National and Nomadic Guard

The National and Nomadic Guard of Chad (Garde Nationale et Nomade du Tchad or GNNT) is one of five defence and security forces in Chad. (The others are the Army, the Gendarmerie, the Police and the Judicial Police.) Article 200 of the Constitution of 1996 states that the duties of the GNNT are the protection of politicians and government officials, guarding government buildings, the maintenance of order in rural areas, and guarding prisons and prisoners.[1]These responsibilities remain unchanged in the new Constitution of 2018 but are now in Article 195.[2]

Even though the Constitution adds, in Article 201, that the GNNT must "respect the liberties and rights of man"[1] when exercising its functions, the GNNT has been accused of perpetrating serious human rights violations, as reported by Amnesty International. Following the murder of a corporal of the GNNT, the suspect in the case was extrajudicially executed on November 17, 1996, by the GNNT.[3]

The GNNT is under the control of the Minister for Territorial Administration, unlike the Army and the Gendarmerie, which come under the responsibility of the Minister of Defence. From May 24, 2006 until June 12, 2019 the GNNT was commanded by Brigadier General Mahamat Saleh Brahim, cousin of the President Idriss Déby.[4][5] His replacement was General Tahir Ahmat Hissein.[6]

The GNNT was first known in the 1960s as the Territorial Guard, but was early renamed in the decade Nomad and National Guard, and carried out much the same duties it does today, that is providing security for officials, government buildings, and regional government posts.[7] Differently from today, the GNN was then dominated by Southerners, with only 250 Toubou. This also explains the resentment that brought in 1968 to the destruction of the GNN garrison of Aozou and the mutiny of the Toubou units, forming la Deuxième Armée of the FROLINAT. Notwithstanding this setback, President François Tombalbaye showed much more trust in the GNN than in the army; by 1971 by increased its effectives to at least 3,500 men, commanded by Camille Gourvenec, a French officer that was also the Director of Information Services (espionage).[8] Gourvenec's deputy was Pierre Galopin.

When the Chadian Civil War extended itself to the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti in 1968, the GNN found itself increasingly on the frontline against the insurgents. The final showdown between the insurgency and the Chadian Armed Forces came in 1977–78, when Goukouni Oueddei, leader of a FROLINAT faction, conquered all the government's strongholds in northern Chad, inflicting staggering losses to the armed forces; the GNN in particular lost heavily in early 1978 when Goukouni took Fada and the capital of the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Faya-Largeau. This practically brought an end to the GNN, until it was revived shortly before 1996 by the current President Idriss Déby.[9]

Notes
  1. "Constitution de la République du Tchad". 1996. Archived from the original on 2003-02-10.
  2. "Constitution of the Republic of Chad enacted 4 May 2018". Official Site of the Presidency of the Republic of Chad. Presidency of the Republic of Chad. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  3. "Chad - Hope betrayed" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-18. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
  4. "Deby réorganise son armée et prépare la guerre". Tchad Actuel. 2006.
  5. Tubiana, Jérôme and Debos, Marielle (2017). Deby's Chad (PDF). Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace. p. 14. Retrieved 17 July 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. "Synthèse du Mercredi, le 12 juin 2019". Site Officiel de la Présidence de la République du Tchad. Présidence de la République du Tchad. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  7. "A Country Study: Chad". Library of Congress Country Studies. 1990.
  8. Henderson, David H. (1984). "Conflict In Chad, 1975 To Present: A Central African Tragedy". Global Security.
  9. R. Buijtenhuijs (1981). "Guerre de Guérilla et Révolution en Afrique Noire: Les Leçons du Tchad" (PDF). Politique Africaine.
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