing promotion.
  • Increase defence spending.
  • Enact a National Election Fund, wherein public funds will be distributed to recognised political parties to run their campaign
  • Preserve special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.[99]
  • Amend the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. End the Sedition law (Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code).

Highlights of the BJP manifesto

The BJP released its manifesto sub-titled Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat (lit. "Resolute India, Empowered India") on 8 April.[100][101] Some of its highlights:[99][101][102]

  • Double farmer incomes by 2022 by completing all major and micro-irrigation infrastructure projects, opening adequate markets and modern farm produce storage centres, implement minimum price supports for farmer produce, farmer loans and all-weather rural roads. Introduce a pension bill for small and marginal farmers to provide social security after 60 years of age.
  • Bring all secondary schools under the national board quality purview. Invest ₹100,000 crore (US$14 billion) in higher education, open new and increase seats at existing engineering, management and law schools. Establish skills and innovations centre at block-level in every town. Enhance higher education opportunities for women by introducing financial support and subsidies programs. Source 10 percent of government procurement from companies with more than 50 percent female employees.
  • Ensure a pucca (lit. brick-solid, modern) house, safe potable water, toilet, LPG gas cylinder, electricity, and banking account for every family. Reduce the percentage of families living under the poverty line to a single digit by 2024.
  • Double the length of national highways. Improve fuel quality by mandating 10 percent ethanol in petrol. Scale renewable energy capacity to 175 GW.
  • Electrify and convert to broad gauge all railway tracks.
  • Establish 150,000 health and wellness centres. Start 75 new medical colleges. Raise doctor-to-population ratio to 1:1400. Triple childcare facilities. Achieve 100 percent immunisation of all babies.
  • Raise India's ranking further in "ease of doing business". Double exports, introduce single-window compliance procedures for all businesses.
  • Reduce air pollution by eliminating all crop residue burning.
  • Digitise paperwork and proceedings, modernise the courts.
  • Launch and promote a National Digital Library with e-books and leading journals to provide free knowledge accessible to all students. Launch a "Study in India" program to bring foreign students to institutes of higher education.
  • Zero tolerance for terrorism, fund resources to strengthen national security, guarantee veterans, and soldier welfare, modernise police forces.
  • End special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.[99]

Other parties

Other national and regional parties have released their manifestos too:

  • The Tamil Nadu-based regional parties AIADMK and DMK released their manifesto on 18 March 2019, with each promising to release the seven Tamils jailed after being found guilty for their role in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, a former Congress party leader and prime minister of India. The AIADMK promised to press for the political rights of the Tamil people in the Eelam region of Sri Lanka, while the DMK has promised Indian citizenship to all Sri Lankan expats. According to the Deccan Herald, the AIADMK has promised a cash transfer of ₹18,000 (US$250) per year to "all families below the poverty level, destitute women, widows without income, differently-abled, landless agricultural labourers, rural and urban manual labourers and destitute senior citizens". The AIADMK also promised to raise the tax exemption limit and revisions to the GST law. The DMK promised a probe into Rafale fighter jet deal, and a plan to distribute free sanitary napkins to working women along with starting martial arts schools for girls.[103]
  • Biju Janata Dal (BJD) released its manifesto on 9 April 2019. It promised a ₹100,000 (US$1,400) zero-interest crop loan to farmers every year, a ₹500,000 (US$7,000) zero-interest loan to women-run self-help groups, 75 percent jobs reservation in Odisha-based companies to Odisha youth, free education to all girls and a marriage assistance grant of ₹25,000 (US$350) to daughters of poor families. It also promised to complete two expressways.[104]
  • Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM) manifesto promised to raise the minimum wage to ₹216,000 (US$3,000) per year, an old age pension of ₹72,000 (US$1,000) per year and universal public distribution of 35 kilograms of foodgrains per family. It also stated the restoration of inheritance tax and an increase in the taxes on individuals and corporations.[105] It also promised spending 6 per cent of GDP on education, enacting a Right to Free Health Care with 3.5 per cent of GDP on health in the short term and 5 per cent in the long term, introduction of price controls on essential drugs, breaking monopoly of drug multinationals, as well as enact a Right to Guaranteed Employment in urban areas.[106]
  • Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) promised to open talks with Pakistan on terrorism. It also promised to expand trade and political relationship with Russia, and seek to weaken Russia's ties with China and Pakistan.[107]
  • Samajwadi Party promised an annual pension of ₹36,000 (US$500) to poor families in a form of a cash transfer to women. It has also proposed a new property tax of 2 percent on homes valued above ₹25,000,000 (US$350,000) as well as raising income taxes on the affluent. It also promised to create 100,000 new jobs every year.[108]
  • Telugu Desam Party released its manifesto on 5 April 2019. It promised zero-interest loans to farmer without any caps, a grant of ₹15,000 (US$210) per year to each farmer as investment support, a grant of ₹100,000 (US$1,400) to each family with a daughter in the year of her marriage, an unemployment allowance of ₹3,000 (US$42) for any youth who has completed intermediate education, and free laptops to all students at the intermediate level.[109]
  • AITMC's manifesto was released on 27 March 2019. It promised a judicial probe into demonetisation, a review of GST law, and sought to bring back the Planning Commission. It also promised free medical care, expanding the "100-day work scheme" currently operating in India to "200-day work scheme" along with a pay increase.[110]
  • Aam Aadmi Party released its manifesto on 25 April 2019 promising full statehood for Delhi to give the Delhi government control over police and other institutions.[111] The manifesto promised 85 per cent reservations in the Delhi-based colleges and jobs for the voters of Delhi and their families.[112][113]

Campaign finance

Several organisations have offered varying estimates for the cost of election campaign. The Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi estimates the election campaign could exceed $7 billion.[114] According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an election watchdog, in the financial year 2017–18 BJP received ₹4,370,000,000 (US$61 million), about 12 times more donations than Congress and five other national parties combined.[114]

The electoral bonds in denominations ranging from 1,000 rupees to 10 million rupees ($14 to $140,000) can be purchased and donated to a political party. The bonds don't carry the name of the donor and are exempt from tax.[115][115][note 6] Factly – an India data journalism portal, traced the electoral bond donations for 2018 under India's Right to Information Act. According to Factly, electoral bonds worth about ₹10,600,000,000 (US$150 million) were purchased and donated in 2018. According to Bloomberg, this accounted for 31.2 percent of political donations in 2018, while 51.4 percent of the total donated amount were each below ₹20,000 (US$280) and these too were from unknown donors. About 47 percent of the donations to political parties were from known sources.[115] Between 1 January and 31 March 2019, donors bought ₹17,100,000,000 (US$240 million) worth of electoral bonds and donated.[119] The spending in elections boosts national GDP, and the 2009 election spending contributed about 0.5 percent to GDP.[120]

According to Centre for Media Studies, the BJP spent over Rs 28,000 crore (or 45 per cent) of the Rs 60,000 crore spent by all political parties during the polls.[121] Congress questions BJP over its poll expenditure [122]

Parties and alliances

Political alliances
Main articles: National Democratic Alliance, United Progressive Alliance, Mahagathbandhan, Left Front (West Bengal), and Federal Front

With the exception of 2014, no single party has won the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha since 1984, and therefore, forming alliances is the norm in Indian elections.

There were five main national pre-poll alliances. They are the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) headed by the BJP, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) headed by the INC, Mahagathbandhan (or Grand Alliance), or MGB, Federal Front headed by All India Trinamool Congress, and the left front of Communist-leaning parties. Given the volatile nature of coalition politics in India, alliances may change during and after the election.

The INC has not formed an alliance in states where it is in direct contest with the BJP. These states include Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It has formed alliances with regional parties in Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Kerala.[123]

In January 2019, Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party announced a grand alliance (Mahagathbandhan) to contest 76 out of the 80 seats in Uttar Pradesh leaving two seats, namely Amethi and Rae Bareli, for INC and another two for other political parties.[124]

Political parties

More than 650 parties contested in these elections. Most of them were small with regional appeal. The main parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC).It was the first time when BJP (437) contested more seats than Congress (421) in the Lok Sabha elections.[125][126]

Candidates
Main articles: List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election, List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election, and List of Left Front candidates in the 2019 Indian general election

Altogether 8,039 candidates are in the fray for 542 parliamentary constituencies, i.e., 14.8 candidates per constituency on an average, according to PRS India, an NGO.[127]

About 40% of the candidates fielded by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party have a criminal case against them. Key opposition party Congress is not far behind with 39% of the candidates with criminal charges, according to Association of Democratic Reforms analysis.[128]

