Abelisauridae

Abelisauridae (meaning "Abel's lizards") is a family (or clade) of ceratosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Abelisaurids thrived during the Cretaceous period, on the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and today their fossil remains are found on the modern continents of Africa and South America, as well as on the Indian subcontinent and the island of Madagascar. Reports based on isolated teeth show the occurrence in the Late Jurassic of Portugal,[2] and the confirmed existence of European Abelisaurids comes from the Late Cretaceous of France with Arcovenator.[1] Abelisaurids first appear in the fossil record of the early middle Jurassic period, and at least two genera (the Moroccan Chenanisaurus and the Madagascan Majungasaurus) survived until the end of the Mesozoic era 66 million years ago.[3]

Abelisaurids Temporal range: Middle Jurassic-Late Cretaceous, 170–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Reconstructed skeleton of Aucasaurus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	†Abelisauria
Family:	†Abelisauridae Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
Type species
†Abelisaurus comahuensis Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
Subgroups
†Xenotarsosaurus †Eoabelisaurus †Kryptops †Rugops †Carnotaurinae †Majungasaurinae[1]

Like most theropods, abelisaurids were carnivorous bipeds. They were characterized by stocky hind limbs and extensive ornamentation of the skull bones, with grooves and pits. In many abelisaurids, such as Carnotaurus, the fore limbs are vestigial, the skull is shorter, and bony crests grow above the eyes. Most of the known abelisaurids would have been between 5 and 9 m (17 to 30 ft) in length, from snout to tip of tail, with a new and as yet unnamed specimen from northwestern Turkana in Kenya, Africa reaching a possible length of 11–12 m (36 to 39 ft).[4] Before becoming well known, fragmentary abelisaurid remains were occasionally misidentified as possible South American tyrannosaurids.[5]

Description

Size comparison of five abelisaurids; Carnotaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus, Skorpiovenator, Aucasaurus, and Majungasaurus

Abelisaurid hind limbs were more typical of ceratosaurs, with the astragalus and calcaneum (upper ankle bones) fused to each other and to the tibia, forming a tibiotarsus. The tibia was shorter than the femur, giving the hind limb stocky proportions. Three functional digits were on the foot (the second, third, and fourth), while the first digit, or hallux, did not contact the ground.[6]

Skull

Skull of Abelisaurus.

Although skull proportions varied, abelisaurid skulls were generally very tall and very short in length. In Carnotaurus, for example, the skull was nearly as tall as it was long. The premaxilla in abelisaurids was very tall, so the front of the snout was blunt, not tapered as seen in many other theropods.[4]

Two skull bones, the lacrimal and postorbital bones, projected into the eye socket from the front and back, nearly dividing it into two compartments. The eye would have been located in the upper compartment, which was tilted slightly outwards in Carnotaurus, perhaps providing some degree of binocular vision. The lacrimal and postorbital also met above the eye socket, to form a ridge or brow above the eye.[4]

Sculpturing is seen on many of the skull bones, in the form of long grooves, pits, and protrusions. Like other ceratosaurs, the frontal bones of the skull roof were fused together. Carnotaurines commonly had bony projections from the skull. Carnotaurus had two pronounced horns, projecting outward above the eyes, while its close relative Aucasaurus had smaller projections in the same area. Majungasaurus and Rajasaurus had a single bony horn or dome, projecting upwards from the skull. These projections, like the horns of many modern animals, might have been displayed for species recognition or intimidation.[6][7][8] In Arcovenator, the dorsal margin of the postorbital (and probably also the lacrimal) is thickened dorsolaterally, forming a strong and rugose bony brow ridge rising above the level of the skull roof.[1] Possibly, this rugose brow ridge supported a keratinous or scaly structure for displays.

