James McHenry

James McHenry (November 16, 1753 – May 3, 1816) was a Scotch-Irish American military surgeon and statesman. McHenry was a signer of the United States Constitution from Maryland, initiated the recommendation for Congress to form the Navy, and was the eponym of Fort McHenry. He represented Maryland in the Continental Congress and was United States Secretary of War from 1796 to 1800, bridging the administrations of George Washington and John Adams.

For the American writer, physician, and diplomat, see James McHenry (novelist). For the mayor of Murray, Utah, see James W. McHenry.
James McHenry
3rd United States Secretary of War
In office
January 27, 1796 – May 13, 1800
PresidentGeorge Washington
John Adams
Preceded byTimothy Pickering
Succeeded bySamuel Dexter
Personal details
Born(1753-11-16)November 16, 1753
Ballymena, Ireland
DiedMay 3, 1816(1816-05-03) (aged 62)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Resting placeWestminster Hall and Burying Ground
Political partyFederalist
Spouse(s)Peggy Caldwell
Signature

Early life and education

McHenry was born into a Presbyterian Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots family in Ballymena, County Antrim, Ireland in 1753. Alarmed that he was becoming sick from excessive studying, his family in 1771 sent him to North America to recuperate. Recent scholarship suggests that the family may have also sent him to the colonies as an "advanced scout" to see if the entire family would wish to relocate, which they did a year later.

Upon arrival, McHenry lived with a family friend in Philadelphia before finishing his preparatory education at Newark Academy. Afterward, he returned to Philadelphia, where he apprenticed under Benjamin Rush and became a physician.[1][2]

Medical career

McHenry served as a skilled and dedicated surgeon during the American Revolutionary War. On August 10, 1776, he was appointed surgeon of the Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion, stationed at Fort Washington (New York). He was taken prisoner the following November when the fort was taken by Sir William Howe. While in British custody, he observed that prisoners were given very poor medical attention and initiated reports to that effect, to no avail.[1]

He was paroled in January 1777, then released from parole in March 1778. Having sufficiently impressed George Washington, he was appointed aide as secretary to the commander-in-chief in May 1779. McHenry was present at the Battle of Monmouth. In August 1780 he was transferred to Lafayette's staff, where he remained until he retired from the army in the autumn of 1781.[1][3]

Political career
Letter from James Mchenry to Israel Shreve, 1779

He was elected by the legislature to the Maryland Senate on September 17, 1781 and as delegate to Congress on December 2, 1784. In 1787 he was a Maryland delegate to the Constitutional Convention, which drafted the United States Constitution. After a controversial campaign, he was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates on October 10, 1788. Two years later he retired from public life and spent a year actively engaged in mercantile business. On November 15, 1791 he accepted a second term in the Maryland Senate and served five years.[1]

During Washington's second term as president (1793–97), political events created a number of vacancies in his cabinet.[1] After several other candidates had declined the office, Washington appointed McHenry Secretary of War in 1796 and immediately assigned him the task of facilitating the transition of Western military posts from Great Britain's control to that of the United States under the terms of the Jay Treaty.

McHenry advised the Senate committee against reducing military forces. He was instrumental in reorganizing the United States Army into four regiments of infantry, a troop of dragoons, and a battery of artillery.[1] He is credited with establishing the United States Department of the Navy, based on his recommendation that the "War Department should be assisted by a commissioner of marine" on March 8, 1798.[1]

During President John Adams's administration (1797–1801), McHenry continued as Secretary of War, as Adams had decided to keep the newly established institution of the presidential cabinet intact. Adams gradually found that three members of the cabinet repeatedly opposed him: McHenry, Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, and Treasury Secretary Oliver Wolcott, Jr. They appeared to listen more to Alexander Hamilton than to the President and publicly disagreed with Adams about his foreign policy, particularly with regard to France. Instead of resigning, they stayed in office to work against his official policy. It is unknown if Adams knew they were being disloyal. Although many liked McHenry personally, Washington, Hamilton, and Wolcott were said to have complained of his incompetence as an administrator.[4]

McHenry attributed Adams's troubles as chief executive to the president's long and frequent absences from the capital, leaving business in the hands of secretaries, who bore responsibility without the power to properly conduct it.[1] After a stormy meeting with his cabinet in May 1800, Adams requested McHenry's resignation, which he submitted on May 13. To replace McHenry, Adams first considered John Marshall, but when Pickering's departure left a vacancy in the office of Secretary of State, Adams named Marshall to that post. To succeed McHenry, Adams named Samuel Dexter. When Pickering refused to resign, Adams dismissed him. During the election of 1800, McHenry goaded Hamilton into releasing his indictment against the President, which questioned Adams's loyalty and patriotism, sparking public quarrels over the major candidates and eventually paving the way for Thomas Jefferson to be elected as the next President.[5] The pamphlet leaked past its intended audience, giving the people reason to oppose the Federalists, since that group seemed to be dividing into bitter factions.

Later life
Grave of James McHenry at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground in Baltimore

In 1792, McHenry had purchased a 95-acre tract from Ridgely's Delight and named it Fayetteville in honor of his friend, the Marquis de Lafayette; he spent his remaining years there. During that time, McHenry continued frequent correspondence with his friends and associates, in particular Timothy Pickering and Benjamin Tallmadge, with whom he maintained Federalist ideals and exchanged progress of the War of 1812.[1]

An attack of paralysis in 1814 left him with severe pain and complete loss of the use of his legs. He died two years later.[1] Upon the death of her beloved husband, Mrs. McHenry wrote:

Here we come to the end of a life of a courteous, high-minded, keen-spirited, Christian gentleman. He was not a great man, but participated in great events and great men loved him, while all men appreciated his goodness and purity of soul. His highest titles to remembrance are that he was faithful to every duty and that he was the intimate and trusted friend of Lafayette, of Hamilton, and of Washington.[1]

Legacy and honors


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See also

References
  1. Bernard C. Steiner and James McHenry, The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1907) 1–4.
  2. Karen E. Robbins, James McHenry, Forgotten Federalist (Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 2013) 9, 12–16.
  3. Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (New York: Random House, 2007).
  4. Lengel, General George Washington
  5. John Patrick Diggins, John Adams, New York: Times Books, 2003
  6. American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
  7. "Origins of Madison Street Names". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  8. "Historical Markers". Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
Political offices
Preceded by
Timothy Pickering		 United States Secretary of War
1796–1800		 Succeeded by
Samuel Dexter
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