1929 Australian federal election
The 1929 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 12 October 1929. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives were up for election, but there was no Senate election. The election was caused by the defeat of the Stanley Bruce-Earle Page Government in the House of Representatives over the Maritime Industries Bill, Bruce having declared that the vote on the bill would constitute a vote of confidence in his government.
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All 75 seats in the Australian House of Representatives 38 seats were needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Popular vote by state with graphs indicating the number of seats won. As this is an IRV election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote by state but instead via results in each electorate. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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With senators having fixed six-year terms, the terms of those senators elected in 1926 were not due to expire until 1932. Under the Constitution of Australia, no election for their replacement could occur more than a year prior to their terms expiring, except in the case of a double dissolution. Since the constitutional conditions for a double dissolution did not exist, it was not possible to hold a half-Senate election in 1929. This was the first Commonwealth election for the House of Representatives alone.
In the election, the incumbent Nationalist-Country Coalition, led by Bruce and Page, was defeated in a landslide by the opposition Labor Party under James Scullin. Labor ended 13 years in opposition, having lost government two years after winning its last election victory in 1914.
Labor won what was then its largest-ever majority in the House, but held only a minority of Senate seats as a result of the House-only election. The Nationalists had been in power since 1917, and in Coalition with the Country Party since 1923.his was the first and only time the Nationalists would lose; as it turned out, it would be the last election that the Nationalists would contest.
It was the only federal election in Australia's history at which no sitting members retired. It also saw the defeat of Prime Minister Stanley Bruce in his own seat of Flinders; the first time that a serving prime minister had lost his own seat at an election. That would not occur again until 2007, when John Howard lost his seat.
Future Prime Minister Joseph Lyons entered parliament at this election.
Background
Conflict over industrial relations had dominated Stanley Bruce's government in 1929. Strikes and unrest in Newcastle and Hunter Region coalfields were the most widespread and severe, but disturbances within the waterfront, sugar, transport and timber industries were also ongoing. Throughout 1928 and 1929 economic conditions in Australia and internationally had been declining, whilst Australian debt had grown and revenues had shrunk. Facing major challenges, Bruce had embarked upon extensive negotiations throughout 1929 to tighten federal control over finance and industrial relations and to implement ameliorating policies in concert with the states. Instead, the Nationalist premiers met separately and demanded that Bruce return control of industrial arbitration to the individual states.[1]
In August these issues came to a head. On 14 August, a motion of no-confidence was moved by Labor in response to Bruce's decision earlier in the year to drop prosecution of mine-owner John Brown for his part in the coalmine lock-outs in the Hunter Valley. The motion was defeated, but Billy Hughes and Edward Mann crossed the floor on the motion. Bruce subsequently excluded them from participating in party meetings. Bruce then introduced the Maritime Industries Bill, which would abolish the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration and make arbitration the exclusive domain of the states. In concert, Earle Page brought down his seventh and most stringent budget, which introduced new taxes and spending cuts in an attempt to fight the ballooning deficit. Both moves were highly controversial.[2]
Hughes and Mann joined the opposition in denouncing the bill, and were joined by rebelling Nationalist George Maxwell and independent Percy Stewart. At the second reading of the bill in September, it was apparent that it would narrowly pass. However, when the bill entered the committee stage, Hughes moved an amendment that the bill should not be proclaimed until submitted to the people, either by referendum or general election. Attorney-General John Latham noted that the Commonwealth had no power to call a referendum, making general election the only constitutionally valid result of the amendment. Bruce agreed, stating that the amendment would constitute a vote of confidence in his government.[3] The amendment had the support of the opposition, as well as the three Nationalist defectors. Independents Stewart and William McWilliams also indicated their support. The critical vote came down to Nationalist Walter Marks, who was known to be a supporter of the bill but unhappy with the government's handling of the movie industry, of which he was an ardent supporter. The new budget's "amusement tax" (which would harm film exhibitors) appeared to be the last straw, and Marks joined to defectors to vote for the amendment.[4]
With the vote now likely 35-34 in favor of the amendment, the Government was faced with a dilemma. The Chairman of Committees, Nationalist James Bayley, could not cast a deliberative vote in committee, only a casting vote if the numbers were tied. However, it was possible for the Speaker, Nationalist Sir Littleton Groom, to cast a deliberative vote in the committee (though not on the floor of the House, where the Speaker has only a casting vote). Bruce implored Groom to vote against the amendment in committee so that Bayley could defeat the measure with his tie-breaking vote. However, Groom was steadfast that he would follow the British House of Commons (though not Australian) precedent that the Speaker remain impartial and not vote in committee. There was also some suspicion of vengeance in his decision, as Groom had been demoted from Attorney-General to Speaker a few years previously, a move he had reputedly been unhappy about.[5] With Groom abstaining, the amendment passed by one vote as predicted. Treating the passage of the amendment as a defeat in a motion of no-confidence, Bruce announced to the House on 12 September that the Governor-General had accepted his advice to call an election,[6] despite some speculation a government led by John Latham, James Scullin, or Billy Hughes might be attempted.
