African immigration to Finland

Africans in Finland (Finnish: Suomen afrikkalaiset) are residents of Finland of full or partial African descent, mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa. The distinct adjacent term Afro-Finns (afrosuomalaiset), also referred to as Black Finns (mustat suomalaiset),[3][4][5][6] can be used for Finns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa").[7][8] Afro-Finns have lived in Finland since the 19th century, and in 2009, according to Yle, there were an estimated 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland.[9] According to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background[lower-alpha 1] was 54,450 in 2019.

Africans in Finland
Rosa Lemberg
James Nikander
Total population
At least 54,450[lower-alpha 1]
(1.0% of the total Finnish population in 2019)[lower-alpha 2]
Regions with significant populations
Mostly in Uusimaa (Helsinki (Kallahti), Espoo, Vantaa), Turku and Vaasa
Languages
Numerous;
Religion
Predominantly Christianity and Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Subgroups:

History

Finns reacted to the first Africans in Finland with curiosity and amazement.[10] During the 19th century, there were some Africans from the Americas in the Grand Duchy of Finland, working as servants for wealthy Russians.[3] The first known African who received Finnish citizenship was Rosa Lemberg who came to Finland from Ovamboland in 1888 and received Finnish citizenship in 1899.[11]

During the 1900s–1970s, the few Africans in Finland were mostly either students (mostly from Nigeria and Ethiopia), political exiles from South Africa or people that married to Finns.[3] In World War II (1939–1945), there were some Afro-Finnish soldiers, and among them were Private 1st Class Rudolf Prüss, who served as a ski patrol leader in the Karelian Isthmus and was killed in the Winter War, and Corporal Holger Sonntag, who was of African-American and German descent and served as a driver in both the Winter War and Continuation War.[12] In the late 20th century, during the Somali Civil War, the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland.[13]

Nowadays most people of African descent come to Finland from Africa, but many have also come from the United States, Latin America and other European countries. Especially Americans and British people of African descent have moved to Finland, mostly through marriage.[14]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19901,720—    
19957,831+355.3%
200011,802+50.7%
200517,793+50.8%
201029,041+63.2%
201542,689+47.0%
201646,113+8.0%
201748,749+5.7%
201851,645+5.9%
201954,450+5.4%
Source: Statistics Finland[15]

As of 31 December 2019, according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background[lower-alpha 1] is 54,450, which is 1.0% of the Finnish population.[lower-alpha 2] 44,529 (81.8%) of them are from Sub-Saharan Africa.[lower-alpha 3] 30,951 (56.8%) of them are men, while 23,499 (43.2%) are women.[15]

Countries of origin

Origins of people with a close African background[lower-alpha 1][15]
Country Population (1990) Population (2019)
Total 1,720 54,450
 Somalia 49 21,668
 Nigeria 89 3,888
 Morocco 395 3,659
 DR Congo 6 3,620
 Ethiopia 108 2,825
 Ghana 67 2,372
 Sudan 11 1,957
 Kenya 71 1,744
 Egypt 195 1,583
 Cameroon 4 1,523
 Algeria 210 1,370
 Eritrea 1 1,125
 The Gambia 23 1,120
 Tunisia 145 1,044
 Angola 3 670
 Tanzania 56 608
 South Africa 54 446

Distribution

People with a close African background[lower-alpha 1] by municipality[16]
No. Municipality Africans (2018) %
1. Helsinki 20,301 3.13%
2. Espoo 6,953 2.45%
3. Vantaa 6,205 2.72%
4. Turku 2,963 1.55%
5. Tampere 2,116 0.90%
6. Oulu 1,487 0.73%
7. Vaasa 1,474 2.14%

In Kallahti, a neighborhood of Helsinki, 9.8% of the population consists of Africans.[17]

The region with the most Africans is Uusimaa with over 35,500, or 2.1% of the population.

