Denzel Washington

Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. (born December 28, 1954) is an American actor, director, and producer. He has received two Golden Globe awards, one Tony Award,[1] and two Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actor for the historical war drama film Glory (1989) and Best Actor for his role as corrupt detective Alonzo Harris in the crime thriller Training Day (2001).[2]

Denzel Washington
Washington in 2016
Born
Denzel Hayes Washington Jr.

(1954-12-28) December 28, 1954
Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.
Alma materFordham University
OccupationActor, director, producer
Years active1975–present
Spouse(s)
Pauletta Pearson
​
(
m. 1983)
Children4, including John David Washington

Washington has received much critical acclaim for his film work since the 1980s, including his portrayals of real-life figures such as South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in Cry Freedom (1987), Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X in Malcolm X (1992), boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter in The Hurricane (1999), football coach Herman Boone in Remember the Titans (2000), poet and educator Melvin B. Tolson in The Great Debaters (2007), and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster (2007). He has been a featured actor in films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee, Antoine Fuqua, and Tony Scott. In 2016, he received the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards.

In 2002, Washington made his directorial debut with the biographical film Antwone Fisher.[3] His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters (2007). His third film, Fences (2016), in which he also starred, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.[4]

Early life

Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. was born in Mount Vernon, New York, on December 28, 1954. His mother, Lennis "Lynne" (née Lowe; born 1924),[5] was a beauty parlor owner and operator born in Georgia and partly raised in Harlem, New York.[6][7][8][9] His father, Denzel Hayes Washington Sr. (1909–1991),[10] was a native of Buckingham County, Virginia, an ordained Pentecostal minister, and an employee of the New York City Water Department, as well as working at a local S. Klein department store.

Washington attended Pennington-Grimes Elementary School in Mount Vernon until 1968. When he was 14, his parents divorced and his mother sent him to the private preparatory school Oakland Military Academy in New Windsor, New York. Washington later said, "That decision changed my life, because I wouldn't have survived in the direction I was going. The guys I was hanging out with at the time, my running buddies, have now done maybe 40 years combined in the penitentiary. They were nice guys, but the streets got them."[11] After Oakland, he attended Mainland High School in Daytona Beach, Florida from 1970 to 1971.[7] He was interested in attending Texas Tech University: "I grew up in the Boys Club in Mount Vernon, and we were the Red Raiders. So when I was in high school, I wanted to go to Texas Tech in Lubbock just because they were called the Red Raiders and their uniforms looked like ours."[12] He earned a BA in Drama and Journalism from Fordham University in 1977.[13] At Fordham, he played collegiate basketball as a guard[14] under coach P.J. Carlesimo.[15] After a period of indecision on which major to study and taking a semester off, Washington worked as creative arts director of the overnight summer camp at Camp Sloane YMCA in Lakeville, Connecticut. He participated in a staff talent show for the campers and a colleague suggested he try acting.[16]

Returning to Fordham that fall with a renewed purpose, Washington enrolled at the Lincoln Center campus to study acting, where he was given the title roles in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones and Shakespeare's Othello. He then attended graduate school at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, California, where he stayed for one year before returning to New York to begin a professional acting career.[17]

Career

Early work

Washington spent the summer of 1976 in St. Mary's City, Maryland, in summer stock theater performing Wings of the Morning,[18][19] the Maryland State play, which was written for him by incorporating an African-American character/narrator based loosely on the historical figure from early colonial Maryland, Mathias Da Sousa.[18] Shortly after graduating from Fordham, Washington made his screen acting debut in the 1977 made-for-television film Wilma, and his first Hollywood appearance in the 1981 film Carbon Copy. He shared a 1982 Distinguished Ensemble Performance Obie Award for playing Private First Class Melvin Peterson in the Off-Broadway Negro Ensemble Company production A Soldier's Play which premiered November 20, 1981.[20]

Washington at the 62nd Academy Awards, at which he won Best Supporting Actor for the film Glory

A major career break came when Washington starred as Dr. Phillip Chandler in NBC's television hospital drama St. Elsewhere, which ran from 1982 to 1988. He was one of only a few African-American actors to appear on the series for its entire six-year run. He also appeared in several television, motion picture and stage roles, such as the films A Soldier's Story (1984), Hard Lessons (1986) and Power (1986). In 1987, he starred as South African anti-apartheid political activist Steven Biko in Richard Attenborough's Cry Freedom, for which he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

In 1989, Washington won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of a defiant, self-possessed ex-slave soldier in the film Glory. That same year, he appeared in the film The Mighty Quinn; and in For Queen and Country, where he played the conflicted and disillusioned Reuben James, a British soldier who, despite a distinguished military career, returns to a civilian life where racism and inner city life lead to vigilantism and violence.

