1996 Australian federal election

The 1996 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 38th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 2 March 1996. All 148 seats of the House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Senate were up for election. The centre-right Liberal/National Coalition led by Opposition Leader John Howard of the Liberal Party and coalition partner Tim Fischer of the National Party defeated in a landslide the incumbent centre-left Australian Labor Party government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating.

1996 Australian federal election

2 March 1996 (1996-03-02)
All 148 seats in the House of Representatives 75 seats were needed for a majority in the House 40 (of the 76) seats in the Senate
First party Second party   Leader John Howard Paul Keating Party Liberal/National coalition Labor Leader since 30 January 1995 (1995-01-30) 19 December 1991 (1991-12-19) Leader's seat Bennelong (NSW) Blaxland (NSW) Last election 65 seats 80 seats Seats won 94 seats 49 seats Seat change 29 31 Popular vote 5,810,546 5,024,327 Percentage 53.63% 46.37% Swing 5.07 5.07
Popular vote by state and territory with graphs indicating the number of seats won. As this is an IRV election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote by state or territory but instead via results in each electorate.
Prime Minister before election Paul Keating Labor Subsequent Prime Minister John Howard Liberal/National coalition

The election marked the end of the 5-term, 13-year Hawke-Keating Government that began in 1983. John Howard was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Australia on 11 March 1996, along with the First Howard Ministry. This election was the start of the 11-year Howard Government. The Labor party would spend the next 11 years in opposition and would not return to government until the 2007 election.

This was the first federal election that future Prime Minister Tony Abbott contested as a member of parliament, having entered parliament at the 1994 Warringah by-election. Future opposition leaders Brendan Nelson and Anthony Albanese entered parliament at this election.

Background

John Howard, who had previously led the Liberal Party from 1985 to 1989, had returned to the leadership in January 1995 following a disastrous 8 months under the leadership of Alexander Downer. Downer and Peter Costello had succeeded Dr. John Hewson and Michael Wooldridge early in 1994 and were touted as the leaders of the new-generation Liberals. In the end, the party opted for the seasoned Howard, perhaps an acknowledgment that he was the only one left standing after a decade of party infighting.

Howard approached the campaign with a determination to present as small a target as possible. Throughout 1995, he refused to detail specific policy proposals, focusing the Coalition's attacks mainly on the longevity and governing record of the Labor government. By 1996, however, it was clear that the electorate had tired of Labor and Paul Keating in particular. "The recession we had to have" line resonated with deadly force throughout the electorate. Although Keating's big picture approach to republicanism, reconciliation and engagement with Asia galvanised support within Labor's urban constituencies, Howard was able to attract support amongst disaffected mainstream Australians – including traditionally Labor-voting blue-collar workers and middle-class suburban residents. He also promised to retain Medicare and hold a constitutional convention to decide whether Australia would become a republic.

The election-eve Newspoll reported the Liberal/National Coalition held an estimated 53.5 percent two-party-preferred vote.[1]

Result

House of Representatives results

Government (94)
Coalition
     Liberal (75)
     National (18)
     CLP (1)

Opposition (49)
     Labor (49)

Crossbench (5)
     Independent (5)

House of Reps (IRV) – 1998–2001 – Turnout 94.99% (CV) — Informal 3.78%

Party			Votes	%	Swing	Seats	Change
	Liberal–National coalition		5,142,161	47.25	+2.98	94	+29
		Liberal	4,210,689	38.69	+1.92	75	+26
		National	893,170	8.21	+1.04	18	+2
		Country Liberal	38,302	0.35	+0.02	1	+1
	Labor		4,217,765	38.75	−6.17	49	−31
	Democrats		735,848	6.76	+3.01	0	0
	Greens*		317,654	2.92	+1.09	0	0
	Against Further Immigration		73,023	0.67	+0.64	0	0
	Call to Australia		43,183	0.40	−0.08	0	0
	Natural Law		41,573	0.38	−0.36	0	0
	No Aircraft Noise		18,626	0.17	+0.17	0	0
	Indigenous Peoples		12,507	0.11	+0.08	0	0
	Reclaim Australia		6,457	0.06	+0.06	0	0
	Women's		6,173	0.06	+0.06	0	0
	One Australia		3,159	0.03	+0.03	0	0
	Grey Power		2,815	0.03	+0.01	0	0
	Pensioner & CIR Alliance		332	0.00	+0.00	0	0
	Republican		156	0.00	+0.00	0	0
	Independents		262,420	2.41	−0.73	5	+3
	Total		10,883,852			148	+1
Two-party-preferred vote
	Liberal–National coalition		WIN	53.63	+5.07	94	+29
	Labor			46.37	−5.07	49	−31

• Note: the federal Australian Greens were founded in 1992, but not all local organisations immediately affiliated. The Greens total includes Australian Greens (188,994), Greens Western Australia (53,101), Victorian Greens (52,810), Tasmanian Greens (19,689), Central Coast Green Party (1,887), and Richmond/Clarence Greens (1,173).
• Independents: Peter Andren, Pauline Hanson, Allan Rocher, Graeme Campbell, Paul Filing