African languages

Speakers of languages of African origin[18]
Language Speakers (2019)
Total 34,391
Somali 21,920
Swahili 2,328
Amharic 1,606
Tigrinya 1,477
Kinyarwanda 1,111
Yoruba 992
Lingala 920
Igbo 888
Twi 643
Akan 466
Wolof 324
Kikuyu 277
Hausa 210
Oromo 168
Kongo 162
Fula 159
Luganda 117
Ewe 116
Afrikaans 107
Shona 63
Kirundi 61
Luba-Katanga 53
Afar 46
Ndonga 45
Chewa 34
Bambara 16
Zulu 16
Malagasy 12
Tswana 10
Northern Ndebele 9
Sango 9
Kwanyama 5
Kanuri 4
Sotho 4
Xhosa 4
Herero 3
Southern Ndebele 2
Swazi 2
Venda 2

Citizenships

On 31 December 2019, there were 18,429 people who had dual citizenship of Finland and an African country.[19]

Citizens of African countries who received Finnish citizenship by year:[20]

  • 1990 – 70
  • 1991 – 101
  • 1992 – 104
  • 1993 – 67
  • 1994 – 56
  • 1995 – 81
  • 1996 – 120
  • 1997 – 180
  • 1998 – 788
  • 1999 – 1,365
  • 2000 – 522
  • 2001 – 406
  • 2002 – 419
  • 2003 – 403
  • 2004 – 426
  • 2005 – 605
  • 2006 – 658
  • 2007 – 671
  • 2008 – 891
  • 2009 – 466
  • 2010 – 368
  • 2011 – 400
  • 2012 – 1,559
  • 2013 – 1,923
  • 2014 – 1,750
  • 2015 – 1,946
  • 2016 – 2,137
  • 2017 – 2,448
  • 2018 – 1,904
  • 2019 – 1,499

People born in Africa who received Finnish citizenship by year:[21]

  • 1990 – 37
  • 1991 – 87
  • 1992 – 86
  • 1993 – 42
  • 1994 – 58
  • 1995 – 78
  • 1996 – 117
  • 1997 – 175
  • 1998 – 559
  • 1999 – 829
  • 2000 – 332
  • 2001 – 275
  • 2002 – 306
  • 2003 – 290
  • 2004 – 329
  • 2005 – 387
  • 2006 – 397
  • 2007 – 426
  • 2008 – 627
  • 2009 – 329
  • 2010 – 279
  • 2011 – 297
  • 2012 – 1,043
  • 2013 – 1,344
  • 2014 – 1,350
  • 2015 – 1,447
  • 2016 – 1,590
  • 2017 – 1,844
  • 2018 – 1,480
  • 2019 – 1,231

Adoptions

From 1987 to 2018, a total of 885 people were adopted from Africa to Finland.[22]

Marriages and cohabitation

On 31 December 2019, there were 4,383 Finnish citizens who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with citizens of African countries. 2,706 (61.7%) of the Finnish citizens were women and 1,677 (38.3%) were men; for both sexes the largest groups of partners were Somalian, Moroccan and Nigerian citizens. The next largest groups for Finnish women were Gambian and Ghanaian citizens, and for Finnish men Ethiopian and Kenyan citizens.[23][24] On the same date, there were 4,553 Finland-born people who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with people born in Africa; of the Finland-born people 3,584 (78.7%) were women while 969 (21.3%) were men.[25][26]

Racism
See also: Racism in Finland

During the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, some condemned Finnish women's interests in "exotic" athletes and pressured Finnish women to "act appropriately" within the vicinity of black people, "neekerit".[10] The Finnish word neekeri (cognate with negro) was long considered a neutral equivalent for "negro". In 2002, the usage notes of neekeri shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory" in the dictionary Kielitoimiston sanakirja, edited by the Institute for the Languages of Finland.[27]

Nationwide racism started to grow after the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland in the 1990s during the Somali Civil War. Finnish skinheads perpetrated attacks against Africans, and especially the city of Joensuu in eastern Finland grew to be an infamous center of racism. In the municipality of Nastola in southern Finland, the police had to protect the local refugee center from the violence of the locals, as they committed shootings, group assault and played racist music.[5]

In the late 20th century and the 21st century, some ethnic Finnish women married to or cohabiting with younger black men have faced discrimination as they are sometimes stereotyped as sex tourists in Finnish society.[28][29][30][31][32]