Parties and alliances contesting for the 2019 elections
Parties States/UTs Seats contested Seats won
2019 2014 Swing 2019 2014 Swing
Aam Aadmi Party Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 35 0 1 4 -3
Bihar 3 0
Chandigarh 1 0
Goa 2 0
Haryana 3 0
NCT OF Delhi 7 0
Odisha 1 0
Punjab 13 1
Uttar Pradesh 4 0
All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU) Jharkhand 1 1 0 +1
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 22 1 37 -36
All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen Bihar 1 3 0 2 1 +1
Maharashtra 1 1
Telangana 1 1
All India Trinamool Congress Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 62 0 22 34 -12
Assam 8 0
Bihar 1 0
Jharkhand 6 0
Odisha 3 0
Tripura 1 0
West Bengal 42 22
All India United Democratic Front Assam 3 1 3 -2
Apna Dal (Soneylal) Uttar Pradesh 2 2 0 +2
Bahujan Samaj Party Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 0 10 0 +10
Andhra Pradesh 3 0
Arunachal Pradesh 0 0
Assam
Bihar 35 0
Chandigarh 1 0
Chhattisgarh 11 0
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 0
Daman & Diu 1 0
Gao
Gujarat 25 0
Haryana 8 0
Himachal Pradesh 4 0
Jammu & Kashmir 2 0
Jharkhand 14 0
Karnataka 28 0
Kerala 16 0
Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh 25 0
Maharashtra 44 0
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland-
NCT OF Delhi 5 0
Odisha 17 0
Puducherry 1 0
Punjab 1 0
Rajasthan 22 0
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu 35 0
Telangana 5 0
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh 38 10
Uttarakhand 4 0
West Bengal 36 0
Bharatiya Janata Party Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 436 0 303 282 +21
Andhra Pradesh 25 0
Arunachal Pradesh 2 2
Assam 10 9
Bihar 17 17
Chandigarh 1 1
Chhattisgarh 11 9
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 0
Daman & Diu 1 1
Gao 2 1
Gujarat 26 26
Haryana 10 10
Himachal Pradesh 4 4
Jammu & Kashmir 6 3
Jharkhand 13 11
Karnataka 27 25
Kerala 15 0
Lakshadweep 1 0
Madhya Pradesh 29 28
Maharashtra 25 23
Manipur 2 1
Meghalaya 2 0
Mizoram 1 0
Nagaland-
NCT OF Delhi 7 10
Odisha 21 8
Puducherry
Punjab 3 2
Rajasthan 24 24
Sikkim 1 0
Tamil Nadu 5 0
Telangana 17 4
Tripura 2 2
Uttar Pradesh 76 62
Uttarakhand 5 5
West Bengal 42 18
Biju Janata Dal Odisha 21 12 20 -8
Communist Party Of India Andhra Pradesh 2 49 0 2 1 +1
Assam 2 0
Bihar 2 0
Chhattisgarh 1 0
Gujarat 1 0
Haryana 1 0
Jharkhand 3 0
Karnataka 1 0
Kerala 4 0
Lakshadweep 1 0
Madhya Pradesh 4 0
Maharashtra 2 0
Manipur 1 0
Odisha 1 0
Punjab 2 0
Rajasthan 3 0
Tamil Nadu 2 2
Telangana 2 0
Uttar Pradesh 11 0
West Bengal 3
Communist Party Of India (MARXIST) Andhra Pradesh 2 69 0 3 9 -6
Assam 2 0
Bihar 1 0
Himachal Pradesh 1 0
Jharkhand 2 0
Karnataka 1 0
Kerala 14 1
Lakshadweep 1 0
Madhya Pradesh 1 0
Maharashtra 1 0
Odisha 1 0
Punjab 1 0
Rajasthan 3 0
Tamil Nadu 2 2
Telangana 2 0
Tripura 2 0
Uttarakhand 1
West Bengal 31
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 24 24 0 +24
Independent Andaman & Nicobar Islands 9 3443 0 4 3 +1
Andhra Pradesh 99 0
Arunachal Pradesh 2 0
Assam 44 1
Bihar 230 0
Chandigarh 13 0
Chhattisgarh 54 0
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 4 1
Daman & Diu 1 0
Gao 4 0
Gujarat 197 0
Haryana 85 0
Himachal Pradesh 18 0
Jammu & Kashmir 36 0
Jharkhand 101 0
Karnataka 264 1
Kerala 115 0
Lakshadweep 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 175 0
Maharashtra 418 1
Manipur 5 0
Meghalaya 3 0
Mizoram 3 0
Nagaland- 1 0
NCT OF Delhi 43 0
Odisha 31 0
Puducherry 8 0
Punjab 45 0
Rajasthan 111 0
Sikkim 2 0
Tamil Nadu 542 0
Telangana 299 0
Tripura 9 0
Uttar Pradesh 284 0
Uttarakhand 17 0
West Bengal 100 0
Indian National Congress Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 421 1 52 44 +8
Andhra Pradesh 25 0
Arunachal Pradesh 2 0
Assam 14 3
Bihar 9 1
Chandigarh 1 0
Chhattisgarh 11 2
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 0
Daman & Diu 1 0
Gao 2 1
Gujarat 26 0
Haryana 10 0
Himachal Pradesh 4 0
Jammu & Kashmir 5 0
Jharkhand 7 1
Karnataka 21 1
Kerala 16 15
Lakshadweep 1 0
Madhya Pradesh 29 1
Maharashtra 25 1
Manipur 2 0
Meghalaya 2 1
Mizoram
Nagaland- 1 0
NCT OF Delhi 7 0
Odisha 18 1
Puducherry 1 1
Punjab 13 1
Rajasthan 25 0
Sikkim 1 0
Tamil Nadu 9 8
Telangana 17 3
Tripura 2 0
Uttar Pradesh 67 1
Uttarakhand 5 0
West Bengal 40 2
Indian Union Muslim League Andhra Pradesh 3 9 0 3 2 +1
Kerala 2 2
Maharashtra 3 0
Tamil Nadu 1 1
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (NC) Jammu & Kashmir 3 3 0 +3
Janata Dal (Secular) Arunachal Pradesh 2 9 0 1 2 -1
Karnataka 7 1
Janata Dal (United) Bihar 17 25 0 16 2 +14
Jammu & Kashmir 1 0
Lakshadweep 1 0
Madhya Pradesh 1 0
Manipur 1 0
Punjab 1
Uttar Pradesh 3 0
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Bihar 4 13 0 1 2 -1
Jharkhand 4 1
Odisha 1 0
West Bengal 4 0
Kerala Congress(M) Kerala 1 1 1 0
Lok Janshakti Party Bihar 6 6 6 0
Mizo National Front (MNF) Meghalaya 1 1 0 +1
Naga People's Front Manipur 1 1 0 +1
National People's Party Arunachal Pradesh 1 19 0 1 1 0
Assam 7 0
Manipur 1 0
Meghalaya 2 1
Nagaland 1 0
Nationalist Congress Party Assam 2 34 0 5 6 -1
Bihar 5 0
Gujarat 3 0
Lakshadweep 1 1
Maharashtra 19 4
Manipur 1 0
Punjab 2 0
Uttar Pradesh 1 0
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party (NDPP) Nagaland 1 1 0 +1
Rashtriya Loktantrik Party Rajasthan 1 1 0 +1
Revolutionary Socialist Party Kerala 1 6 1 1 1 0
West Bengal 4 0
Samajwadi Party Andhra Pradesh 2 49 0 5 5 0
Assam 1 0
Bihar 1 0
Jharkhand 1 0
Madhya Pradesh 2 0
Maharashtra 4 0
Odisha 1 0
Uttar Pradesh 37 5
Shiromani Akali Dal Punjab 10 2 4 -2
Shivsena Bihar 14 98 0 18 18 0
Chhattisgarh 9 0
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 2 0
Haryana 3 0
Jammu & Kashmir 3 0
Karnataka 2 0
Madhya Pradesh 5 0
Maharashtra 22 18
Punjab 6 0
Rajasthan 4 0
Telangana 1 0
Uttar Pradesh 11 0
West Bengal 16 0
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha Sikkim 1 1 0 +1
Telangana Rashtra Samithi Telangana 16 9 11 -2
Telugu Desam Party Andhra Pradesh 25 3 15 -12
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi Andhra Pradesh 3 7 0 1 0 +1
Karnataka 2 0
Kerala 1 0
Tamil Nadu 1 1
Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party Andhra Pradesh 25 22 8 +14
All India N.R. Congress Puducherry 1 0 1 -1
Pattali Makkal Katchi Tamil Nadu 7 1 -1
Rashtriya Janata Dal Bihar 19 21 4 -4
Jharkhand 2
Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Bihar 5 3 -3
Sikkim Democratic Front Sikkim 1 1 -1
Swabhimani Paksha Maharashtra 2 1 -1
Indian National Lok Dal Haryana 10 2 -2
Aap Aur Hum Party Bihar 1 0 0
Aam Adhikar Morcha Bihar 4 5
Jharkhand 1
Akhil Bhartiya Apna Dal Bihar 1 5
Chandigarh 1
Madhya Pradesh 2
Punjab 1
Adim Bhartiya Dal Haryana 1
Akhil Bhartiya Gondwana Party Madhya Pradesh 4 5
Uttar Pradesh 1
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha Jharkhand 1 5
Madhya Pradesh 1
Odisha 3
Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Party Bihar 1
Akhil Bhartiya Jharkhand Party Jharkhand
West Bengal 1
Jharkhand Party Jharkhand 4
Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh Bihar 1 6
Gujarat 1
Haryana 1
Maharashtra 1
NCT OF Delhi 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Akhil Bharatiya Muslim League (Secular) Karnataka 1 2
Telangana 1
Akhil Bharatiya Manavata Paksha Maharashtra 1 2
NCT OF Delhi 1
Akhil Bhartiya Navnirman Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Atulya Bharat Party NCT OF Delhi 1 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Aajad Bharat Party (Democratic) Madhya Pradesh 2 6
Uttar Pradesh 4
Akhil Bharatiya Sena Maharashtra 1
Akhil Bhartiya Sarvadharma Samaj Party Maharashtra 1
Andhra Chaitanya Party Andhra Pradesh 1
Adarshwaadi Congress Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Adhunik Bharat Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Aadarsh Janata Sewa Party Haryana 1
Ahila India Dhayaga Makkal Munnetra Katchi Tamil Nadu 1
Asli Deshi Party Bihar 4
Aadarsh Sangram Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Apna Dal United Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Adhikar Vikas Party Chhattisgarh 1 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Asom Gana Parishad Assam 3 4
Telangana 1
Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari) Bihar 2
Akhand Hind Party Maharashtra 1
Ahimsa Socialist Party Tamil Nadu 1
All India Forward Bloc Andhra Pradesh 2 34
Arunachal Pradesh 1
Assam 3
Bihar 4
Chandigarh 1
Haryana 2
Himachal Pradesh 3
Jammu & Kashmir 1
Jharkhand 4
Madhya Pradesh 2
NCT OF Delhi 1
Odisha 2
Telangana 1
Uttar Pradesh 5
West Bengal 3
All India Hindustan Congress Party Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 4
Gujarat 1
Karnataka 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
All India Jana Andolan Party West Bengal 1
All India Labour Party West Bengal 1
All India Minorities Front Maharashtra 1 2
Uttar Pradesh 2
Agila India Makkal Kazhagam Kerala 1 4
Puducherry 1
Tamil Nadu 2
All Indians Party Sikkim 1
All India Praja Party Andhra Pradesh 3
All Indian Rajiv Congress Party Uttar Pradesh 1
All India Ulama Congress Madhya Pradesh 1
All India Uzhavargal Uzhaippalargal Katchi Tamil Nadu 1
Akila India Vallalar Peravai Tamil Nadu 1
Asom Jana Morcha Assam 4
Aam Janta Party (India) Uttar Pradesh 7
Aam Janta Party Rashtriya Bihar 3
Aapki Apni Party (Peoples) Haryana 7 21
Maharashtra 3
NCT OF Delhi 6
Uttar Pradesh 5
Akhil Bhartiya Ekata Party Maharashtra 1
Akhil Bhartiya Lok Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Apna Kisan Party Bihar 1
Akhand Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Al-Hind Party Uttar Pradesh 2
All India Peoples' Front (Radical) Uttar Pradesh 1
All Pensioner’S Party Tamil Nadu 1
Aasra Lokmanch Party Maharashtra 2
Amra Bangalee Jharkhand 2 10
Tripura 2
West Bengal 6
Anaithu Makkal Katchi Tamil Nadu 1
Azad Mazdoor Kissan Party Karnataka 1
Aadarsh Mithila Party Bihar 2
Anaithu Makkal Puratchi Katchi Tamil Nadu 2
Ambedkar Yug Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Anaithu India Makkal Katchi 1
Anjaan Aadmi Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Ambedkar National Congress Andhra Pradesh 2 21
Bihar 1
Chandigarh 1
Gujarat 2
Jharkhand 1
Maharashtra 4
NCT OF Delhi 1
Odisha 2
Punjab 2
Telangana 5
Annadata Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Andaman & Nicobar Janta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Aihra National Party Jharkhand 3 8
Karnataka 1
Telangana 1
West Bengal 3
Adarsh Nyay Rakshak Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Ahinsa Samaj Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Anti Corruption Dynamic Party Maharashtra 1 11