1990s

In 1990, Washington starred as Bleek Gilliam in the Spike Lee film Mo' Better Blues. In 1991, he starred as Demetrius Williams in the romantic drama Mississippi Masala. Washington was reunited with Lee to play one of his most critically acclaimed roles, the title character of 1992's Malcolm X. His performance as the black nationalist leader earned him another nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Also that year, he established the production company Mundy Lane Entertainment.[21] The next year, he played the lawyer of a gay man with AIDS in the 1993 film Philadelphia. During the early and mid-1990s, Washington starred in several successful thrillers, including The Pelican Brief with Julia Roberts in 1993, and Crimson Tide with Gene Hackman in 1995, as well as in the movie of the Shakespearean comedy Much Ado About Nothing. In 1996, he played a U.S. Army officer who, despondent about a deadly mistake he made, investigates a female chopper commander's worthiness for the Medal of Honor in Courage Under Fire with Meg Ryan. In 1996, he appeared with Whitney Houston in the romantic comedy The Preacher's Wife.[22]

In 1998, Washington starred in Spike Lee's film He Got Game. Washington played a father serving a six-year prison term when the prison warden offers him a temporary parole to convince his top-ranked high-school basketball player son (Ray Allen) to sign with the governor's alma mater, Big State. The film was Washington's third collaboration with Lee.[23] The same year he starred in Gregory Hoblit's Fallen with John Goodman and Donald Sutherland.

In 1999, Washington starred in The Hurricane, a film about boxer Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter, whose conviction for triple murder was overturned after he spent almost 20 years in prison. He received a Golden Globe Award in 2000 and a Silver Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival for the role. Also in 1999, Washington starred alongside Angelina Jolie in The Bone Collector, which although twice as successful at the box office, was not as well received by critics.

2000s
Washington in 2000

In 2000, Washington appeared in the Disney film Remember the Titans which grossed over $100 million in the U.S.[24] At the 57th Golden Globe Awards, Washington won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for his work in The Hurricane. He was the first black actor to win the award since Sidney Poitier in 1963.[25][26]

Washington won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the 2001 cop thriller Training Day, where he played Detective Alonzo Harris, a corrupt Los Angeles cop. He was the second African-American actor to win the category after Sidney Poitier, who was presented with an Honorary Academy Award the same night.[27]

After appearing in 2002's box office success, the healthcare-themed John Q., Washington directed his first film, a well-reviewed drama called Antwone Fisher, in which he also co-starred.

Between 2003 and 2004, Washington appeared in a series of thrillers that performed generally well at the box office, including Out of Time, Man on Fire, and The Manchurian Candidate.[28] In 2006, he starred in Inside Man, a Spike Lee-directed bank heist thriller co-starring Jodie Foster and Clive Owen, released in March, and Déjà Vu.

In 2007, Washington co-starred with Russell Crowe, for the second time after 1995's Virtuosity, in Ridley Scott's American Gangster. He also directed and starred in the drama The Great Debaters with Forest Whitaker. He next appeared in Tony Scott's 2009 film The Taking of Pelham 123 (a remake of the 1974 thriller of the same name), where he played New York City subway security chief Walter Garber opposite John Travolta's villain.[29]

Return to theater
Washington after a performance of Julius Caesar in May 2005

In the summer of 1990, Washington appeared in the title role of the Public Theater's production of Shakespeare's Richard III. In 2005, he appeared onstage again as Marcus Brutus in a Broadway production of Julius Caesar. Despite mixed reviews, the production's limited run was a consistent sell-out.[30] In the spring of 2010, Washington played Troy Maxson, opposite Viola Davis, in the Broadway revival of August Wilson's Fences, for which he won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play on June 13, 2010.[31][32]

From April to June 2014, Washington played the leading role in the Broadway production of Lorraine Hansberry's classic drama A Raisin in the Sun, directed by Kenny Leon.[33] The show received positive reviews and won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play.[34]

Beginning March 22, 2018, Washington starred as Theodore "Hickey" Hickman in a Broadway revival of Eugene O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh. The production, directed by George C. Wolfe, began regular performances April 26 and ran for 14 weeks.[35]

2010s
Washington with Anne Hathaway at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in 2010

In 2010, Washington starred in The Book of Eli, a post-Apocalyptic drama set in the near future. Also in 2010, he starred as a veteran railroad engineer in the action film Unstoppable, about an unmanned, half-mile-long runaway freight train carrying dangerous cargo. The film was his fifth and final collaboration with director Tony Scott, following Crimson Tide (1995), Man on Fire (2004), Déjà Vu (2006) and The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 (2009).