Popular Vote Labor   38.75% Liberal   38.69% National   8.21% Democrats   6.76% Greens   1.74% CLP   0.35% Independents   2.27% Other   3.23%

Two Party Preferred Vote Coalition   53.63% Labor   46.37%

Parliament Seats Coalition   63.51% Labor   33.11% Independents   3.38%

Senate results

Government (37)
Coalition
     Liberal (31)
     National (5)
     CLP (1)

Opposition (29)
     Labor (29)

Crossbench (10)
     Democrats (7)
     Greens (2)
     Independent (1)

Senate (STV GV) — 1996–99 – Turnout 95.20% (CV) — Informal 3.89%

Party			Votes	%	Swing	Seats Won	Seats Held
	Liberal–National coalition		4,792,682	43.97	+0.92	20	37
		Liberal–National joint ticket	2,669,377	24.49	+0.09	6	N/A
		Liberal	1,770,486	16.24	+0.65	12	31
		National	312,769	2.87	+0.15	1	5
		Country Liberal	40,050	0.37	+0.04	1	1
	Labor		3,940,150	36.15	−7.35	14	29
	Democrats		1,179,357	10.82	+5.51	5	7
	Greens[lower-alpha 1]		345,513	3.17	+0.67	1	2
	Against Further Immigration		137,604	1.26	+0.82	0	0
	Call to Australia		117,274	1.08	+0.25	0	0
	Shooters		114,724	1.05	+0.45	0	0
	Women's		49,131	0.45	+0.45	0	0
	Reclaim Australia		44,545	0.41	+0.41	0	0
	Democratic Labor		36,156	0.33	−0.03	0	0
	Better Future		18,960	0.17	+0.17	0	0
	Natural Law		17,082	0.16	−0.20	0	0
	No Aircraft Noise		17,043	0.16	−0.20	0	0
	Grey Power		13,401	0.12	−0.04	0	0
	Pensioner & CIR Alliance		9,040	0.08	−0.13	0	0
	Seniors		8,268	0.08	+0.08	0	0
	Republican		7,778	0.07	−0.06	0	0
	One Australia		3,638	0.03	+0.03	0	0
	Indigenous Peoples		2,772	0.03	−0.03	0	0
	Independent EFF		2,430	0.02	+0.02	0	0
	Independents		41,489	0.38	−1.99	0	1
	Total		10,899,037			40	76

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Notes

1. Includes votes for the federal Australian Greens (261,677) as well as Greens Western Australia (57,006) and the Tasmanian Greens (26,830), which had not yet aligned with the federal party

Analysis

Overall the coalition won 29 seats from Labor while the ALP won 4 seats from the Liberals. These 4 seats were Canberra and Namadgi in the ACT and Isaacs in Victoria and the Division of Bruce in Victoria. The ACT seats, which had been won by the Liberals in a by-election, fell to Labor due to a strong return to the ALP in a traditional Labor town by public servants fearing conservative cuts. The division of Brendan Smyth's seat of Canberra into the two new (of the three) ACT seats limited his campaign to the southernmost Tuggeranong seat of Namadgi where the ACT Labor right wing stood former MLA Annette Ellis who ran a tight grassroots campaign. Isaacs and Bruce fell to Labor due to demographic changes due to a redistribution of electoral boundaries.

The Gallagher Index result: 11.14

Labor lost five percent of its two-party vote from 1993, and tallied its lowest primary vote since 1934 (an additional eight percent coming from preferences). The swing against Labor was not in and of itself enough to cause a change of government. However, Labor lost 13 of its 33 seats in New South Wales, and all but two of its 13 seats in Queensland. The 29-seat swing was the second-largest defeat, in terms of seats lost, by a sitting government in Australia. Three members of Keating's government—including Attorney-General Michael Lavarch —lost their seats. Keating resigned as Labor leader on the night of the election, and was succeeded by former Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Kim Beazley.

Due in part to this large swing, Howard entered office with a 45-seat majority, the second-largest in Australian history (behind only the 55-seat majority won by Malcolm Fraser in 1975). The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right at this election with 75 seats, the most the party had ever won. Although Howard had no need for the support of the Nationals, the Coalition was retained.

Exit polling showed the Coalition winning 47 percent of the blue-collar vote, compared with Labor's 39 percent; there was a 16-point drop in Labor's vote among members of trade unions. The Coalition won 48 percent of the Catholic vote and Labor 37 percent, a reversal of the usual figures.[2]

House of Reps preference flows

• The Democrats contested 138 electorates with preferences slightly favouring Labor (54.02%)
• The Greens contested 102 electorates with preferences favouring Labor (67.10%)