Puducherry 1
Tamil Nadu 7
Telangana 2
Apna Desh Party Gujarat 2
Ambedkarite Party Of India Andhra Pradesh 1 77
Bihar 2
Chhattisgarh 11
Gujarat 1
Himachal Pradesh 1
Jharkhand 4
Karnataka 1
Kerala 3
Madhya Pradesh 8
Maharashtra 16
Odisha 6
Punjab 4
Rajasthan 15
Tamil Nadu 1
Telangana 1
Tripura 1
West Bengal 1
Apna Samaj Party 1
All Peoples Party Andhra Pradesh 1
Ambedkarist Republican Party Maharashtra 2
Andhra Rastra Praja Samithi Andhra Pradesh 1
Akhand Rashtrawadi Party Madhya Pradesh 1 4
NCT OF Delhi 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Autonomous State Demand Committee Assam 1
Assam Dristi Party Assam 1
Akhil Bharat Samagra Kranti Party Chhattisgarh 1
Adarsh Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Ambedkar Samaj Party Karnataka 4 8
Uttar Pradesh 4
All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 1
Aarakshan Virodhi Party Madhya Pradesh 2 4
Rajasthan 2
Awami Samta Party Uttar Pradesh 3
Anna Ysr Congress Party Andhra Pradesh 2
B. C. United Front Andhra Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Aavaam Ekta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bahujan Azad Party Bihar 1 2
Maharashtra 1
Bahujan Samyak Party (Mission) Uttar Pradesh 1
Bahujan Awam Party Uttar Pradesh 4
Bharatiya Aam Awam Party Bihar 1
Bhartiya Anarakshit Party Telangana 3 4
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Azad Sena Jharkhand 1
Bharatiya Bahujan Congress Bihar 5 6
Gujarat 1
Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh Karnataka 2
Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party Bihar 1
Bhartiya Bhaichara Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Bharatiya Bahujan Samta Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Bharath Dharma Jana Sena Kerala 4
Bharatrashtra Democratic Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Gana Parishad Assam 4
Bhartiya Amrit Party Madhya Pradesh 2
Bharatiya Bahujan Parivartan Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Jan Morcha Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Praja Surajya Paksha Maharashtra 8
Bharatiya Rashtravadi Samanta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Samta Samaj Party Bihar 1 3
Uttar Pradesh 2
Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Janta Dal (Integrated) NCT OF Delhi 1
Bharatiya National Janta Dal West Bengal 1
Bhartiya Lokmat Rashtrwadi Party Bihar 2 7
Chhattisgarh 1
Jharkhand 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Manvadhikaar Federal Party 1
Bhartiya Naujawan Inklav Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiyabahujankranti Dal Karnataka 2 5
Maharashtra 3
Bharatiya Bahujan Party Chhattisgarh 1
Bharat Bhoomi Party Chhattisgarh 2 3
Karnataka 1
Bhartiya Dalit Party Bihar 3
Bhartiya Hind Fauj Uttar Pradesh 2
Bhartiya Janta Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Janraj Party Haryana 2 4
Punjab 2
Bahujan Maha Party Andhra Pradesh 1 20
Gujarat 1
Haryana 1
Karnataka 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 13
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bharat Nirman Party Bihar 1
Bhartiya Harit Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Peoples Party Karnataka 1
Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha Gujarat 1
Bharatiya Sampuran Krantikari Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Sarvodaya Party Jharkhand 1 2
Uttarakhand 1
Bhartiya Insan Party Bihar 1 3
NCT OF Delhi 2
Bharat Jan Aadhar Party Maharashtra 4
Bharatiya Jan Kranti Dal (Democratic) Bihar 4 7
Jharkhand 1
Karnataka 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Jan Nayak Party Uttar Pradesh 4
Bhartiya Jan Samman Party Chandigarh 1 2
Haryana 1
Bhartiya Jan Sampark Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Jan Satta Party Rajasthan 1
Bundelkhand Kranti Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Kisan Party Chandigarh 4 15
Haryana 1
Maharashtra 5
NCT OF Delhi 1
Rajasthan 1
Uttar Pradesh 3
Bharatiya Kisan Parivartan Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Krishak Dal Uttar Pradesh 4
Bhartiya Kisan Union Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Kranti Vir Party Bihar 1
Bihar Lok Nirman Dal Bihar 8
Baliraja Party Bihar 2 7
Maharashtra 4
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Lok Seva Dal Jharkhand 1 10
Punjab 7
Uttar Pradesh 2
Bharat Lok Sewak Party NCT OF Delhi 3 4
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Manavadhikaar Federal Party Chandigarh 1 9
Gujarat 1
Jharkhand 1
Maharashtra 5
Odisha 1
Bharateeya Manavadhikar party West Bengal 2
Bharatiya Momin Front Bihar 7 8
Jharkhand 1
Bharatiya Majdoor Janta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bahujan Mukti Party Assam 1 120
Bihar 12
Chandigarh 1
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1
Gujarat 6
Haryana 5
Himachal Pradesh 1
Jharkhand 5
Karnataka 1
Madhya Pradesh 9
Maharashtra 35
Odisha 5
Punjab 6
Rajasthan 2
Telangana 7
Uttar Pradesh 10
Uttarakhand 2
West Bengal 6
Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh Jharkhand 1 2
Maharashtra 1
Bhartiya Manav Samaj Party Madhya Pradesh 1 3
Uttar Pradesh 2
Bhartiya Mitra Party Bihar 3
Bahujan Nyay Dal Bihar 3 4
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Nojawan Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Bhartiya Navodaya Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Bharatiya Nyay-Adhikar Raksha Party West Bengal 7
Bhartiya Navjawan Sena (Paksha) Maharashtra 3
Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party Bihar 1
Bhartiya Pragatisheel Congress NCT OF Delhi 1
Bhartiya Panchyat Party Jharkhand 2
Bodoland Peoples Front Assam 1
Bharat Prabhat Party Bihar 2 53
Chandigarh 1
Chhattisgarh 1
Haryana 5
Jharkhand 2
Karnataka 2
Madhya Pradesh 8
Maharashtra 5
NCT OF Delhi 2
Odisha 2
Punjab 5
Uttar Pradesh 16
West Bengal 2
Bharatiya Prajagala Kalyana Paksha Karnataka 2
Bhapase Party Maharashtra 1
Bharatiya Rashtriya Morcha Bihar 1 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Bahujana Raajyam Party (Phule Ambedkar) Telangana 1
Bharat Rakshak Party (Democratic) Rajasthan 2
Bhartiya Republican Party (Insan) Uttar Pradesh 1
Bahujan Republican Socialist Party Gujarat 1 27
Maharashtra 26
Bhartiya Rashtrawadi Party Chandigarh 1
Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party Chhattisgarh 5 35
Gujarat 1
Haryana 5
Himachal Pradesh 1
Madhya Pradesh 11
Maharashtra 1
Punjab 1
Uttar Pradesh 10
Bahujan Suraksha Dal Gujarat 1
Bhartiya Sarvjan Hitey Samaj Party Chhattisgarh 1
Bhartiya Tribal Party Chhattisgarh 2 19
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1
Gujarat 6
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 5
Rajasthan 4
Bahujan Samaj Party (AMBEDKAR) Chandigarh 1 5
Punjab 4
Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi Maharashtra 1
Bajjikanchal Vikas Party Bihar 7
Bhartiya Vanchitsamaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Corruption Abolition Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Christian Democratic Front Tamil Nadu 1
Challengers Party NCT OF Delhi 2
Chandigarh Ki Aawaz Party Chandigarh 1
Communist Party Of India (MARXIST-LENINIST) (LIBERATION) Andhra Pradesh 2 18
Bihar 4
Jharkhand 2
Odisha 2
Puducherry 1
Punjab 3
Tamil Nadu 2
Uttar Pradesh 3
Uttarakhand 1
West Bengal 2
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) CPI(M)(L) 4
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star 4
Communist Party Of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star Andhra Pradesh 1 25
Chandigarh 2
Jharkhand 3
Karnataka 2
Kerala 4
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 2
Odisha 5
Rajasthan 1
Tamil Nadu 1
Uttar Pradesh 2
West Bengal 5
Chhattisgarh Swabhiman Manch Chhattisgarh 1 2
Maharashtra 1
Chhattisgarh Vikas Ganga Rashtriya Party Chhattisgarh 1 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Dalita Bahujana Party Telangana 3
Democratic Corruption Liberation Front 1
Democratic Party of India (Ambedkar) Punjab 1 3
Desh Janhit Party Maharashtra 1
Daksha Party Haryana 1
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 4
Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi Maharashtra 1 9
Tamil Nadu 8
Dogra Swabhiman Sangathan Party, Jammu & Kashmir 2
Democratic Party Of India 1
Democratic Prajakranthi Party Secularist Karnataka 1
Dalit Soshit Pichhara Varg Adhikar Dal Haryana 1 3
Maharashtra 1
Rajasthan 1
Desiya Uzhavar Uzhaipalar Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 3
Engineers Party Karnataka 1
Ekta Samaj Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Ezhuchi Tamilargal Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 3
Forward Democratic Labour Party Chhattisgarh 1
Fauji Janta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Freethought Party Of India Odisha 3
Gareeb Aadmi Party Karnataka 1
Gondvana Gantantra Party Chhattisgarh 9 23
Madhya Pradesh 9
Maharashtra 2
Odisha 1
Uttar Pradesh 2
Garvi Gujarat Party Gujarat 3
Garib Janshakti Party Bihar 2
Gujarat Janta Panchayat Party Gujarat 1
Ganasangam Party Of India Tamil Nadu 3
Gorkha Rashtriya Congress West Bengal 1
Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular) Bihar 3
Hamari Apni Party Maharashtra 1
Hardam Manavtawadi Rashtriya Dal Andhra Pradesh 1
Hind Congress Party Haryana 1 2
Punjab 1
Hindu Samaj Party 1
Hindustan Janta Party Karnataka 3 7
Maharashtra 4
Hindusthan Praja Paksha Maharashtra 1
Himachal Jan Kranti Party Himachal Pradesh 1
Hindusthan Nirman Dal Assam 5 47
Bihar 2
Gujarat 9
Jammu & Kashmir 1
Jharkhand 2
Madhya Pradesh 8
Maharashtra 2
Odisha 2
Rajasthan 1
Uttar Pradesh 14
Uttarakhand 1
Hamro Sikkim Party Sikkim 1
Hind Samrajya Party Bihar 1
Hindustan Shakti Sena Chandigarh 1 9
Punjab 8
Hum Bhartiya Party Jharkhand 1 9
Maharashtra 5
NCT OF Delhi 1
Punjab 1
Telangana 1
Hum Sabki Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Indian Christian Front Karnataka 2 4
Tamil Nadu 2
Indian Democratic Republican Front Punjab 1 2
West Bengal 1
Indian Gandhiyan Party Kerala 1 2
Uttar Pradesh
Indian Indira Congress (R) Rajasthan 1
Indian Labour Party (Ambedkar Phule) Andhra Pradesh 1 4
Karnataka 3
Ilantamilar Munnani Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 1
Indian New Congress Party Karnataka 4
Independent People’S Party Jammu & Kashmir 1
Indian National League Uttar Pradesh 2
India Praja Bandhu Party Andhra Pradesh 4 11
Chhattisgarh 1
Telangana 6
Indigenousn People'S Front Of Tripura Tripura 2
Indian Peoples Green Party Rajasthan 2
Indian Rakshaka Nayakudu Party Telangana 1
Indian Unity Centre West Bengal 2
Inqalab Vikas Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Jan Adesh Akshuni Sena Uttar Pradesh 1
Jan Adhikar Party Bihar 6 19