In 2012, Washington starred in Flight, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He co-starred with Ryan Reynolds in Safe House, where he prepared for his role by subjecting himself to a torture session that included waterboarding.[36] In 2013, Washington starred in 2 Guns, alongside Mark Wahlberg. In 2014, he starred in The Equalizer, an action thriller film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Richard Wenk, based on the television series of same name starring Edward Woodward.[37] He reprised his role in his first sequel, The Equalizer 2 (2018).

In 2016, Washington starred in the remake of 1960 western film of the same name, The Magnificent Seven, alongside Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung-hun, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier, Haley Bennett, and Peter Sarsgaard. Principal photography began on May 18, 2015, in north Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The film premiered on September 8 at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States in conventional and IMAX theatres on September 23, 2016.[38] In The Magnificent Seven, Washington plays Sam Chisolm ("the Bounty Hunter"), a duly sworn warrant officer from Wichita, Kansas.[39] His character was renamed from Chris Adams (played by Yul Brynner in the original film) to Sam Chisolm.[40] It is Washington's first Western film.[41] Washington did not watch Westerns growing up, as it was the end of the Western era in the movies. Moreover, he and his siblings were barred from going to the cinema by his father, a minister in a church. They grew up watching biblical films instead, like King of Kings and The Ten Commandments, although he has said that he watched portions of the shows Rawhide and Bonanza.[41][42] He did not view the original film in preparation, but has watched Seven Samurai.[41] Fuqua said that Washington, whom he had twice collaborated with, was his first choice to be cast irrespective of the role. The producers were skeptical whether he would take the job since it was a Western film, but Fuqua flew to New York City to negotiate with Washington, who accepted the offer.[43][44]

Washington at the premiere of The Equalizer in 2014

In 2016, Washington directed the film Fences, co-starring Viola Davis and based on Wilson's play of the same name, with a script by Wilson. Set in 1950s Pittsburgh, Washington plays a former Negro league baseball player working as a waste collector who struggles to provide for his family and come to terms with the events of his life. The film was released on December 16, 2016, by Paramount Pictures. For his performance, Washington was nominated in the Best Actor category for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award. The film was nominated for three other Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay, and won Davis her first Oscar, in the Best Supporting Actress category. In 2017, Washington starred in the legal drama film Roman J. Israel, Esq.. While the film received mixed reviews, his performance was praised by critics and led to nominations for a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award, Washington's ninth Oscar nomination overall, and his sixth for Best Actor.

Personal life

On June 25, 1983, Washington married Pauletta Pearson, whom he met on the set of his first screen work, the television film Wilma. They have four children: John David (born July 28, 1984), also an actor and a former football player,[45][46] Katia (born November 27, 1986) who graduated from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts in 2010, and twins Olivia and Malcolm (born April 10, 1991). Malcolm graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in film studies, and Olivia played a role in Lee Daniels's film The Butler. In 1995, Washington and his wife renewed their wedding vows in South Africa with Desmond Tutu officiating.[47] As of 2008, they lived in an apartment at 15 Central Park West in New York City.[48][49]

Washington is a devout Christian,[50] and has considered becoming a preacher. He stated in 1999, "A part of me still says, 'Maybe, Denzel, you're supposed to preach. Maybe you're still compromising.' I've had an opportunity to play great men and, through their words, to preach. I take what talent I've been given seriously, and I want to use it for good."[51] In 1995, he donated US$2.5 million to help build the new West Angeles Church of God in Christ facility in Los Angeles.[52][53] Washington says he reads the Bible daily.[54]

Washington has served as the national spokesman for Boys & Girls Clubs of America since 1993[55] and has appeared in public service announcements and awareness campaigns for the organization.[56] In addition, he has served as a board member for Boys & Girls Clubs of America since 1995.[57] Due to his philanthropic work with the Boys & Girls Club, PS 17X, a New York City Elementary School decided to officially name their school after Washington.

