8½

​8 1⁄2 (Italian title: Otto e mezzo, pronounced [ˈɔtto e ˈmɛddzo]) is a 1963 Italian surrealist comedy-drama film directed by Federico Fellini and co-scripted by Fellini, Tullio Pinelli, Ennio Flaiano, and Brunello Rondi. It stars Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi, a famous Italian film director who suffers from stifled creativity as he attempts to direct an epic science fiction film. It is shot in black and white by cinematographer Gianni Di Venanzo and features a soundtrack by Nino Rota, with costume and set designs by Piero Gherardi.

​8 1⁄2
Original theatrical poster
Directed byFederico Fellini
Produced byAngelo Rizzoli
Screenplay byFederico Fellini
Tullio Pinelli
Ennio Flaiano
Brunello Rondi
Story byFederico Fellini
Ennio Flaiano
StarringMarcello Mastroianni
Claudia Cardinale
Anouk Aimée
Sandra Milo
Music byNino Rota
CinematographyGianni Di Venanzo
Edited byLeo Catozzo
Production
company
Cineriz
Francinex
Distributed byCineriz (Italy)
Columbia Pictures (France)
Release date
  • 14 February 1963 (1963-02-14)
Running time
138 minutes
Country
  • Italy
  • France[1]
LanguageItalian
Box office$3.5 million (rentals)[2]

​8 1⁄2 won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Costume Design (black-and-white). It is acknowledged as an avant-garde film[3] and a highly influential classic, and it was among the top 10 on BFI The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time, ranked third in a 2002 poll of film directors conducted by the British Film Institute.[4] It is also listed on the Vatican's compilation of the 45 best films made before 1995, the 100th anniversary of cinema.[5] It is now considered to be one of the greatest films of all time.

Plot

Guido Anselmi (Marcello Mastroianni), a famous Italian film director, is suffering from "director's block". Stalled on his new science fiction film that includes thinly veiled autobiographical references, he has lost interest amidst artistic and marital difficulties. While attempting to recover from his anxieties at a luxurious spa, Guido hires a well-known critic (Jean Rougeul) to review his ideas for his film, but the critic blasts them as weak, intellectually spineless, and confusing. Meanwhile, Guido has recurring visions of an Ideal Woman (Claudia Cardinale), which he sees as key to his story. His vivacious mistress Carla (Sandra Milo) comes from Rome to visit him, but Guido puts her in a separate hotel and mostly ignores her. The film production crew relocates to Guido's hotel in an attempt to get him to work on the film, but he evades his staff, ignores journalists, and refuses to make decisions, not even telling actors their roles. As the pressure mounts to begin filming, Guido retreats into childhood memories: spending the night at his grandmother's villa, dancing with a prostitute (Eddra Gale) on the beach as a schoolboy, and being punished by his strict Catholic school as a result. The film critic claims that these memories are too sentimental and ambiguous to be used in Guido's film.

Granted the rare opportunity to have a personal audience with a Cardinal in a steam bath (a scene which Guido plans to replicate in his film), Guido admits that he isn't happy. The Cardinal responds with quotes from the catechism and offers little insight into his condition. Guido invites his estranged wife Luisa (Anouk Aimée) and her friends to join him. They dance, suggesting that the couple still has a chance to reconcile, but Guido abandons her for his production crew. The crew tours the steel infrastructure of a life-sized rocket ship set built on the beach, and Guido confesses to his wife's best friend Rosella (Rossella Falk) that he wanted to make a film that was pure and honest, but he is struggling with something honest to say. Carla surprises Guido, Luisa, and Rosella outside the hotel, and Guido claims that he and Carla ended their affair years ago. Luisa and Rosella call him on the lie, and Guido slips into a fantasy world where he lords over a harem of women from his life. They bathe him (like at his grandmother's villa) and spray him with powder, but a rejected showgirl starts a rebellion. The fantasy women attack Guido with harsh truths about himself and his sex life, and Guido literally whips them back into shape.

Fed up with delays, the producer (Guido Alberti) forces Guido to review his many screen tests, but Guido still fails to make any decisions. The screen tests are for roles portrayed earlier in ​8 1⁄2, such as Carla, the prostitute, the Cardinal, etc. When Luisa sees how bitterly Guido chooses to represent her in the film, she flees the theater, declaring that their marriage is over since Guido is unable to deal with the truth. But Guido's Ideal Woman arrives in the form of an actress named Claudia. Guido takes her to visit a proposed set, explaining that his film is about a burned-out man who finds salvation in this Ideal Woman. Claudia listens intently, but concludes that the protagonist is unsympathetic because he is incapable of love. Broken, Guido calls off the film, but the producer and the film's staff announce a massive press conference at the rocket ship set. Guido attempts to escape from the frenzied journalists, and when pressed for a statement, he instead crawls under a table and shoots himself in the head. The crew begins to disassemble the rocket ship, since the film is canceled. The critic praises Guido for making a wise decision, and Guido has a revelation: he was attempting to solve his personal confusion by creating a film to help others, when instead he needs to accept his life for what it is. He asks Luisa for her assistance in doing so. A group of musical clowns, led by a young Guido, transform the rocket ship set into a circus, leading the men and women of Guido's life down the steps of the set. Shouting through a megaphone, Guido directs them into a circus ring, and Carla tells him that she figured out what he was trying to say: that Guido can't do without the people in his life. The men and women hold hands and run around the circle, Guido and Luisa joining them last.