Madhya Pradesh 3
Maharashtra 7
Uttar Pradesh 3
Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik) Bihar 1
Jharkhand Anushilan Party West Bengal 1
Janta Dal Rashtravadi Bihar 3
Jamat-E-Seratul Mustakim West Bengal 2
Jago Hindustan Party Bihar 3
Jharkhand Party (Secular) Jharkhand 1
Janhit Bharat Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Jharkhand Party Jharkhand 4
Jai Hind Party Bihar 1
Jai Hind Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party Haryana 1 4
Punjab 3
Jannayak Janta Party Haryana 7
Janhit Kisan Party Bihar 2 8
Uttar Pradesh 6
Jammu & Kashmir Pir Panjal Awami Party Jammu & Kashmir 1
Jai Lok Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Jai Maha Bharath Party Maharashtra 1 3
NCT OF Delhi 1
Sikkim 1
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan) 1
Janata Congress Jharkhand 2 7
Madhya Pradesh 3
Maharashtra 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Jana Jagruti Party Andhra Pradesh 7
Janata Party Bihar 4
Jharkhand Party (Naren) Jharkhand 1 2
West Bengal 1
Janvadi Party(Socialist) Bihar 1 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Janapaalana Party (Democratic) Andhra Pradesh 1
Jai Prakash Janata Dal Bihar 5 11
Jharkhand 2
NCT OF Delhi 2
Odisha 2
Jharkhand People's Party Jharkhand 4
Jharkhand People's Party 1
Janta Raj Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Janral Samaj Party Chandigarh 1 5
Punjab 4
Janta Raj Vikas Party Bihar 1
Jan Shakti Dal Uttar Pradesh 2
Jansatta Dal Loktantrik Uttar Pradesh 2
Jan Shakti Ekta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Jan Samman Party Madhya Pradesh 1 3
NCT OF Delhi 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Jan Sangh Party West Bengal 1
Janasena Party Andhra Pradesh 17 24
Telangana 7
Jan Satya Path Party Gujarat 4
Jai Swaraj Party Telangana 1
Jan Seva Sahayak Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Jansatta Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Jan Sangharsh Virat Party Gujarat 2 5
Jharkhand 1
Rajasthan 1
West Bengal 1
Janta Kranti Party (Rashtravadi) Uttar Pradesh 2
Justice Party 1
Jai Vijaya Bharathi Party Karnataka 1
Jantantrik Vikas Party Bihar 3
Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) Jharkhand 2
Jwala Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party Bihar 1
Jammu & Kashmir 5
NCT OF Delhi 1
Tamil Nadu 1
Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party + Jammu & Kashmir 2
Jammu & Kashmir People Conference Jammu & Kashmir 3
Kamatapur People’S Party (United) West Bengal 6
Kerala Congress Kerala 1
Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha Karnataka 1
Kisan Raj Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Kisan Raksha Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Karnataka Jantha Paksha Karnataka 2
Karnataka Karmikara Paksha Karnataka 4
Kalinga Sena Jharkhand 1 5
Odisha 4
Kisan Majdoor Berojgar Sangh Uttar Pradesh 1
Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Party Uttar Pradesh 4
Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party Karnataka 1
Kisan Party Of India Madhya Pradesh 2
Karnataka Praja Party (Raithaparva) Karnataka 2
Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena Karnataka 1 5
Maharashtra 4
Kartavya Rashtriya Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Krupaa Party Odisha 3
Kanshiram Bahujan Dal NCT OF Delhi 1 5
Uttar Pradesh 4
Khusro Sena Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Kalyankari Jantantrik Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Lok Chetna Dal Bihar 1
Lok Gathbandhan Party Gujarat 1 7
Uttar Pradesh 6
Lok Insaaf Party Punjab 3
Lok Jan Sangharsh Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Loktantrik Jan Swaraj Party Bihar 1
Lok Jan Vikas Morcha Bihar 2
Lok Dal Uttar Pradesh 5
Lokjagar Party Maharashtra 1
Loktantrik Janshakti Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Lokpriya Samaj Party Haryana 1
Loktanter Suraksha Party Haryana 2
Loktantrik Rashrtavadi Party Gujarat 1
Lok Sewa Dal Bihar 1
Loksangram Maharashtra 1
Maharashtra Swabhimaan Paksh Maharashtra 2
Makkal Sananayaga Kudiyarasu Katchi Tamil Nadu 1
Manipur People’S Party Manipur 1
Moulik Adhikar Party Bihar 1 13
Uttar Pradesh 12
Mera Adhikaar Rashtriya Dal Uttar Pradesh 2
Marxist Communist Party Of India (United) Andhra Pradesh 1 6
Kerala 1
Rajasthan 1
Telangana 3
Mazdoor Dalit Kisaan Mahila Gareeb Party (Hindustani) Uttar Pradesh 1
Minorities Democratic Party Madhya Pradesh 2 3
Uttar Pradesh 1
Manipur Democratic Peoples's Front Manipur 1
Mundadugu Praja Party Andhra Pradesh 4
Mahamukti Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Mahasankalp Janta Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Makkalatchi Katchi Tamil Nadu 2
Manav Kranti Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Maharashtra Kranti Sena Maharashtra 2
Majdoor Kisan Union Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Mazdoor Kirayedar Vikas Party NCT OF Delhi 5
Marxist Leninist Party Of India (Red Flag) Karnataka 1 3
Maharashtra 2
Mithilanchal Mukti Morcha Bihar 1
Makkal Needhi Maiam Puducherry 1 38
Tamil Nadu 37
Manvadhikar National Party Gujarat 2 4
Jammu & Kashmir 2
Manavtawadi Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Madhya Pradesh Jan Vikas Party Madhya Pradesh 3
Mulnibasi Party of India West Bengal 2
Moolniwasi Samaj Party Bihar 2 3
Jharkhand 1
Maanavvaadi Janta Party Bihar 2
Manuvadi Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Mahila & Yuva Shakti Party Haryana 1
New All India Congress Party Gujarat 2
National Apni Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Nationalist People'S Front Rajasthan 1
Nirbhay Bharteey Party Gujarat 1
National Bhrashtachar Mukt Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Navsarjan Bharat Party Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1
National Dalitha Dhal Party Andhra Pradesh 1
National Development Party Karnataka 1
New Democratic Party of India West Bengal 3
Navbharat Ekta Dal Himachal Pradesh 1
North East India Development Party Manipur 2
Nagrik Ekta Party Uttar Pradesh 4
National Fifty Fifty Front Uttar Pradesh 1
Naam Indiar Party Tamil Nadu 2
Nationalist Janshakti Party Uttar Pradesh 2
National Jagaran Party Bihar 1
National Labour Party Kerala 1
National Lokmat Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Nationalist Justice Party Punjab 4
National Nava Kranthi Party Andhra Pradesh 1
Navbharat Nirman Party Maharashtra 1
Nava Praja Rajyam Party Telangana 1
National Republican Congress Assam 2
The National Road Map Party Of India Assam 1 2
NCT OF Delhi 1
Nava Samaj Party Andhra Pradesh 1
Netaji Subhash Chander Bose Rashtriya Azad Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Naam Tamilar Katchi Puducherry 1 38
Tamil Nadu 37
Naitik Party Maharashtra 2 6
Uttar Pradesh 4
Navarang Congress Party Andhra Pradesh 3 5
Jammu & Kashmir 2
Navodayam Party Andhra Pradesh 2
Navnirman Party Haryana 1
Navataram Party Andhra Pradesh 1
New India Party Telangana 2
National Women'S Party Madhya Pradesh 1 3
Telangana 1
Nawan Punjab Party Punjab 1
National Youth Party NCT OF Delhi 2
Odisha Pragati Dal Odisha 1
Proutist Bloc, India Bihar 1 9
Karnataka 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 1
NCT OF Delhi 3
Odisha 1
PC 3
Peace Party Maharashtra 3 14
Uttar Pradesh 11
Puducherry Development Party Puducherry 1
Peoples Democratic Party Jammu & Kashmir 1 5
Kerala 2
Party For Democratic Socialism West Bengal 5
People's Party Of India(secular) Tamil Nadu 2 3
People’S Union Party Maharashtra 1
Punjab Ekta Party Punjab 3 3
Pichhra Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Prajatantra Aadhar Party Gujarat 1
Prem Janata Dal Telangana 1
Prahar Janshakti Party Maharashtra 1
Purvanchal Janta Party (Secular) Assam 6 14
Jharkhand 1
Karnataka 1
Odisha 1
Tamil Nadu 2
West Bengal 3
Pragatisheel Lok Manch Uttarakhand 1
Punjab Labour Party Punjab 1
Public Mission Party Bihar 2
Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 3
Pravasi Nivasi Party Kerala 1
Peoples Party Of India (Democratic) Bihar 9 56
Chhattisgarh 1
Gujarat 2
Haryana 6
Himachal Pradesh 1
Jharkhand 4
Madhya Pradesh 7
Maharashtra 6
NCT OF Delhi 5
Punjab 2
Rajasthan 2
Uttar Pradesh 8
Uttarakhand 1
People'S Party Of Arunachal Arunachal Pradesh 2
Pyramid Party Of India Andhra Pradesh 20 48
Gujarat 2
Karnataka 6
NCT OF Delhi 5
Punjab 1
Tamil Nadu 2
Telangana 11
West Bengal 1
Prajatantrik Samadhan Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress Madhya Pradesh 1 2
Rajasthan 1
Peoples Representation For Identity And Status Of Mizoram (Prism) Party Mizoram 1 6
NCT OF Delhi 5
Prithviraj Janshakti Party Uttar Pradesh 3
Prabuddha Republican Party Maharashtra 4 5
Rajasthan 1
Praja Shanthi Party Andhra Pradesh 4
Praja Satta Party Karnataka 1 2
Telangana 1
Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia) Bihar 8 82
Haryana 8
Jammu & Kashmir 1
Karnataka 2
Madhya Pradesh 9
Maharashtra 1
Odisha 2
Rajasthan 1
Tamil Nadu 2
Uttar Pradesh 47
Uttarakhand 1
Pichhara Samaj Party United Jharkhand 1 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Proutist Sarva Samaj Bihar 1 7
Jharkhand 2
Karnataka 1
Rajasthan 2
Uttar Pradesh
Pragatisheel Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 3
Prajaa Swaraaj Party Telangana 1
Purvanchal Mahapanchayat Bihar 2 3
Uttar Pradesh 1
Parivartan Samaj Party Madhya Pradesh 1 3
NCT OF Delhi 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Ambedkar Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Radical Democrats Andhra Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Aadarsh Member Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Raita Bharat Party Karnataka 1
Rajnaitik Vikalp Party Bihar 1
Rashtriya Ahinsa Manch West Bengal 1
Rashtriya Aamjan Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Rajyadhikara Party Andhra Pradesh 1
Rashtrawadi Party of India, Uttar Pradesh 2
Rashtriya Indepndent Morcha Odisha 1
Rashtriya Janasachetan Party (R.J.P.) West Bengal 5
Rashtriya Jansanchar Dal 1
Rashtriya Janta Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Janwadi Party (Socialist) Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Mahan Gantantra Party Bihar 3
Rashtriya Mahila Party 1
Rashtriya Matadata Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Naujawan Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Sahara Party Haryana 1 3
Punjab 2
Rastriya Aam Jan Seva Party Maharashtra 1
Rastriya Insaaf Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Vikas Party Haryana 1
Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi Andhra Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party Maharashtra 1