Results
| Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labor | 1,406,327 | 48.84 | +4.20 | 46 | +15 | ||
| Nationalist–Country coalition | 1,271,619 | 44.16 | –5.40 | 24 | –18 | ||
| Nationalist | 975,979 | 33.90 | –5.20 | 14 | –15 | ||
| Country | 295,640 | 10.27 | –0.20 | 10 | –3 | ||
| Country Progressive | 27,942 | 0.97 | –0.64 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Independents | 173,362 | 6.02 | +3.61 | 4 | +3 | ||
| Total | 2,879,250 | 75 | |||||
| Two-party-preferred (estimated) | |||||||
| Labor | WIN | 56.70 | +8.30 | 46 | +15 | ||
| Nationalist–Country coalition | 43.30 | −8.30 | 24 | –18 | |||
- Notes
- Independents: Billy Hughes (North Sydney, NSW), George Maxwell (Fawkner, Vic.), Walter Marks (Wentworth, NSW), William McWilliams (Franklin, Tas.)
- Nine members were elected unopposed – six Labor and three Country.
- No separate Senate election was held – see here for Senate composition.
Seats changing hands
| Seat | Pre-1929 | Swing | Post-1929 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Member | Margin | Margin | Member | Party | ||||
| Angas, SA | Nationalist | Walter Parsons | 9.4 | 14.1 | 4.7 | Moses Gabb | Labor | ||
| Bass, Tas | Nationalist | Syd Jackson | 3.1 | 13.5 | 10.4 | Allan Guy | Labor | ||
| Bendigo, Vic | Nationalist | Geoffry Hurry | 3.1 | 8.2 | 5.1 | Richard Keane | Labor | ||
| Calare, NSW | Nationalist | Neville Howse | 10.7 | 12.3 | 1.6 | George Gibbons | Labor | ||
| Corangamite, Vic | Country | William Gibson | 3.0 | 5.1 | 2.1 | Richard Crouch | Labor | ||
| Corio, Vic | Nationalist | John Lister | 8.5 | 14.5 | 6.0 | Arthur Lewis | Labor | ||
| Eden-Monaro, NSW | Nationalist | John Perkins | 7.6 | 7.7 | 0.1 | John Cusack | Labor | ||
| Fawkner, Vic | Nationalist | George Maxwell | N/A | 23.1 | 11.4 | George Maxwell | Ind. Nationalist | ||
| Flinders, Vic | Nationalist | Stanley Bruce | 10.7 | 10.9 | 0.2 | Jack Holloway | Labor | ||
| Gwydir, NSW | Country | Aubrey Abbott | 2.3 | 6.0 | 3.7 | Lou Cunningham | Labor | ||
| Kennedy, Qld | Nationalist | Grosvenor Francis | 2.4 | 5.5 | 3.1 | Darby Riordan | Labor | ||
| Martin, NSW | Nationalist | Graham Pratten | 6.9 | 13.3 | 6.4 | John Eldridge | Labor | ||
| North Sydney, NSW | Nationalist | Billy Hughes | N/A | 32.3 | 16.1 | Billy Hughes | Ind. Nationalist | ||
| Parkes, NSW | Nationalist | Charles Marr | 7.4 | 15.2 | 7.8 | Edward McTiernan | Labor | ||
| Parramatta, NSW | Nationalist | Eric Bowden | 10.1 | 13.4 | 3.3 | Albert Rowe | Labor | ||
| Wakefield, SA | Country | Maurice Collins | 9.6 | 16.5 | 6.9 | Charles Hawker | Nationalist | ||
| Wannon, Vic | Nationalist | Arthur Rodgers | 2.8 | 4.8 | 2.0 | John McNeill | Labor | ||
| Wentworth, NSW | Nationalist | Walter Marks | 11.5 | 19.8 | 8.3 | Walter Marks | Ind. Nationalist | ||
| Wilmot, Tas | Nationalist | Llewellyn Atkinson | 4.6 | N/A | 2.9 | Joseph Lyons | Labor | ||
See also
- Candidates of the Australian federal election, 1929
- Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1929-1931
References
- Radi, Heather. "Stanley Melbourne Bruce". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
- Souter, Gavin (1988). Acts of Parliament : A Narrative History of the Senate and House of Representatives. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. pp. 249–252. ISBN 0522843670.
- Souter, Gavin (1988). Acts of Parliament: A Narrative History of the Senate and House of Representatives. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. pp. 249–252. ISBN 0522843670.
- Lloyd, C.J. "Marks, Walter Moffitt (1875–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
- Lee, David (2010). Stanley Melbourne Bruce: Australian Internationalist. London: Continuum. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0826445667.
- "Dissolution Granted". The Argus. 13 September 1929. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- University of WA election results in Australia since 1890
- Two-party-preferred vote since 1919
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