Fore limbs and hands

Hand bones of Carnotaurus, as interpreted by Ruiz and colleagues (2011)[9]

Data for the abelisaurid fore limbs are known from Eoabelisaurus and the carnotaurines Aucasaurus, Carnotaurus, and Majungasaurus. All had small fore limbs, which seem to have been vestigial.[10] The bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) were extremely short, only 25% of the length of the upper arm (humerus) in Carnotaurus and 33% in Aucasaurus. The entire arm was held straight, and the elbow joint was immobile.[10]

As is typical for ceratosaurs, the abelisaurid hand had four basic digits, but any similarity ends there. No wrist bones existed, with the four palm bones (metacarpals) attaching directly to the forearm. No phalanges (finger bones) were on the first or fourth digits, only one on the second digit and two on the third digit. These two external fingers were extremely short and immobile. Manual claws were very small in Eoabelisaurus, and totally absent in carnotaurines.[10]

More primitive relatives such as Noasaurus and Ceratosaurus had longer, mobile arms with fingers and claws.[11] Paleobiologist Alexander O. Vargas suggested a major reason for the evolution towards vestigial fore limbs in the group was because of a genetic defect; the loss of function in HOXA11 and HOXD11, two genes that regulate the fore limbs' development.[12]

Distribution

Illustration of Abelisaurus

Abelisauroids are typically regarded as a Cretaceous group, though the earliest abelisaurid remains are known from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina (classified as the species Eoabelisaurus mefi) and possibly Madagascar (fragmentary remains of an unnamed species);[13][14] possible abelisaurid remains (an isolated left tibia, right femur and right tibia) were also discovered in Late Jurassic Tendaguru Beds in Tanzania.[15] Abelisaurid remains are mainly known in the southern continents, which once made up the supercontinent of Gondwana. When first described in 1985, only Carnotaurus and Abelisaurus were known, both from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Abelisaurids were then located in Late Cretaceous India (Indosuchus and Rajasaurus) and Madagascar (Majungasaurus), which were closely connected for much of the Cretaceous. It was thought that the absence of abelisaurids from continental Africa indicated that the group evolved after the separation of Africa from Gondwana, around 100 million years ago.[16] However, the discovery of Rugops and other abelisaurid material from the middle of the Cretaceous in northern Africa disproved this hypothesis.[17][18] Mid-Cretaceous abelisaurids are now known from South America as well, showing that the group existed prior to the breakup of Gondwana.[19][20][21] In 2014, the description of Arcovenator escotae from southern France provided the first indisputable evidence of the presence of Abelisaurids in Europe. Arcovenator presents strong similarities with the Madagascan Majungasaurus and Indian abelisaurids, but not with the South American forms. Arcovenator, Majungasaurus, and Indian forms are united in the new clade Majungasaurinae.[1]

Classification

Illustration of Carnotaurus

Paleontologists Jose Bonaparte and Fernando Novas coined the name Abelisauridae in 1985 when they described the eponymous Abelisaurus. The name is formed from the family name of Roberto Abel, who discovered Abelisaurus, and from the Greek word σαυρος (sauros) meaning lizard. The very common suffix -idae is usually applied to zoological family names and is derived from the Greek suffix -ιδαι (-idai), which indicates a plural noun.[22]

Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus, their common ancestor, and all of its descendants.[23][24]

Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to Abelisaurus (or the more complete Carnotaurus) than to Noasaurus.[8] The node-based definition would not include animals such as Rugops or Ilokelesia, which are thought to be more basal than Abelisaurus and would be included by a stem-based definition.[25] Within the Abelisauridae is the subgroup Carnotaurinae, and among carnotaurines, Aucasaurus and Carnotaurus are united in Carnotaurini.[17]

Shared characteristics

Skeletal diagram of the known material of Carnotaurus

Complete skeletons have been described only for the most advanced abelisaurids (such as Carnotaurus and Aucasaurus), making establishment of defining features of the skeleton for the family as a whole more difficult. However, most are known from at least some skull bones, so known shared features come mainly from the skull.[6] Many abelisaurid skull features are shared with carcharodontosaurids. These shared features, along with the fact that abelisaurids seem to have replaced carcharodontosaurids in South America, have led to suggestions that the two groups were related.[23] However, no cladistic analysis has ever found such a relationship, and aside from the skull, abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids are very different, more similar to ceratosaurs and allosauroids, respectively.[6]

Phylogeny

Known material of Majungasaurus

Below is a cladogram generated by Tortosa et al. (2014) in the description of Arcovenator and creation of a new subfamily Majungasaurinae.[1]