Rashtriya Bhagidari Samaj Party Haryana 1
Rashtriya Bharatiya Jan Jan Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Rashtriya Backward Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Republican Bahujan Sena Maharashtra 1
Rashtriya Dal United Bihar 1
Real Democracy Party Gujarat 1
Rashtriya Garib Dal Haryana 1 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Gondvana Party Chhattisgarh 1
Rashtriya Jansena Party Maharashtra 1
Rashtriya Hind Sena Bihar 6
Rashtriya Jansabha Party Chhattisgarh 7
Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party NCT OF Delhi 1 2
West Bengal 1
Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party (United) Uttar Pradesh 2
Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party West Bengal 6
Rashtriya Jatigat Aarakshan Virodhi Party Haryana 1
Rashtriya Jantantrik Bharat Vikas Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Jan Gaurav Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Janhit Sangharsh Party Manipur 1
Rashtriya Jankranti Party Chandigarh 1 3
Jammu & Kashmir 1
Telangana 1
Rashtriya Janmat Party Uttar Pradesh 1 2
Rashtriya Jansurajya Party Maharashtra 2
Rashtriya Janshakti Party (Secular) Maharashtra 2 7
Punjab 1
Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party Bihar 7 13
Karnataka 1
Maharashtra 2
NCT OF Delhi 1
Rajasthan 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Jansangharsh Swaraj Party Jharkhand 2
Rashtriya Janutthan Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtravadi Kranti Dal Maharashtra 1
Rashtriya Kranti Party Rajasthan 1 5
Uttar Pradesh 4
Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party Andhra Pradesh 1 4
Madhya Pradesh 1
Rajasthan 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Lok Sarvadhikar Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Lok Dal Uttar Pradesh 3
Rashtriya Lokswaraj Party Chandigarh 1 8
Haryana 6
Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party Haryana 1 3
Uttar Pradesh 2
Rashtriya Mangalam Party Rajasthan 1
Rashtriya Maratha Party Maharashtra 5
Revolutionary Marxist Party of India Haryana 1 2
Rashtra Nirman Party Haryana 1 5
Madhya Pradesh 1
NCT OF Delhi 3
Rashtriya Nav Nirman Bharat Party Gujarat 1
Republican Paksha (Khoripa) Chhattisgarh 1
Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular) Andhra Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Pragati Party Bihar 1
Republican Party Of India Bihar 1 8
Haryana 1
Karnataka 1
Tamil Nadu 1
Telangana 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Republican Party Of India (Kamble) Gao 1
Republican Party Of India (A) Andhra Pradesh 5 33
Assam 3
Bihar 2
Chandigarh 3
Haryana 1
Jharkhand 2
Karnataka 3
Madhya Pradesh 4
NCT OF Delhi 5
Punjab 1
Tamil Nadu 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
West Bengal 1
Republican Party Of India (KHOBRAGADE) Andhra Pradesh 1 2
Telangana 1
Republican Party of India (Reformist) Madhya Pradesh 1 2
Republican Party Of India (Karnataka) Karnataka 4
Republican Party of India Ektavadi Haryana 1
Rashtriya Power Party Gujarat 2 3
Rajasthan 1
Republican Sena Karnataka 4
Rashtriya Rashtrawadi Party Bihar 1 7
Haryana 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
NCT OF Delhi 3
Rajasthan 1
Rashtriya Apna Dal Madhya Pradesh 1 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtrawadi Shramjeevi Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Sangail Party Jharkhand 1
Rashtriya Sahyog Party Bihar 1
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha Gujarat 1 12
Karnataka 2
Kerala 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
Punjab 1
Uttar Pradesh 6
Rashtriya Samanta Dal Uttar Pradesh 2
Rashtriya Samrasta Party NCT OF Delhi 3
Rashtriya Samta Party (Secular) Bihar 4 5
Jharkhand 1
Rashtravadi Party (Bharat) Uttar Pradesh 1
Revolutionary Socialist Party Of India(Marxist) 1
Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular) Gujarat 1 2
Maharashtra 1
Rashtra Sewa Dal Bihar 1
Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party Madhya Pradesh 2 7
Uttar Pradesh 5
Rashtriya Samta Vikas Party Rajasthan 1
Rashtriya Sarvjan Vikas Party Bihar 2
Rashtriya Azad Manch Himachal Pradesh 2
Rashtriya Janvikas Party (Democratic) Bihar 1
Right To Recall Party Gujarat 4 14
Jharkhand 1
Karnataka 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 1
NCT OF Delhi 2
Rajasthan 3
Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Ulama Council Bihar 1 10
Maharashtra 4
Uttar Pradesh 5
Rashtravadi Janata Party Bihar 2 4
West Bengal 2
Rashtriya Viklang Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Vyapari Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtra Vikas Zumbes Party Gujarat 1
Rashtrawadi Chetna Party 1
Sathi Aur Aapka Faisala Party Bihar 2
Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)(Simranjit Singh Mann) Punjab 2
Samaj Adhikar Kalyan Party Chandigarh 1 6
Punjab 5
Samajwadi Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Sabse Achchhi Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Sarvshreshth Dal Uttar Pradesh 1
Saman Aadmi Saman Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Sabka Dal United Uttar Pradesh 3
Swatantra Bharat Paksha Maharashtra 3
Sabhi Jan Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Samaj Bhalai Morcha 1
Swarna Bharat Party Assam 1 3
Maharashtra 1
Rajasthan 1
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party Bihar 5 24
Uttar Pradesh 19
Socialist Party (India) Madhya Pradesh 1 3
Punjab 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali) Punjab 1
Secular Democratic Congress Karnataka 1 4
Kerala 2
Telangana 1
Social Democratic Party Of India Andhra Pradesh 1 14
Karnataka 1
Kerala 10
Tamil Nadu 1
West Bengal 1
Samajwadi Forward Bloc Andhra Pradesh 1 11
Karnataka 1
Kerala 1
Maharashtra 1
Tamil Nadu 1
Telangana 6
Saaf Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Sangharsh Sena Maharashtra 1
Shane Hind Fourm Uttar Pradesh 1
Shiromani Akali Dal(Taksali) 1
Shri Janta Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Smart Indians Party Madhya Pradesh 4
Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic Bihar 1
Samajwadi Jan Parishad West Bengal 1
Swatantra Jantaraj Party Madhya Pradesh 1 9
Uttar Pradesh 8
Samajwadi Janata Party(Karnataka) Karnataka 1
Social Justice Party Of India Telangana 3
Sajag Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Sanjhi Virasat Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Sankhyanupati Bhagidari Party Bihar 2
Samata Kranti Dal Odisha 1
Satya Kranti Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Shiromani Lok Dal Party 1
Sarvjan Lok Shakti Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Samrat Ashok Sena Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Samajik Nyaya Party Haryana 2
Samta Vikas Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Socialist Janata Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Swaraj Party (Loktantrik) Bihar 2
Sapaks Party Bihar 1 12
Haryana 1
Madhya Pradesh 10
Samajtantric Party Of India West Bengal 1
Samaanya Praja Party Andhra Pradesh 1
Sarvadharam Party (MADHYA PRADESH) Chhattisgarh 1 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Sanman Rajkiya Paksha Maharashtra 1
Sikkim Republican Party Sikkim 1
Sarvodaya Prabhat Party NCT OF Delhi 1
Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh) Chhattisgarh 1
Shoshit Samaj Dal Bihar 7
Samata Samadhan Party Madhya Pradesh 1
Samdarshi Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Sanatan Sanskriti Raksha Dal Madhya Pradesh 1 7
Maharashtra 2
NCT OF Delhi 3
Uttar Pradesh 1
Satya Bahumat Party Himachal Pradesh 1 7
NCT OF Delhi 3
Rajasthan 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
Subhashwadi Bhartiya Samajwadi Party (Subhas Party) Uttar Pradesh 3
Socialist Unity Centre Of India (COMMUNIST) Andhra Pradesh 2 114
Assam 6
Bihar 8
Chhattisgarh 2
Gujarat 2
Haryana 4
Jharkhand 5
Karnataka 7
Kerala 9
Madhya Pradesh 3
Maharashtra 1
NCT OF Delhi 1
Odisha 8
Puducherry 1
Punjab 1
Rajasthan 1
Tamil Nadu 4
Telangana 2
Tripura 1
Uttar Pradesh 3
Uttarakhand 1
West Bengal 42
Sikkim United Front (SUF) Sikkim 1
Sunder Samaj Party Chhattisgarh 1
Samagra Utthan Party Bihar 1 7
Madhya Pradesh 5
Uttar Pradesh 1
Svatantra Bharat Satyagrah Party Gujarat 2
Sarvodaya Bharat Party Chhattisgarh 1 8
Gujarat 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
Maharashtra 2
Uttar Pradesh 3
Sarva Janata Party Karnataka 3
Sarv Vikas Party Uttarakhand 1
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party Gujarat 4
Sarvjan Sewa Party Chandigarh 1 2
Punjab 1
Swarnim Bharat Inquilab Madhya Pradesh 1
Swabhiman Party Chhattisgarh 1 3
Himachal Pradesh 2
Swatantra Samaj Party Bihar 1
Sanyukt Vikas Party Bihar 1 6
Gujarat 3
NCT OF Delhi 1
Uttar Pradesh 1
Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi Tamil Nadu 16
Telangana Communist Party Of India Telangana 1
The Future India Party Tamil Nadu 1
Telangana Jana Samithi Telangana 2
Tamil Maanila Congress (MOOPANAR) Tamil Nadu 1
Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi Tamil Nadu 1
Tola Party Haryana 1
Telangana Prajala Party Telangana 1
Telangana Sakalajanula Party Telangana 1
Tamil Telugu National Party Tamil Nadu 1
Telangana Yuva Shakti Telangana 1
Tripura Peoples Party Tripura 1
Universal Brotherhood Movement Tamil Nadu 1
United Democratic Front Secular Uttar Pradesh 1
United Democratic Party Meghalaya 1
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal Uttarakhand 4
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Democratic) Uttarakhand 4
Uttarakhand Parivartan Party Uttarakhand 1
Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy Tamil Nadu 6
United People’S Party, Liberal Assam 2
Uttarakhand Pragatisheel Party NCT OF Delhi 1 2
Uttarakhand 1
Uttar Pradesh Navnirman Sena Jharkhand 1
Uttama Prajaakeeya Party Karnataka 27
United States Of India Party Tamil Nadu 1
Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi Maharashtra 46
Vikassheel Insaan Party Bihar 4
Vishwa Jana Party Andhra Pradesh 2
Vishwa Manav Samaj Kalyan Parishad Uttar Pradesh 1
Vikas Insaf Party Uttar Pradesh 2
Vivasayigal Makkal Munnetra Katchi Tamil Nadu 1
Voters Party International Assam 7 20
Bihar 6
Jharkhand 1
NCT OF Delhi 1
Uttar Pradesh 5
Vyavastha Parivartan Party Gujarat 4
Vanchitsamaj Insaaf Party Uttar Pradesh 3
Vishva Shakti Party Jharkhand 2 3
Madhya Pradesh 1
Vanchit Samaj Party Bihar 4
Voters Party Haryana 2
Wazib Adhikar Party Bihar 1
Welfare Party Of India West Bengal 2
Yuva Jan Jagriti Party Gujarat 6
Yuva Krantikari Party Bihar 4
Yekikrutha Sankshema Rashtriya Praja Party Telangana 1
Yuva Sarkar Gujarat 2
Yuva Vikas Party Uttar Pradesh 1