Seats changing hands

Seat	Pre-1996				Swing	Post-1996
	Party		Member	Margin		Margin	Member	Party
Bass, Tas		Labor	Silvia Smith	0.03	4.60	4.57	Warwick Smith	Liberal
Bowman, Qld		Labor	Hon Con Sciacca	8.14	9.03	0.89	Andrea West	Liberal
Calare, NSW		Labor	David Simmons	N/A	N/A	13.32	Peter Andren	Independent
Canberra, ACT		Liberal	Brendan Smyth	6.58	14.1	7.52	Bob McMullan	Labor
Canning, WA		Labor	Hon George Gear	0.19	0.88	0.69	Ricky Johnston	Liberal
Capricornia, Qld		Labor	Marjorie Henzell	2.78	6.40	3.62	Paul Marek	National
Curtin, WA		Liberal	Allan Rocher	N/A	N/A	7.28	Allan Rocher	Independent
Dickson, Qld		Labor	Hon Michael Lavarch	2.55	5.72	3.17	Tony Smith	Liberal
Eden-Monaro, NSW		Labor	Jim Snow	4.27	9.03	4.76	Gary Nairn	Liberal
Gilmore, NSW		Labor	Peter Knott	0.45	6.69	6.24	Joanna Gash	Liberal
Griffith, Qld		Labor	Ben Humphreys	5.90	7.37	1.47	Graeme McDougall	Liberal
Herbert, Qld		Labor	Hon Ted Lindsay	3.31	9.90	6.59	Peter Lindsay	Liberal
Hughes, NSW		Labor	Hon Robert Tickner	6.42	11.31	4.89	Danna Vale	Liberal
Kalgoorlie, WA		Labor	Graeme Campbell	N/A	N/A	10.35	Graeme Campbell	Independent
Kingston, SA		Labor	Gordon Bilney	1.45	3.46	2.01	Susan Jeanes	Liberal
Leichhardt, Qld		Labor	Peter Dodd	1.33	5.51	4.18	Warren Entsch	Liberal
Lilley, Qld		Labor	Wayne Swan	6.18	6.91	0.73	Elizabeth Grace	Liberal
Lindsay, NSW		Labor	Ross Free	10.22	11.80	1.58	Jackie Kelly [3]	Liberal
Lowe, NSW		Labor	Mary Easson	5.01	7.48	2.47	Paul Zammit	Liberal
Macarthur, NSW		Labor	Chris Haviland	1.28	11.97	10.69	John Fahey	Liberal
Macquarie, NSW		Labor	Maggie Deahm	0.12	6.48	6.36	Kerry Bartlett	Liberal
Makin, SA		Labor	Peter Duncan	3.71	4.79	1.08	Trish Draper	Liberal
McEwen, Vic		Labor	Peter Cleeland	0.69	1.50	2.19	Fran Bailey	Liberal
McMillan, Vic		Labor	Barry Cunningham	0.53	2.60	2.07	Russell Broadbent	Liberal
Moore, WA		Liberal	Paul Filing	N/A	N/A	15.48	Paul Filing	Independent
Moreton, Qld		Labor	Garrie Gibson	0.21	5.30	5.09	Gary Hardgrave	Liberal
Murray, Vic		National	Bruce Lloyd	N/A	N/A	3.70*	Sharman Stone	Liberal
North Sydney, NSW		Independent	Ted Mack	1.8	17.4	15.6	Joe Hockey	Liberal
Northern Territory, NT		Labor	Warren Snowdon	5.31	5.68	0.37	Nick Dondas	Country Liberal
Oxley, Qld		Labor	Les Scott	14.65	19.31**	4.66	Pauline Hanson	Independent
Page, NSW		Labor	Harry Woods	0.13	4.44	4.31	Ian Causley	National
Parramatta, NSW		Labor	Paul Elliott	3.24	7.11	3.87	Ross Cameron	Liberal
Paterson, NSW		Labor	Bob Horne	3.30	3.73	0.43	Bob Baldwin	Liberal
Petrie, Qld		Labor	Gary Johns	2.15	9.85	7.70	Teresa Gambaro	Liberal
Richmond, NSW		Labor	Neville Newell	1.78	8.53	6.75	Larry Anthony	National
Robertson, NSW		Labor	Frank Walker	5.56	9.12	3.56	Jim Lloyd	Liberal
Swan, WA		Labor	Kim Beazley	0.22	3.93	3.71	Don Randall	Liberal
Wills, Vic		Independent	Phil Cleary	n/a	4.37	n/a	Kelvin Thomson	Labor

• *Figure is Liberal against Nationals.
• **Figure is a swing compared to Liberal vote at the last election.

See also

• Candidates of the Australian federal election, 1996
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1996–1998
• Members of the Australian Senate, 1996–1999

References

1. "Newspoll archive since 1987". Polling.newspoll.com.au.tmp.anchor.net.au. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
2. John Stone (15 March 1996). "Remember, it was Paul Keating". The Australian Financial Review.
3. Kelly conceded that she was incapable of being chosen as a member of the House of Representatives while serving as an officer of the RAAF and won the subsequent by-election with an increased margin: Holland, I (2004). "Section 44 of the Constitution". Parliamentary Library of Australia.

External links

• Australian Electoral Commission Results
• University of WA election results in Australia since 1890
• AEC 2PP vote
• AustralianPolitics.com election details
• Preference flows – ABC