In mid-2004, Washington visited Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC) at Fort Sam Houston, where he participated in a Purple Heart ceremony, presenting medals to three Army soldiers recovering from wounds they received while stationed in Iraq. He also visited the fort's Fisher House facilities, and after learning that it had exceeded its capacity, made a substantial donation to the Fisher House Foundation. Washington's other charitable contributions include US$1 million to Nelson Mandela's Children's Fund in 1995[58] and US$1 million to Wiley College to resuscitate the college's debate team.[59]

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) named Washington as one of three people (the others being directors Oliver Stone and Michael Moore) with whom they were willing to negotiate for the release of three defense contractors the group had held captive from 2003 to 2008.[60]

On May 18, 1991, Washington was awarded an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, Fordham University, for having "impressively succeeded in exploring the edge of his multifaceted talent".[61] In 2011, he donated $2 million to Fordham for an endowed chair of the theater department, as well as US$250,000 to establish a theater-specific scholarship at the school. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Morehouse College on May 20, 2007.[62] and an honorary Doctor of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania on May 16, 2011.[63]

Filmography
Main article: Denzel Washington on screen and stage

Awards and nominations
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Denzel Washington
gollark: I can't even see it because of the 8Mbit/s e-interwebbernet connection.
gollark: `function shell.run(...) return "nope" end`
gollark: \lua print "potatOS is the superior Öß"
gollark: \lua return "PotatOS"
gollark: \lua error("err", math.huge)