Voter statistics

According to the ECI, 900 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 84.3 million voters since the last election in 2014,[129][130] making it the largest-ever election in the world.[131] 15 million voters aged 18–19 years became eligible to vote for the first time.[132][133] 468 million eligible voters were males, 432 million were females and 38325 identified themselves belonging to third gender. Total 71,735 overseas voters also enrolled.

The residents of the former enclaves exchanged under the 2015 India-Bangladesh boundary agreement voted for the first time.[134]

Electronic voting machines and security

The ECI deployed a total of 1.74 million voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) units and 3.96 million electronic voting machines (EVM) in 1,035,918 polling stations.[135][136][137][138] Approximately 270,000 paramilitary and 2 million state police personnel provided organisational support and security at various polling booths.[139] On 9 April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which meant that the ECI had to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it could certify the final election results.[140][141][142]

Voting

In the first phase, 69.58 per cent of the 142 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect their representatives for 91 Lok Sabha seats.[143] The voter turnout was 68.77 per cent in the same constituencies in the 2014 general elections.[143] In the second phase, 156 million voters were eligible to vote for 95 Lok Sabha seats and the turnout was 69.45 per cent, compared to 69.62 per cent in 2014.[143] For the third phase, 189 million voters were eligible to elect 116 Lok Sabha representatives.[143] According to ECI, the turnout for this phase was 68.40 per cent, compared to 67.15 per cent in 2014.[143] In the fourth of seven phases, 65.50 per cent of the 128 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect 72 representatives to the Indian parliament while the turnout for the same seats in the 2014 election was 63.05 per cent.[143] The fifth phase was open to 87.5 million eligible voters, who could cast their vote in over 96,000 polling booths.[144] In the sixth phase, 64.40 per cent of the 101 million eligible voters cast their vote in about 113,000 polling stations.[145]

The final turnout stood at 67.11 per cent, the highest ever turnout recorded in any of the general elections till date. The percentage is 1.16 per cent higher than the 2014 elections whose turnout stood at 65.95 per cent.[146] Over 600 million voters polled their votes in 2019 Indian General elections.

State/UT Total Voter turnout by phase[143][note 7]
Phase 1

11 April

 Phase 2

18 April

 Phase 3

23 April

 Phase 4

29 April

 Phase 5

6 May

 Phase 6

12 May

 Phase 7

19 May

Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%) Seats Turnout (%)
Andhra Pradesh 25 79.70 25 79.70  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Arunachal Pradesh 2 78.47 2 78.47  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Assam 14 81.52 5 78.27 5 81.19 4 85.11  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Bihar 40 57.33 4 53.44 5 62.92 5 61.21 5 59.18 5 57.08 8 58.48 8 51.38
Chhattisgarh 11 71.48 1 66.04 3 74.95 7 70.73  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Goa 2 74.94  –  –  –  – 2 74.94  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Gujarat 26 64.11  –  –  –  – 26 64.11  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Haryana 10 70.34  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  – 10 70.34  –  –
Himachal Pradesh 4 70.22  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  – 4 70.22
Jammu and Kashmir[note 8] 6 44.97 2 57.38 2 45.66 ​1⁄3 13.68 ​1⁄3 10.32 1​1⁄3 19.92  –  –  –  –
Jharkhand 14 66.80  –  –  –  –  –  – 3 64.97 4 65.99 4 65.42 3 55.59
Karnataka 28 68.63  –  – 14 68.80 14 68.47  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Kerala 20 77.67  –  –  –  – 20 77.67  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Madhya Pradesh 29 71.10  –  –  –  –  –  – 6 74.90 7 69.14 8 65.24 8 75.64
Maharashtra 48 60.79 7 63.04 10 62.85 14 62.36 17 57.33  –  –  –  –  –  –
Manipur 2 82.75 1 84.20 1 81.24  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Meghalaya 2 71.43 2 71.43  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Mizoram 1 63.12 1 63.12  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Nagaland 1 83.09 1 83.09  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Odisha 21 73.06 4 73.82 5 72.56 6 71.62 6 74.38  –  –  –  –  –  –
Punjab 13 65.96  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  – 13 65.96
Rajasthan 25 66.34  –  –  –  –  –  – 13 68.17 12 63.71  –  –  –  –
Sikkim 1 78.81 1 78.81  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Tamil Nadu[note 9] 38 72.02  –  – 38 72.02  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Telangana 17 62.71 17 62.71  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Tripura 2 83.20 1 83.21  –  – 1 83.19  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Uttar Pradesh 80 59.21 8 63.92 8 62.46 10 61.42 13 59.11 14 58.00 14 54.44 13 47.82
Uttarakhand 5 61.48 5 61.48  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
West Bengal 42 81.76 2 83.80 3 81.72 5 81.97 8 82.84 7 80.09 8 84.50 9 78.73
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 65.08 1 65.08  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Chandigarh 1 70.62  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  – 1 70.62
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 79.59  –  –  –  – 1 79.59  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Daman and Diu 1 71.83  –  –  –  – 1 71.83  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Delhi 7 60.51  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  – 7 60.51  –  –
Lakshadweep 1 84.96 1 84.96  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Puducherry 1 81.21  –  – 1 81.21  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –
Total 542 67.11 91 69.58 95 69.45 116​1⁄3 68.40 71​1⁄3 65.50 50​1⁄3 64.16 59 64.40 59 61.71