According to the study "Being Black in the EU" by the Fundamental Rights Agency published in 2018, 63% of Afro-Finns in Finland had experienced racist harassment, which had appeared as offensive gestures, comments, threats or violence. This was the highest percentage of the twelve European Union member states[lower-alpha 4] that were included in the study, much higher than for example in Malta which was 20%. 14% stated they had experienced violence in Finland due to their skin colour, which also was the highest of the participating countries, much higher than in, for example, Portugal where 2% had experienced similar violence.[33][34]

A report published in 2020 by the Non-Discrimination Ombudsman found that four out of five people with an African background had experienced racial discrimination in Finland due to their skin colour.[35]

Afro-Finnish identity, culture and media

According to an estimate in 2009 by Yle, there are 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland. They compose a much larger minority than many other large minorities in Finland such as the Sami or Romani, and if considered a one group, Afro-Finns are Finland's second largest ethnic minority group, only behind Swedish-speaking Finns. The identity of Afro-Finns varies; some consider themselves Finns, while others have their own separate identity.[9]

The Afrofinns Achievement Awards—presented by Afrofinns ry, an organization for "Finns and everyone else with African heritage living in Finland"—acknowledges, honors and celebrates the contribution of the Afro-community in Finland.[36][37][38]

In 2010, Yle broadcast the three-episode documentary television series Afro-Suomen historia ("The history of Afro-Finland") about early Afro-Finns.[5][9] The multimedia Ruskeat Tytöt ("Brown Girls") focuses on Afro-Finns and other people of colour in Finland.[39][40][41] Its six-episode Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä ("In search of history of Afro-Finland") podcast's first episode was broadcast on Radio Helsinki in 2017.[4]

Notable people

Citizens and residents of Finland of full or partial African descent
See also categories: Finnish people of African descent, Expatriates in Finland (African country subcategories) and Immigrants to Finland (African country subcategories)

Actors
  • Fathi Ahmed (born 1990/1991), actor and stand-up comedian of Somalian descent[lower-alpha 5][42][43]
  • Alain Azerot, French Guianan-Martiniquais actor
  • Celin El Azizi, half-Moroccan[lower-alpha 6] actress[44][45][46]
  • Caron Barnes (born 1961), British-born actress, singer and model of Jamaican descent
  • Aaron Bojang (born 2001/2002), former child actor of African descent[47][48]
  • Sofia Bryant (born 1999), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] actress[49][50][51]
  • Billy Carson (born 1955), American-born African-American actor and drummer[52]
  • Henry Hanikka (born 1964), half-Kenyan[lower-alpha 6] actor[53]
  • Pearl Hobson (1879–1919), American-born African-American actress, singer, dancer and cabaret artist in the Russian Empire
  • Amira Khalifa (born 1974), half-Chadian[lower-alpha 6] actress
  • Ernest Lawson (born 1988), half-Togolese[lower-alpha 6] actor[54]
  • Matti Leino (born 1987), half-Kenyan[lower-alpha 6] actor
  • Kaisla Löyttyjärvi (born 1972), half-Cameroonian[lower-alpha 6] actress
  • Chike Ohanwe (born 1989), half-Nigerian[lower-alpha 6] actor
  • Diana Tenkorang (born 1989), Ghanaian-born actress
  • Senna Vodzogbe, half-Ghanaian[lower-alpha 6] actress
  • Sue Willberg, Costa Rican-born actress[55][56]

Artists
  • Sasha Huber (born 1975), Swiss-born artist of Haitian descent[57]
  • Howard Smith (born 1928), American-born African-American visual artist and designer

Beauty pageant contestants

Entrepreneurs
  • Soraya Bahgat, social entrepreneur of Egyptian descent[lower-alpha 5]
  • Mohamed el-Fatatry (born 1984), Emirati-born entrepreneur of Egyptian descent
  • Mateus Tembe (born 1974), Mozambican-born entrepreneur and director

Film people
  • Khadar Ahmed (born 1981), Somalian-born screenwriter and film director
  • Jessie Chisi (born 1986/1987), Zambian-born film director and screenwriter[60][61][62]
  • Ali Lacheb (born 1956), Algerian-born documentary film director