Abelisauridae

Kryptops     Rugops     Genusaurus     MCF-PVPH-237 abelisaurid     Xenotarsosaurus     Tarascosaurus     La Boucharde abelisaurid     Majungasaurinae   Pourcieux abelisaurid     Arcovenator     Majungasaurus     Indosaurus     Rahiolisaurus     Rajasaurus     Brachyrostra   Ilokelesia       Ekrixinatosaurus       Skorpiovenator     Carnotaurini   Abelisaurus     Aucasaurus     Pycnonemosaurus     Quilmesaurus     Carnotaurus

Ilokelesia was originally described as a sister group to the Abelisauroidea.[19] However, Sereno tentatively places it closer to Abelisaurus than to noasaurids, a result which agrees with several other recent analyses.[6][20][26] If a stem-based definition is used, Ilokelesia and Rugops are therefore basal abelisaurids. However, as they are more basal than Abelisaurus, they are outside of the Abelisauridae if the node-based definition is adopted. Ekrixinatosaurus was also published in 2004, so it was not included in Sereno's analysis. However, an independent analysis, performed by Jorge Calvo and colleagues, shows it to be an abelisaurid.[20]

Some scientists include Xenotarsosaurus from Argentina and Compsosuchus from India as basal abelisaurids,[27][28] while others consider them to be outside the Abelisauroidea.[29] The French Genusaurus and Tarascosaurus have also been called abelisaurids but both are fragmentary and may be more basal ceratosaurians.[6]

Skeleton of Eoabelisaurus, a close relative of the Abelisauridae

With the description of Skorpiovenator in 2008, Canale et al. published another phylogenetic analysis focusing on the South American abelisaurids. In their results, they found that all South American forms, including Ilokelesia (except Abelisaurus), grouped together as a subclade of carnotaurines, which they named the Brachyrostra.[30] In the same year Matthew T. Carrano and Scott D. Sampson published new large phylogenetic analysis of ceratosaurian.[31] With the description of Eoabelisaurus, Diego Pol and Oliver W. M. Rauhut (2012) combined these analyses and added 10n new characters. The following cladogram follows their analysis.[32]

Ceratosauria

Berberosaurus     Deltadromeus         Spinostropheus       Limusaurus     Elaphrosaurus        Neoceratosauria   Ceratosauridae    Ceratosaurus     Genyodectes      Abelisauroidea   Noasauridae    Laevisuchus     Masiakasaurus     Noasaurus     Velocisaurus      Abelisauridae    Eoabelisaurus       Rugops       Abelisaurus    Carnotaurinae      Majungasaurus     Indosaurus     Rajasaurus      Brachyrostra      Ilokelesia     Ekrixinatosaurus     Skorpiovenator      Carnotaurini    Carnotaurus     Aucasaurus

Timeline of descriptions of genera

Paleobiology

Ontogeny and growth

Studies of the abelisaurid Majungasaurus indicate that it was a much slower-growing dinosaur than other theropods, taking nearly 20 years to reach adult size. Similar studies on other abelisaurid genera indicate that this slow maturation may have been a common trait to the whole of the Abelisauridae.[33]