    Turnout

    State/UT-wise voter turnout details
    State/UT Total electors Total voters Total turnout Total seats
    Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT)318,471207,39865.12%1
    Andhra Pradesh39,405,96731,674,52680.38%25
    Arunachal Pradesh803,563659,76682.11%2
    Assam22,050,05917,992,75381.60%14
    Bihar71,216,29040,830,45357.33%40
    Chandigarh (UT)646,729456,63770.61%1
    Chhattisgarh19,016,46213,622,62571.64%11
    Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT)250,029198,98479.58%1
    Daman & Diu (UT)121,74087,47371.85%1
    Goa1,136,113853,72475.14%2
    Gujarat45,152,37329,128,36464.51%26
    Haryana18,057,01012,701,02970.34%10
    Himachal Pradesh5,330,1543,859,94072.42%4
    Jammu & Kashmir7,922,5383,562,74444.97%6
    Jharkhand22,404,85614,966,78166.80%14
    Karnataka51,094,53035,159,44868.81%28
    Kerala26,204,83620,397,16877.84%20
    Lakshadweep (UT)55,18947,02685.21%1
    Madhya Pradesh51,867,47436,928,34271.20%29
    Maharashtra88,676,94654,111,03861.02%48
    Manipur1,959,5631,620,45182.69%2
    Meghalaya1,914,7961,367,75971.43%2
    Mizoram792,464500,34763.14%1
    Nagaland1,213,7771,007,43783.00%1
    NCT OF Delhi14,327,6498,682,36660.60%7
    Odisha32,497,76223,817,16973.29%21
    Puducherry (UT)973,410790,89581.25%1
    Punjab20,892,67313,777,29565.94%13
    Rajasthan48,95,581332,47,648166.34%25
    Sikkim434,128353,41581.41%1
    Tamil Nadu59,941,83243,419,75372.44%39
    Telangana29,708,61518,646,85662.77%17
    Tripura2,614,7182,154,55082.40%2
    Uttar Pradesh146,134,60386,531,97259.21%80
    Uttarakhand7,856,3184,861,41561.88%5
    West Bengal70,001,28457,230,01881.76%42
    India911,950,734614,684,39867.40%543

    Surveys and polls
    This section is an excerpt from Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election[edit]
    Number of seats projected in opinion polls per alliance over time.

    Various organisations have carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in India. Results of such polls are displayed in this list. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held in April and May 2014, to the present day. The ECI banned the release of exit polls from 11 April to 19 May, the last phase of the elections.[147] The commission also banned the publication or broadcast in the media of predictions made by astrologers and tarot card readers.[148]

    Poll type Date published Polling agency Others Majority Ref
    NDA UPA
    Exit polls India Today-Axis 352 ± 13 93 ± 15 82 ± 13 70 ± 13 [149]
    News24-Today's Chanakya 350 ± 14 95 ± 9 97 ± 11 68 ± 14 [150]
    News18-IPSOS
    CNN-IBN-IPSOS    		 336 82 124 64 [151][152]
    VDP Associates 333 115 94 61 [153]
    Sudarshan News 313 121 109 41 [154]
    Times Now-VMR 306 ± 3 132 ± 3 104 ± 3 34 ± 3 [155]
    Republic-Jan Ki Baat 305 124 113 33 [156]
    Suvarna News 305 124 102 33 [154]
    India TV-CNX 300 ± 10 120 ± 5 122 ± 6 28 ± 10 [157]
    India News-Polstrat 287 128 127 15 [158]
    Republic-CVoter 287 128 127 15 [152]
    News Nation 286 122 134 14 [159]
    ABP-CSDS 277 130 135 5 [149]
    NewsX-Neta 242 164 137 Hung [152]
    Opinion polls 8 April 2019 Times Now-VMR 279 149 115 7 [160]
    6 April 2019 India TV-CNX 275 126 142 3 [161]
    1 Feb – 4 April 2019 Jan Ki Baat 310 122 111 38 [162]
    Mar 2019 Times Now-VMR 283 135 125 11 [163]
    Mar 2019 News Nation 270 134 139 Hung [164]
    Mar 2019 Republic-CVoter 264 141 138 Hung [165]
    Mar 2019 India TV-CNX 285 126 132 13 [166]
    Mar 2019 Zee 24 Taas 264 165 114 Hung [167]
    Feb 2019 VDP Associates 242 148 153 Hung [168]
    Jan 2019 Times Now-VMR 252 147 144 Hung [169]
    Jan 2019 ABP News-CVoter 233 167 143 Hung [170]
    Jan 2019 India Today-Karvy 237 166 140 Hung [171]
    Jan 2019 VDP Associates 225 167 150 Hung [172]
    Dec 2018 India Today 257 146 140 Hung [173]
    Dec 2018 ABP News-CVoter 247 171 125 Hung [174]
    Dec 2018 India TV-CNX 281 124 138 9 [175]
    Nov 2018 ABP News-CVoter 261 119 163 Hung [176]
    Oct 2018 ABP News 276 112 155 4 [177]
    Aug 2018 India Today-Karvy 281 122 140 9 [178]
    May 2018 ABP News-CSDS 274 164 105 2 [179]
    Jan 2018 Republic-CVoter 335 89 119 63 [180]
    Jan 2018 India Today 309 102 132 37 [181]

    Results
    For a more comprehensive list, see Results of the 2019 Indian general election, List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha, and 17th Lok Sabha.
    This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2019 Indian general election[edit]
    Results map for the election, including minor parties
    353 91 98
    NDA UPA Others


    Seat share of parties in the election

      BJP (55.80%)
      INC (9.57%)
      DMK (4.41%)
      AITC (4.05%)
      YSRCP (4.05%)
      SS (3.31%)
      JD(U) (2.95%)
      BJD (2.21%)
      BSP (1.84%)
      TRS (1.66%)
      Other (10.15%)

    Vote share of parties in the election

      BJP (37.36%)
      INC (19.49%)
      AITC (4.07%)
      BSP (3.63%)
      SP (2.55%)
      YSRCP (2.53%)
      DMK (2.26%)
      SS (2.10%)
      TDP (2.04%)
      CPI(M) (1.75%)
      Other (22.22%)

    The Bharatiya Janata Party-led NDA won the elections with the BJP itself winning a clear majority. The BJP become the single largest party in the House and surpassed expectations to win 303 seats, with its alliance partners bringing the NDA to a total of 353 seats.[182] Reasons attributed to the victory included the personal popularity of Narendra Modi, effective voter turnout drives by the NDA, a surge in public nationalism following the Pulwama attack, the consolidation of Hindu voters in a multi-caste coalition and the successful implementation of social welfare programmes during the First Modi ministry's term.[183]

    The counting of votes was held on 23 May 2019, and was completed early the following day.[184] Initial returns showed the BJP leading in all 303 constituencies it eventually won, and opposition leader Rahul Gandhi conceded defeat prior to the official certification of most results.[185]

    With the results, the BJP was able to gain 21 seats in the House, having won 282 in the 2014 Indian general election.[186][187] It was the second time in India's independent history that voters re-elected the same party to power with a bigger majority to the Lok Sabha – India's lower house of parliament. The BJP's total vote share stood at 37.4 per cent, an increase of over 6 percentage points from 31.34 per cent in 2014. The National Democratic Alliance secured a vote share of 45 per cent, compared to 38 per cent in 2014. In contrast, the vote share of Indian National Congress remained the same at 19.5 per cent.[188][189] About 1.04 percent of the voters in India chose to vote for None Of The Above (NOTA) in the 2019 elections, with Bihar leading with 2.08 percent NOTA voters.[190]

    Modi was re-elected as the Prime Minister with the biggest gain in vote-share in history(+6.02%).[188] His opponent, Rahul Gandhi, ran in two constituencies, winning from Wayanad, but losing from the Amethi constituency – the seat he, his mother (Sonia Gandhi), his father (Rajiv Gandhi), and his uncle (Sanjay Gandhi) had collectively held for decades. In addition, many candidates who were members of popular political dynasties were defeated across India in favour of the BJP or other parties' candidates.[191][192][193]

    The election had been called a referendum on Modi and the BJP's Hindu nationalistic policies and advocacy.[194][195] According to The Wall Street Journal, Modi's victory "sets (sic) the stage for further economic change in one of Asia’s fastest-growing economies."[186] Alasdair Pal and Mayank Bhardwaj, in an article published by Reuters, claimed that the result was a mandate for business-friendly policies and tougher national security positions, reinforcing "a global trend of right-wing populists sweeping to victory, from the United States to Brazil and Italy, often after adopting harsh positions on protectionism, immigration and defence."[196]

    According to a data analysis by the Mint, "The ruling party’s victory has been broad-based, gaining seats in most parts of the country, and across the rural-urban divide, cementing its pole position in Indian politics." However according to this study conducted in about 140 constituencies, BJP seems more popular and successful in urban and metropolitan constituencies than rural and semi-urban constituencies. The BJP was favored in all income groups, states the Mint. The newspaper added, "In constituencies with high presence of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (SCs/STs), the BJP is more popular than other parties, but in constituencies with high presence of Muslims, it is less popular."[197]

    According to India Today, detailed accounts and reports suggest that the country's overall growth were not among top factors that helped Narendra Modi's party cruise to a landslide victory in the elections and that the government has been able to successfully implement schemes that directly affect the rural population.[198]