Journalists

Musicians
  • Adi L Hasla (born 1992), half-Moroccan[lower-alpha 6] hip hop musician
  • Abdissa Assefa (born 1973), Ethiopian-born drummer and percussionist
  • Tidjân Ba (born 1978), half-Senegalese[lower-alpha 6] singer and actor
  • Eric Bibb (born 1951), American-born African-American blues musician[66]
  • Eddie Boyd (1914–1994), American-born African-American blues pianist and singer
  • Daco Junior (born 1990), Angolan-born musician[67][68]
  • Raymond Ebanks (born 1970), half-Jamaican[lower-alpha 6] musician
  • Michael Ekeghasi (born 1985), Nigerian-born singer-songwriter[69][70]
  • Lee Gaines (1914–1987), American-born African-American jazz singer
  • Gracias (born 1987), Congolese-born (DRC) rapper
  • Jedidi (born 1995), half-Tunisian[lower-alpha 6] DJ and hip hop musician
  • Juno (born 1987), half-Kenyan[lower-alpha 6] rapper
  • KANI (born 1994), musician of Somalian descent[lower-alpha 5]
  • Noah Kin (born 1994), Norwegian-born half-Nigerian[lower-alpha 6] rapper
  • Kingfish (born 1991/1992), rapper of Somalian descent[lower-alpha 5][71]
  • George Kings (born 1953), Ghanaian-born musician and sex offender
  • Mad Ice (born 1980), Ugandan-born singer-songwriter
  • Mouhamadou L. Malang Cissokho (born 1962), Senegalese-born musician
  • Jesse Markin (born 1985), Liberian-born musician[72]
  • Rummy Nanji, Tanzanian-born singer known from the Finnish band Mighty 44[73]
  • James Nikander (born 1990), half-Tanzanian[lower-alpha 7] rapper, bodybuilder and Internet personality
  • Norlan "El Misionario" (born late 1970s), Cuban-born musician[74]
  • OX (born 1975), half-Egyptian[lower-alpha 6] bass guitarist
  • Pajafella (born 1992), rapper of Gambian descent[75][76]
  • PastoriPike (born 1987), Congolese-born rapper[77]
  • Prinssi Jusuf (born 1990), Ethiopian-born rapper
  • Ismaila Sané (born 1956), Senegalese-born musician
  • Jackson Shuudifonya (born 1985), musician of Namibian descent, known from the Finnish band INDX[78][79]
  • T.L, half-Jamaican[lower-alpha 6] musician known from the Finnish band TCT[80]
  • Mike Thomas (born 1950), Jamaican-born reggae musician
  • Tiahu, half-Jamaican[lower-alpha 6] musician known from the Finnish band TCT[80]
  • Toinen Kadunpoika (born 1990), Angolan-born rapper
  • Mirel Wagner (born 1987), Ethiopian-born singer-songwriter
  • Nicole Willis (born 1963), American-born African-American singer, songwriter and painter
  • Yasmine Yamajako (born 1990/1991), half-Beninese[lower-alpha 6] singer[81]
  • Rebekka Yeboah (born 1996), half-Ghanaian[lower-alpha 6] rapper[82][83][84][85]

Politicians
  • Zahra Abdulla (born 1965), Somalian-born politician
  • Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi (born 1955), Somalian-born politician[86][87]
  • Fadumo Dayib (born 1972), Kenyan-born politician of Somalian descent[88]
  • Fatim Diarra (born 1986), half-Malian[lower-alpha 6] politician[89][90]
  • Batulo Essak (born 1967), Somalian-born politician
  • Sari Essayah (born 1967), half-Moroccan[lower-alpha 6] politician and former racewalker
  • Bella Forsgrén (born 1992), Ethiopian-born member of the Parliament of Finland
  • Abdirahim Hussein Mohamed (born 1978), Somalian-born radio journalist and politician
  • Junes Lokka (born 1979), Moroccan-born activist and politician
  • Aden Bulle Mohamud (died 2011), Somalian-born politician
  • Suldaan Said Ahmed (born 1993), Somalian-born activist and politician
  • Jani Toivola (born 1977), half-Kenyan[lower-alpha 6] actor, dancer, presenter and member of the Parliament of Finland (2011–2019)
  • Faisal Ali Warabe (born 1948), Somalian-born politician