References
  1. "Five Ways Denzel Can Achieve His EGOT Dream". Time. June 14, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  2. (April 4, 2002). "Halle Berry, Denzel Washington get historic wins at Oscars. Jet. Digital version retrieved March 17, 2008.
  3. Bal, Sumeet (May 30, 2003). "Antwone Fisher". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  4. D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 18, 2016). "Paramount Dates Denzel Washington's Feature Adaptation Of 'Fences'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  5. "Lennis (Lowe) Washington (1924)". WikiTree.
  6. "Denzel Washington Biography (1954–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  7. Nickson, Chris (1996). Denzel Washington. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-312-96043-3.
  8. Ingram, E. Renée (2005). Buckingham County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 0-7385-1842-5.
  9. "familyhistoryinsider.com".
  10. "Denzel Hayes Washington Sr (1909 - 1991)". WikiTree.
  11. Rader, Dodson (December 12, 1999). "I Try To Send A Good Message". Parade Magazine. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  12. "Leach OK with star power". Florida Times-Union. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
  13. "Denzel Washington Returns to Acting Roots". Fordham.edu. October 28, 2003. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  14. Frank Isola, "Spurs Coach Sticks Neck Out for Carlesimo", New York Daily News, June 5, 2003.
  15. Wise, Mike (March 22, 1998). "Pro Basketball" Notebook; Chicago's Jordan-Jackson-Pippen Triangle, page 2". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  16. Paisner, Daniel A Hand to Guide Me (Meredith Books, 2006), p. 17. ISBN 978-0-696-23049-3
  17. Denzel Washington Biography, AllMovie.com. accessdate=February 13, 2008
  18. "Matthias da Sousa: Colonial Maryland's Black, Jewish Assemblyman", Susan Rosenfeld Falb, MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE, VOL. 73, No. 4, DECEMBER 1978 http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000293/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_293.pdf
  19. "St. Mary's: A When-Did Timeline" Archived February 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, p. 30, By Janet Butler Haugaard, Executive Editor and Writer, St. Mary's College of Maryland with Susan G. Wilkinson, Director of Marketing and Communications, Historic St. Mary's City Commission and Julia A. King, Associate Professor of Anthropology, St. Mary's College of Maryland. St. Mary's Archives.
  20. A Soldier's Play Archived January 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Lortel Archives
  21. Laski, Beth; Laski, Beth (March 6, 1997). "Mundy lane sees a full load ahead". Variety. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  22. Goldstein, Patrick (December 11, 1996). "Praying for Crossover Appeal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  23. "Going Fourth Denzel Washington And Spike Lee On Their Quartet Of Movies". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  24. "Remember the Titans (2000)". Box Office Mojo. January 28, 2001. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  25. "All ready for a storm". Herald Scotland. March 23, 2000. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
  26. "Denzel Washington and Halle Berry Win Golden Globe Awards". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. February 7, 2000. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
  27. "Sidney Poitier". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. September 27, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  28. "Denzel Washington Movie Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  29. "The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3". June 12, 2009 – via IMDb.
  30. "A Big-Name Brutus in a Cauldron of Chaos", by Ben Brantley, The New York Times, April 4, 2005.
  31. Farley, Christopher John (May 4, 2010). "2010 Tony Award Nominations: Denzel Washington, Scarlett Johansson Earn Nods". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  32. "BWW TV: 2010 Tony Winners- Washington & Davis", by BroadwayWorld, BroadwayWorld.com, June 14, 2010.
  33. "Denzel Washington Heads Back To Broadway In 'A Raisin In The Sun'". deadline.com. August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  34. "Tony-Winning Revival of A Raisin in the Sun Plays Final Performance Tonight". playbill.com. June 15, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
  35. Haigney, Sophie (August 21, 2017). "Denzel Washington to Star in 'Iceman Cometh' on Broadway". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  36. Denzel Washington waterboarded while filming. Content.usatoday.com (February 9, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-07-13.
  37. Schaefer, Sandy (October 25, 2012). "Denzel Washington's 'Equalizer' Secures Start Date; Lining Up Directors". Screen Rant.
  38. Masters, Tim (September 9, 2016). "Toronto 2016: Magnificent Seven diversity 'not a statement', says director". BBC News Online.
  39. Jay Jayson (September 3, 2016). "The Magnificent Seven Chris Pratt And Denzel Washington Character Vignettes". Comicbook.com. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  40. Jordan Zakarin (September 8, 2016). "'The Magnificent Seven' Isn't a Remake. It's a Reclamation". Inverse. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  41. Darren Franich (August 11, 2016). "The Magnificent Seven: Chris Pratt, Denzel Washington share favorite Westerns". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  42. Ariston Anderson (September 10, 2016). "Venice: Denzel Washington, Director Antoine Fuqua Talk Getting Into Character, Politics in 'Magnificent Seven'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  43. Rebecca Ford (September 8, 2016). "Toronto: How Antoine Fuqua Persuaded Denzel Washington to Join 'Magnificent Seven' (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  44. Sharon Waxman (September 8, 2016). "Why 'Magnificent Seven' May Be Hollywood's First Color-Blind Blockbuster". TheWrap. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  45. Andreeva, Nellie (February 13, 2014). "Dwayne Johnson's HBO Half-Hour Pilot 'Ballers' Picked Up To Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  46. Associated Press, ed. (May 1, 2006). "Denzel Washington's son among Rams signees". ESPN. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  47. "Denzel Washington and Wife Celebrate 27th Wedding Anniversary in Italy" Archived August 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, LoveTripper.com, June 28, 2009
  48. By C and ace Taylor. "Denzel's new neighbors at 15 Central Park West". Therealdeal.com. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  49. Von Martin Dowideit (November 27, 2007). "15 Central Park West: Die neue Adresse für New Yorks Oberschicht - WELT". Welt.de. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  50. Ojumu, Akin (March 24, 2002). "The Observer Profile: Denzel Washington". The Observer. London. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  51. "Denzel Washington: 'I Try to Send A Good Message'". Parade Magazine. December 12, 1999. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006.
  52. "Magic gives $5 mil., Denzel gives $2.5 mil. to build new West Angeles COGIC facility in Los Angeles". Jet. November 6, 1995 (link to headline only)
  53. Mikkelson, Barbara and David (December 27, 2012). "Denzel Washington". Snopes.com. December 28, 2012.
  54. Hainey, Michael (September 18, 2012). "The GQ&A: Denzel Washington". GQ.
  55. "Board". Bgca.org. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  56. "BE GREAT Alumni". Bgca.org. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  57. "Denzel Washington". Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  58. "Denzel Washington". People. 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  59. Ragland, James (January 26, 2012). "Wiley College vs. USC: A debate rematch 77 years in the making". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  60. "Colombian rebels ask Denzel Washington to help broker hostage exchange". CBC Arts. November 10, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  61. "COMMENCEMENTS: Fordham Graduates Urged to Defend the Poor". The New York Times. May 19, 1991.
  62. "Morehouse Celebrates an 'End of an Era' with a Special Commencement Message from Dr. Walter E. Massey" Archived December 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Morehouse College press release, May 15, 2007,
  63. "Award-Winning Actor Denzel Washington Delivers Penn's 255th Commencement Address".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.