    Party/alliance Votes % Seats +/–
    National
    Democratic
    Alliance[187]    		 Bharatiya Janata Party 229,076,879 37.36 303 21
    Shiv Sena 12,858,904 2.10 18
    Janata Dal (United) 8,926,679 1.46 16 14
    All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7,830,146 1.28 1 36
    Shiromani Akali Dal 3,778,574 0.62 2 2
    Lok Janshakti Party 3,206,979 0.52 6
    Pattali Makkal Katchi 2,297,431 0.37 0 1
    Asom Gana Parishad 1,480,697 0.24 0
    Apna Dal (Sonelal) 1,039,478 0.17 2
    Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 929,590 0.15 0
    Independent (Sumalatha) 703,660 0.11 1 n/a
    Rashtriya Loktantrik Party 660,051 0.11 1 1
    All Jharkhand Students Union 648,277 0.11 1 1
    Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party 500,510 0.08 1 1
    Bodoland People's Front 446,774 0.07 0 n/a
    National People's Party 425,986 0.07 1
    Bharath Dharma Jana Sena 380,847 0.06 0 n/a
    All India N.R. Congress 247,956 0.04 0 1
    Mizo National Front 224,286 0.04 1 1
    Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) 220,849 0.04 0 n/a
    Kerala Congress 154,658 0.02 0 n/a
    Total 276,033,211 44.91 353 17
    United
    Progressive
    Alliance    [187]    		 Indian National Congress119,495,21419.4952 8
    Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[note 2]13,877,9922.2623 23
    Nationalist Congress Party[note 10]8,500,3311.395 1
    Janata Dal (Secular)3,457,1070.561 1
    Jharkhand Mukti Morcha1,901,9760.311 1
    Indian Union Muslim League1,592,4670.263 1
    Revolutionary Socialist Party709,6850.121
    Kerala Congress (M)421,0460.071
    Jammu & Kashmir National Conference280,3560.053 3
    Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi507,6430.081 1
    Total[note 2]150,743,81724.5991 31
    Mahagathbandhan Bahujan Samaj Party 22,246,501 3.63 10 10
    Samajwadi Party 15,647,206 2.55 5
    Jana Sena Party 1,915,127 0.31 0 n/a
    Rashtriya Lok Dal 1,447,363 0.24 0
    Lok Insaaf Party 469,784 0.08 0 n/a
    Punjab Ekta Party 296,620 0.05 0 n/a
    Gondwana Ganatantra Party 210,088 0.03 0
    Total 42,529,309 6.89 15 10
    Left FrontCommunist Party of India (Marxist)10,744,9081.753 6
    Communist Party of India3,576,1840.582 1
    Total14,321,0922.225 5
    All India Trinamool Congress24,929,3304.0722 14
    Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party15,537,0062.5322 13
    Telugu Desam Party12,515,3452.043 13
    Biju Janata Dal10,174,0211.6612 8
    Telangana Rashtra Samithi7,696,8481.269 2
    Rashtriya Janata Dal6,632,2471.080
    Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi3,743,5600.610
    Aam Aadmi Party2,716,6290.441 3
    Naam Tamilar Katchi1,668,0790.270
    Makkal Needhi Maiam1,613,7080.260
    Rashtriya Lok Samta Party1,462,5180.240
    All India United Democratic Front1,402,0880.231 2
    All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen1,201,5420.202 1
    Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)956,5010.160
    Swabhimani Paksha834,3800.140
    Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)750,7990.120
    Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)711,7150.120
    Vikassheel Insaan Party660,7060.110
    Jannayak Janta Party619,9700.100
    Bharatiya Tribal Party539,3190.090
    Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi491,5960.080
    United People's Party Liberal416,3050.070
    Bahujan Mukti Party405,9490.070
    Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)403,8350.070
    Ambedkarite Party of India381,0700.060
    Naga People's Front363,5270.061
    Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia)344,5460.060
    All India Forward Bloc322,5070.050
    Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party313,9250.050
    Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha281,5780.050
    United Democratic Party267,2560.040
    Indian National Lok Dal240,2580.040
    Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)203,3690.030
    Social Democratic Party of India169,6800.030
    Sikkim Krantikari Morcha166,9220.031 1
    596 other parties6,548,9471.070–
    Independents (No Alliance) 15,763,6812.583 0
    NOTA6,513,3551.06––
    Invalid/blank votes509,530–––
    Total613,656,298100542–
    Registered voters/turnout910,512,09167.40––
    Source: ECI (totals) ECI (votes), ECI, ECI, ECI (seats)

    Outgoing Cabinet Minister to lose in the election

    Outgoing Ministers of State to lose in the election

    Former Prime Minister to lose in the election

    Former Chief Ministers to lose in the election

    Aftermath

    Reactions

    National

    Indian National Congress party leaders such as Rahul Gandhi and others conceded defeat and congratulated Modi and his party.[185] Other opposition parties and political leaders such as Sharad Pawar,[204] Mamata Banerjee and Omar Abdullah,[205] congratulated PM Modi and BJP for their victory.

    On 20 November 2019 the Association for Democratic Reforms filed a petition with the Supreme Court of India over alleged ballot-counting discrepancies in the Lok Sabha voting and seeking a probe by the ECI.[206]

    International

    The leaders of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, China, Comoros, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, Nigeria, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe congratulated Narendra Modi and the BJP on their victory.[207]

    Government formation
    This section is an excerpt from Timeline of the 2019 Indian general election[edit]

    Swearing-in ceremony
    This section is an excerpt from Second swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi[edit]
    Narendra Modi, parliamentary leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, started his tenure after his swearing-in as the 16th Prime Minister of India on 30 May 2019. Several other ministers were also sworn in along with Modi. The ceremony was noted by media for being the first ever swearing-in of an Indian Prime Minister to have been attended by the heads of all BIMSTEC countries.

    Impact

    The benchmark BSE Sensex and Nifty50 indices hit intraday record highs and the Indian rupee strengthened after the exit polls and on the day the election results were announced.[209]

    Timeline
    This section is an excerpt from Timeline of the 2019 Indian general election § Electoral events[edit]

    Electoral timelines are as below:[210]

    March 2019

    • 10 March 2019: The Election Commission of India announced election scheduled to the 17th Lok Sabha.[210]
    • 18 March 2019: Issue of notification for the 1st poll day.[210]
    • 19 March 2019: Issue of notification for the 2nd poll day.[210]
    • 25 March 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 1st poll day.[210]
    • 26 March 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 2nd poll day.[210]
      • Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 1st poll day.[210]
    • 27 March 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 2nd poll day.[210]
    • 28 March 2019: Issue of notification for the 3rd poll day.[210]
      • Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 1st poll day.[210]
    • 29 March 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 2nd poll day.[210]

    April 2019

    • 2 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 4th poll day.[210]
    • 3 April 2019: Indian National Congress released their manifesto titled Congress Will Deliver.[212]
    • 4 April 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 3rd poll day.[210]
    • 5 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 3rd poll day.[210]
    • 8 April 2019: Bharatiya Janata Party released its manifesto titled Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat.[213][214]
      • Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 3rd poll day.[210]
    • 9 April 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 4th poll day.[210]
    • 10 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 5th poll day.[210]
      • Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 4th poll day.[210]
    • 11 April 2019: Polling held at 91 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 20 states for the first poll day.[210]
    • 12 April 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 4th poll day.[210]
    • 16 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 6th poll day.[210]
    • 18 April 2019: Polling held at 95 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 13 states for the second poll day.[210] (Vellore constituency election cancelled due to illegal cash deposit from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate.)
      • Last date for filing nominations for the 5th poll day.[210]
    • 20 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 5th poll day.[210]
    • 22 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 7th poll day.[210]
      • Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 5th poll day.[210]
    • 23 April 2019: Polling held at 117 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 14 states for the third poll day.[210]
      • Last date for filing nominations for the 6th poll day.[210]
    • 24 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 6th poll day.[210]
    • 26 April 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 6th poll day.[210]
    • 29 April 2019: Polling held at 71 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 9 states for the fourth poll day.[210]
      • Last date for filing nominations for the 7th poll day.[210]
    • 30 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 7th poll day.[210]

    May 2019

    • 2 May 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 7th poll day.[210]
    • 6 May 2019: Polling held for 51 parliamentary constituencies in more than 7 states for the fifth polling day.[210]
    • 12 May 2019: Polling held for 59 parliamentary constituencies in more than 7 states the sixth polling day.[210]
    • 19 May 2019: Polling held at 59 parliamentary constituencies in more than 8 states the seventh polling day.[210]
    • 23 May 2019: Counting of votes and declaration of results for all polling days.[210]
    gollark: TheJebForge: you can, technically, just *ignore* ROM, and TLCO out of CraftOS (ish).
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    gollark: Bullies MAY be subject to orbital laser strikes which we definitely have.

    See also

    Notes
    1. Two seats are reserved for Anglo-Indians and filled through Presidential nomination, while the poll in one constituency was cancelled.
    2. The DMK gained an additional seat after a by-election for the Vellore constituency.
    3. In 9 states and union territories of India – such as Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala and Uttarakhand – more women turned out to vote than men in 2019.[7]
    4. The unemployment data in India is not collected on a monthly or an annual basis, rather it is determined through a sample survey once every 5 years, with a few exceptions. The survey methodology is unlike those in major world economies, and sub-classifies unemployment into categories such as "usual status unemployment" and "current status unemployment" based on the answers given by the individuals interviewed. Its methodology and results have been questioned by various scholars.[46][47][48] The report and the refusal of the BJP government to release it has been criticised by economist Surjit Bhalla.[47] According to Bhalla, the survey methodology is flawed and its results absurd, because the sample survey-based report finds that India's overall population has declined since 2011–12 by 1.2 per cent (contrary to the Census data which states a 6.7 per cent increase). The report finds that India's percent urbanisation and urban workforce has declined since 2012, which is contrary to all other studies on Indian urbanisation trends, states Bhalla.[47] According to NSSO's report's data, "the Modi government has unleashed the most inclusive growth anywhere, and at any time in human history" – which is as unbelievable as the unemployment data it reports, states Bhalla.[47] The NSSO report suggests the inflation-adjusted employment income of casual workers has dramatically increased while those of the salaried wage-earners has fallen during the 5-years of BJP government.[47] The NSSO has also changed the sampling methodology in the latest round, state Bhalla and Avik Sarkar,[49] which is one of the likely sources of its flawed statistics and conclusions.[47]
    5. According to Chandra: in 2009 after the persistently dynastic Samajwadi party, the larger Biju Janata Dal ranked next, followed by the Congress party. In 2004 and 2014, Congress ranked second.[71]
    6. Stanley Kochanek in 1987 published about the "briefcase politics" tradition in Indian politics during the decades when the Congress party dominated Indian national politics.[116] Similarly, Rajeev Gowda and E Sridharan in 2012 have discussed the history of campaign financing laws in India and the role of black money in Indian elections.[117] Devesh Kapur and Milan Vaishnav discuss the rise of "briefcase" black money donations in India triggered by the 1969 campaign financing bans proposed and enacted by Indira Gandhi, and the campaign finance law reforms thereafter through 2017. They call the recent reforms as yielding "greater transparency than ever before, though limited".[118]
    7. / indicate change from the 2014 elections.
    8. Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.
    9. Tamil Nadu has 39 constituencies. Polling in Vellore was cancelled and later held on 5 August 2019.
    10. Contested the seat of Lakshadweep without pre-poll seat sharing

    References
    1. "EC may announce Lok Sabha election schedule in March first week: Sources – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
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