Scientists
  • Moncef Gabbouj (born 1962), Tunisian-born professor
  • Eugene Holman (born 1945), American-born African-American linguist and actor

Sportspeople
Basketball players
  • Fiifi Aidoo (born 1996), Ghanaian-born basketball player
  • Nanayaw Awuah-Addae (born 1984), Ghanaian-born basketball player
  • Sara Bejedi (born 2000), basketball player of Cameroonian-Moroccan descent[lower-alpha 5][98][99][100]
  • Kwamena Brace (born 1987), half-Ghanaian[lower-alpha 6] basketball player[101]
  • Aubrey Conerly (born 1983), American-born African-American basketball player[102]
  • Krista Gross (born 1990), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Bernard Harris (born 1950), American-born African-American basketball coach and former basketball player
  • Garcia Hopkins (born 1958), American-born African-American former basketball player
  • Shawn Hopkins (born 1995), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Leon Huff (born 1950), American-born African-American basketball coach and former basketball player
  • Shawn Huff (born 1984), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Pierre Jallow (born 1979), Gambian-born basketball player
  • Greg Joyner (born 1957), American-born African-American basketball coach and former basketball player
  • Awak Kuier (born 2001), Egyptian-born basketball player of South Sudanese descent[103][104][105]
  • Cedric Latimer (born 1987), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Ervin Latimer (born 1952), American-born African-American entrepreneur and former basketball player
  • Gerald Lee Jr. (born 1987), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Gerald Lee Sr. (born 1951), American-born African-American basketball coach and former basketball player
  • La Trice Little (born 1979), American-born African-American former basketball player
  • Jonathan Moore (born 1957), American-born African-American former basketball player
  • Marcel Moore (born 1994), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Michaela Moua (born 1976), half-Ivorian[lower-alpha 6] former basketball player[106]
  • Anissa Pounds (born 1992), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Dionne Pounds (born 1984), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Larry Pounds (born 1953), American-born African-American basketball coach and former basketball player
  • Michael Pounds (born 1988), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] basketball player
  • Maurizio Pratesi (born 1975), half-Jamaican[lower-alpha 6] former basketball player[107]
  • Damon Williams (born 1973), American-born African-American basketball player
  • Jamar Wilson (born 1984), American-born African-American basketball player
Footballers

Writers
  • Ronald Fair (born 1932), American-born African-American writer and sculptor
  • Nura Farah (born 1979), Somalian-born writer
  • Ranya Paasonen (born 1974), half-Egyptian[lower-alpha 6] writer

Others
  • Maryan Abdulkarim (born 1982), Somalian-born activist
  • Aki Abiodun (born 1971), half-Nigerian[lower-alpha 6] contestant on the Finnish version of Big Brother and presenter[132][133]
  • Ujuni Ahmed (born 1987), Somalian-born activist[134][135][136][137]
  • François Bazaramba (born 1951), Rwandan-born criminal who was sentenced to life imprisonment in Finland for participating in the Rwandan genocide
  • Rosa Clay (1875–1959), half-Bantu teacher, choral conductor and theatre director from Ovamboland[11]
  • Dosdela (born 1993), media personality, YouTuber and musician of Somalian descent[lower-alpha 5][138][139]
  • Kelsey Harrison (born 1933), Nigerian-born gynaecologist[140]
  • Abdiqadir Osman Hussein (born 1974), Somalian-born murderer and sex offender
  • Tea Khalifa (born 1977), half-Chadian[lower-alpha 6] presenter[132]
  • Langry (born 1940), Moroccan-born circus performer
  • Esther Leander (born 1970), Kenyan-born project manager and Woman Refugee of the Year for 1999
  • Amran Mohamed Ahmed (born 1954), Somalian-born Woman Refugee of the Year for 2005[141]
  • Saido Mohamed (born 1974), Somalian-born Woman Refugee of the Year for 2011
  • Michele Murphy-Kaulanen (born 1980), half-African-American[lower-alpha 6] celebrity and the wife of Sampo Kaulanen, a celebrity and the manager of Jounin Kauppa[142][143]
  • Rudolf Prüss (1903–1940), Latvian-born soldier of African descent
  • Nimo Samatar (born 1995), contestant on the Finnish version of Big Brother and blogger of Somalian descent[lower-alpha 5][144][145][146]
  • Seksikäs-Suklaa (born 1992), Angolan-born media personality, YouTuber, presenter and musician
  • Esete Sutinen, Ethiopian-born dancer[147]
  • Steven Thomas (born 1961), American-born African-American sex offender
  • Leyla Väänänen (born 1992), half-Somalian[lower-alpha 7] contestant on the Finnish version of Big Brother[148][149]

