American Philosophical Society

The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach. Considered the first learned society in the United States, it has played an important role in American cultural and intellectual life for over 270 years.

American Philosophical Society Hall
American Philosophical Society, 2006
Location104 S. Fifth St.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Coordinates
Built1785–89
ArchitectSamuel Vaughan
Architectural styleGeorgian
NRHP reference No.66000675[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966
Designated NHLJanuary 12, 1965

Through research grants, published journals, the American Philosophical Society Museum, an extensive library, and regular meetings, the society continues to advance a variety of disciplines in the humanities and the sciences. Philosophical Hall, now a museum, is just east of Independence Hall in Independence National Historical Park; it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

Linda Greenhouse, Knight Distinguished Journalist in Residence and Joseph Goldstein Lecturer in Law at Yale Law School, was elected president of the American Philosophical Society in 2017.[2] She was elected to the Society in 2001.

Robert M. Hauser, Vilas Research Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, became Executive Officer of the American Philosophical Society in 2017.[3] He was elected to the Society in 2005.

History

The Philosophical Society, as it was originally called, was founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin, James Alexander (lawyer), Francis Hopkinson, John Bartram, Philip Syng, Jr. and others[4][5] as an offshoot of an earlier club, the Junto.

Library Hall (2013)

Early members included John Dickinson, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson,[6] Alexander Hamilton, James McHenry, Thomas Paine, David Rittenhouse, Nicholas Biddle, Owen Biddle, Benjamin Rush, James Madison, Michael Hillegas, John Marshall, and John Andrews.

It was common at the time for intellectual societies to invite members from around the world. And so the society recruited members from other countries, including Alexander von Humboldt, the Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Princess Dashkova.

The society lapsed into inactivity by 1746, but in 1767 it was revived. On January 2, 1769, it united with the American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge under the name American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Franklin was elected the first president.[7] During this time, the society maintained a standing Committee on American Improvements; one of its investigations was to study the prospects for a canal to connect the Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River.[8] The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which had been proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr., was built in the 1820s.[9]

Thomas Jefferson Garden, adjacent to Library Hall

After the American Revolution, the society looked for leadership to Francis Hopkinson, one of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence. Under his influence, the society received land from the government of Pennsylvania, along with a plot of land in Philadelphia, where Philosophical Hall now stands.

Charles Darwin, Robert Frost, Louis Pasteur, Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, John James Audubon, Linus Pauling, Margaret Mead, Maria Mitchell, and Thomas Edison became members of the society. It continues to attract scholars today, with 920 members as of 2005, including 772 resident members (citizens or residents of the United States) and 148 foreign members representing more than two dozen countries.

Many members of the Society of the Cincinnati were among the APS's first board members and contributors; the APS and SOC still maintain an informal, collegial relationship.

Awards

In 1786, the society established the Magellanic Premium, a prize for achievement in "navigation, astronomy, or natural philosophy," the oldest scientific prize awarded by an American institution, which it still awards. Other awards include the Barzun Prize for cultural history, the Judson Daland Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Clinical Investigation, the Benjamin Franklin Medal, the Lashley Award for neurobiology, the Lewis Award, and the Thomas Jefferson Medal for distinguished achievement in the arts, humanities, or social sciences.

Publications, archive

The APS has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771. Five issues appear each year. The Proceedings have appeared since 1838; they publish the papers delivered at the society's biannual meetings. The society has also published the collected papers of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Henry, William Penn, and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Jane Aitken bound 400 volumes for the society.[10]

The society also has an expansive archive on framer of the U.S. constitution John Dickinson.[11]

Buildings
National Historic Landmark Plaque

Philosophical Hall
Main article: Philosophical Hall

Philosophical Hall, at 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, immediately south of Old City Hall, was built in 1785–89 to house the society and designed by Samuel Vaughan in the Federal style.[12][13] A third floor was added in 1890 to accommodate the expanding library, but was removed in 1948–50,[13] when the building was restored to its original appearance for the creation of Independence National Historical Park.[14] In 2001, it was opened to the public as The American Philosophical Society Museum, hosting revolving, thematic exhibitions that explore intersections of history, art, and science. The museum features works of art, scientific instruments, original manuscripts, rare books, natural history specimens, and curiosities of all kinds from the APS's own collections, along with objects on loan from other institutions.[15]

Library Hall
Reading room for researchers at Library Hall (2019)

In 1789–90, the Library Company of Philadelphia (LCP) built its headquarters directly across 5th Street from APS. In 1884 LCP sold its building, which was demolished for the expansion of the Drexel & Company Building in 1887. This building was demolished in the mid-1950s, during the creation of Independence National Historical Park.

APS built a library on the site in 1958, and recreated the facade of the old LCP building.

According to historical ghost stories, Franklin's spirit haunts the library, and his statue at the front of the building "comes to life and dances in the streets."[16]

Benjamin Franklin Hall

APS restored the former Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank building at 425–29 Chestnut Street, which was built in 1854–55 to the design of John M. Gries in the Italianate style,[17] to serve as a lecture hall. It is the site of meetings and most major events the society hosts.[18]

Richardson Hall

Constance C. and Edgar P. Richardson Hall at 431 Chestnut Street, immediately west of Benjamin Franklin Hall, is the former Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities Building, which was built in 1871–73 and designed by Addison Hutton.[19] It contains offices and the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine.[18]

  • Interior of Philosophical Hall
    (c. 1901-02)
  • Benjamin Franklin Hall
    (2013)
  • Richardson Hall
    (2013)
gollark: Programmers are expensive. Compute time is cheap. If they could write reasonably usable code automatically, they could outcompete everyone else.
gollark: It's not that simple, or someone would already have *done* this and taken over the entire software industry.
gollark: This has been done.
gollark: Not sure if that went anywhere.
gollark: GPT-3 apparently was able to generate valid code if prompted properly.

References

Citations
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. https://www.amphilsoc.org/elected-members#paragraph-311
  3. https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-announces-appointment-robert-mason-hauser-executive-officer
  4. Duer, William Alexander. The life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, Major-General in the Army of the United States during the Revolution New York: Wiley & Putnam for the New Jersey Historical Society, 1847. p.5
  5. "Philip Syng, Jr.", Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  6. "American Philosophical Society selected records, 1784–1954". Archives of American Art. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  7. New International Encyclopedia
  8. Goodrich, Carter (1974). Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0837177731.
  9. Kozel, Scott M. (2010). "Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (C & D Canal)". PENNWAYS: Roads to the Future. Scott M. Kozel. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  10. James 1971, p. 26.
  11. "John H. Powell Collection of John Dickinson Research". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  12. Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815 p.160
  13. Teitelman, Edward & Longstreth, Richard W. (1981), Architecture in Philadelphia: A Guide, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, ISBN 0262700212, p. 30
  14. Richard Webster, Philadelphia Preserved (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976), p. 92.
  15. "American Philosophical Society Museum: About". ARTINFO. 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2008. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. History.com Editors (October 29, 2009). "History of Ghost Stories". History. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  17. Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815, pp. 55–56
  18. "Directions" Archived 2013-06-04 at the Wayback Machine on the APS website
  19. Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815, p.64

Sources
Works cited
Research being conducted at APS

(Wayback Machine copy)

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