See also

• Timeline of ceratosaur research

References

1. Tortosa, Thierry; Buffetaut, Eric; Vialle, Nicolas; Dutour, Yves; Turini, Eric; Cheylan, Gilles (2014). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Annales de Paléontologie. 100: 63–86. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003.
2. Hendrickx, Christophe; Mateus, Octávio (2014). "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth". Zootaxa. 3759: 1–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1. PMID 24869965. S2CID 12650231.
3. Longrich, Nicholas R.; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Khaldoune, Fatima; Jourani, Essaid (2017). "An abelisaurid from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Morocco, North Africa". Cretaceous Research. 76: 40–52. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.021.
4. "October/November 2013, Abstracts Of Papers, 73rd Annual Meeting" (PDF). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
5. "Abelisaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 105. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.
6. Tykoski, R.S. & Rowe, T. (2004). "Ceratosauria". In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmolska, H. (Eds.) The Dinosauria (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 47–70 ISBN 0-520-24209-2
7. Bonaparte, J.F.; Novas, F.E.; Coria, R.A. (1990). "Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the middle Cretaceous of Patagonia". Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 416: 1–42.
8. Wilson, J.A.; Sereno, P.C.; Srivastava, S.; Bhatt, D.K.; Khosla, A.; Sahni, A. (2003). "A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India". Contributions of the Museum of Palaeontology of the University of Michigan. 31: 1–42.
9. Ruiz, Javier; Torices, Angélica; Serrano, Humberto; López, Valle (2011). "The hand structure of Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda, Abelisauridae): implications for hand diversity and evolution in abelisaurids" (PDF). Palaeontology. 54 (6): 1271–1277. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01091.x.
10. Senter, P. (2010). "Vestigial skeletal structures in dinosaurs". Journal of Zoology. 280 (1): 60–71. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00640.x.
11. Agnolin, Federico L.; Chiarelli, Pablo (2009). "The position of the claws in Noasauridae (Dinosauria: Abelisauroidea) and its implications for abelisauroid manus evolution". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 84 (2): 293. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0044-2.
12. Need a Hand? Don't Ask an Abelisaurid
13. Pol, D.; Rauhut, O. W. M. (2012). "A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1741): 3170–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0660. PMC 3385738. PMID 22628475.
14. Maganuco, S.; Cau, A.; Pasini, G. (2005). "First description of theropod remains from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Madagascar". Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano. 146 (2): 165–202.
15. Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2011). "Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 86: 195–239. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01084.x (inactive 2020-05-21).
16. Sampson, S.D.; Witmer, L.M.; Forster, C.A.; Krause, D.A.; O'Connor, P.M.; Dodson, P.; Ravoavy, F. (1998). "Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana". Science. 280 (5366): 1048–1051. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1048S. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1048. PMID 9582112.
17. Sereno, P.C.; Wilson, J.A.; Conrad, J.L. (2004). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 271 (1546): 1325–1330. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.
18. Mahler, L. (2005). "Record of Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 236–239. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0236:ROADTF]2.0.CO;2.
19. Coria, R.A. & Salgado, L. "A basal Abelisauria Novas 1992 (Theropoda- Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous Period of Patagonia, Argentina". In: Perez-Moreno, B, Holtz, T.R., Sanz, J.L., & Moratalla, J. (Eds.). Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Gaia 15:89–102. [not printed until 2000]
20. Calvo, J.O.; Rubilar-Rogers, D.; Moreno, K. (2004). "A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia". Ameghiniana. 41 (4): 555–563.
21. Lamanna, M.C.; Martinez, R.D.; Smith, J.B. (2002). "A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 58–69. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0058:ADATDF]2.0.CO;2.
22. Bonaparte, J.F. & Novas, F.E. (1985). ["Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., Carnosauria of the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".] Ameghiniana. 21: 259–265. [In Spanish]
23. Novas, F.E. (1997). "Abelisauridae". In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K.P. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 1–2 ISBN 0-12-226810-5.
24. Sereno, P.C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with applications to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 210: 41–83. doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41.
25. Sereno, P.C. (2005). Abelisauridae Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. TaxonSearch. 7 November 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
26. Coria, R.A.; Chiappe, L.M.; Dingus, L. (2002). "A close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (2): 460–465. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0460:ANCROC]2.0.CO;2.
27. Novas, F.E.; Agnolin, F.L.; Bandyopadhyay, S. (2004). "Cretaceous theropods from India: a review of specimens described by Huene and Matley (1933)"". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 6 (1): 67–103. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.6.74.
28. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2003). "The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69: 1–213.
29. Martínez, R.D. and Novas, F.E. (2006). "Aniksosaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov., a new coelurosaurian theropod from the early Late Cretaceous of central Patagonia, Argentina". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, nuevo serie 8(2):243-259
30. Canale, Juan I.; Scanferla, Carlos A.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (2008). "New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods". Naturwissenschaften. 96 (3): 409–14. Bibcode:2009NW.....96..409C. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0487-4. hdl:11336/52024. PMID 19057888.
31. Carrano, M. T.; Sampson, S. D. (2007). "The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (2): 183. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002246.
32. Diego Pol & Oliver W. M. Rauhut (2012). "A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1804): 3170–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0660. PMC 3385738. PMID 22628475.
33. "Fearsome Malagasy Dinosaur Remained a Pipsqueak Most of Its Life".

External links

• Abelisauridae at The Theropod Database