People of the Finnish diaspora with African ancestry

This list is for notable people of African descent who also belong to the Finnish diaspora (i.e. Finnish emigrants and their descendants) but do not hold Finnish citizenship.

Germany

Sweden
See also: Sweden Finns

United Kingdom

United States
See also: Finnish Americans

Notes
  1. I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Africa,
     • or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.
  2. The population of Finland was 5,525,292 on 31 December 2019.[2]
  3. I.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia.
  4. Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
  5. Ancestry; born in Finland.
  6. On their father's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the mother's side.
  7. On their mother's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the father's side.
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gollark: No thank you, I use Linux.
gollark: No, C is actually bad and wrong in all cases.
gollark: Is that MM/DD/YYYY?!

References
  1. "Käsitteet ja määritelmät" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 11 April 2020. Syntyperä ja taustamaa ... Suomalaistaustaisia ovat myös kaikki ne henkilöt, joilla vähintään toinen vanhemmista on syntynyt Suomessa. ... Ulkomaalaistaustaisia ovat ne henkilöt, joiden molemmat vanhemmat tai ainoa tiedossa oleva vanhempi on syntynyt ulkomailla. ... Jos kummankaan vanhemman syntymävaltiosta ei ole tietoa, on taustamaa ulkomailla syntyneiden henkilöiden osalta henkilön oma syntymävaltio. ... Ulkomailta adoptoitujen lasten osalta ottovanhemmat rinnastetaan biologisiksi vanhemmiksi.
  2. "11rb -- Väkiluku ja väestömäärän muutos sukupuolen mukaan, 1750-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  3. "African Diaspora in Finland". Archived from the original on 26 May 2019.
  4. "Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä -podcast: Keitä olemme ja onko meillä historiaa?". Radio Helsinki (in Finnish). 16 June 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  5. Kajava, Marie (7 January 2010). "Mustan Suomen historia". Maailman Kuvalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  6. "Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä, V osa: Katse tulevaisuuteen" (in Finnish). Ruskeat Tytöt ry. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  7. "Lukijalta: Suomen ongelma ei ole maahanmuutto vaan rasismi" (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  8. "afrosuomalainen" (in Finnish). Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  9. "Afro-Suomen historia" (in Finnish). Yle. 9 December 2009.
  10. "Suomen musta menneisyys" (in Finnish).
  11. Leitzinger, Antero (22 June 2011). "Clay, Rosa Emilia (1875 - 1959)" (in Finnish). Finnish Literature Society. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  12. "Sangen tuntematon sotilas" (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  13. "Sisällissotaa lapsena Suomeen paennut Bashe, 30, syö ruisleipää aamuisin eikä häpeile puhua somaliaa: "On rikkaus olla Suomen somali"" (in Finnish). MTV. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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  15. "11rv -- Syntyperä ja taustamaa sukupuolen mukaan kunnittain, 1990-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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  17. "Kaupunkitutkimus ja -tilastot -yksikön muut julkaisut aiheesta" (in Finnish).
  18. "11rl -- Kieli iän ja sukupuolen mukaan maakunnittain, 1990-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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  20. "11l3 -- Suomen kansalaisuuden saaneet edellisen kansalaisuuden mukaan, 1990-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  21. "11l5 -- Suomen kansalaisuuden saaneet syntymävaltion ja sukupuolen mukaan, 1990-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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  23. "12ca -- Suomen kansalaisten miesten puolisoiden kansalaisuudet, 1992-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  24. "12cb -- Suomen kansalaisten naisten puolisoiden kansalaisuudet, 1992-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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