Cast

Production
Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi

In an October 1960 letter to his colleague Brunello Rondi, Fellini first outlined his film ideas about a man suffering from a creative block: "Well then—a guy (a writer? any kind of professional man? a theatrical producer?) has to interrupt the usual rhythm of his life for two weeks because of a not-too-serious disease. It's a warning bell: something is blocking up his system."[6] Unclear about the script, its title, and his protagonist's profession, he scouted locations throughout Italy "looking for the film"[7] in the hope of resolving his confusion. Flaiano suggested La bella confusione (literally The Beautiful Confusion) as the film's title. Under pressure from his producers, Fellini finally settled on ​8 1⁄2, a self-referential title referring principally (but not exclusively)[8] to the number of films he had directed up to that time.

Giving the order to start production in spring 1962, Fellini signed deals with his producer Rizzoli, fixed dates, had sets constructed, cast Mastroianni, Anouk Aimée, and Sandra Milo in lead roles, and did screen tests at the Scalera Studios in Rome. He hired cinematographer Gianni Di Venanzo, among key personnel. But apart from naming his hero Guido Anselmi, he still couldn't decide what his character did for a living.[9] The crisis came to a head in April when, sitting in his Cinecittà office, he began a letter to Rizzoli confessing he had "lost his film" and had to abandon the project. Interrupted by the chief machinist requesting he celebrate the launch of ​8 1⁄2, Fellini put aside the letter and went on the set. Raising a toast to the crew, he "felt overwhelmed by shame… I was in a no exit situation. I was a director who wanted to make a film he no longer remembers. And lo and behold, at that very moment everything fell into place. I got straight to the heart of the film. I would narrate everything that had been happening to me. I would make a film telling the story of a director who no longer knows what film he wanted to make".[10]

When shooting began on 9 May 1962, Eugene Walter recalled Fellini taking "a little piece of brown paper tape" and sticking it near the viewfinder of the camera. Written on it was Ricordati che è un film comico ("Remember that this is a comic film").[11] Perplexed by the seemingly chaotic, incessant improvisation on the set, Deena Boyer, the director's American press officer at the time, asked for a rationale. Fellini told her that he hoped to convey the three levels "on which our minds live: the past, the present, and the conditional - the realm of fantasy".[12]

​8 1⁄2 was filmed in the spherical cinematographic process, using 35-millimeter film, and exhibited with an aspect ratio of 1.85:1. As with most Italian films of this period, the sound was entirely dubbed in afterwards; following a technique dear to Fellini, many lines of the dialogue were written only during post production, while the actors on the set mouthed random lines. Otto e mezzo marks the first time that actress Claudia Cardinale was allowed to dub her own dialogue; previously her voice was thought to be too throaty and, coupled with her Tunisian accent, was considered undesirable.[13] This is Fellini's last black-and-white film.[14]

In September 1962, Fellini shot the end of the film as initially written: Guido and his wife sit together in the restaurant car of a train bound for Rome. Lost in thought, Guido looks up to see all the characters of his film smiling ambiguously at him as the train enters a tunnel. Fellini then shot an alternative ending set around the spaceship on the beach at dusk but with the intention of using the scenes as a trailer for promotional purposes only. In the documentary Fellini: I'm a Born Liar, co-scriptwriter Tullio Pinelli explains how he warned Fellini to abandon the train sequence with its implicit theme of suicide for an upbeat ending.[15] Fellini accepted the advice, using the alternative beach sequence as a more harmonious and exuberant finale.[16]

After shooting wrapped on 14 October, Nino Rota composed various circus marches and fanfares that would later become signature tunes of the maestro's cinema.[17]

Reception

First released in Italy on 14 February 1963, Otto e mezzo received virtually unanimous acclaim, with reviewers hailing Fellini as "a genius possessed of a magic touch, a prodigious style".[17] Italian novelist and critic Alberto Moravia described the film's protagonist, Guido Anselmi, as "obsessed by eroticism, a sadist, a masochist, a self-mythologizer, an adulterer, a clown, a liar and a cheat. He's afraid of life and wants to return to his mother's womb ... In some respects he resembles Leopold Bloom, the hero of James Joyce's Ulysses, and we have the impression that Fellini has read and contemplated this book. The film is introverted, a sort of private monologue interspersed with glimpses of reality .... Fellini's dreams are always surprising and, in a figurative sense, original, but his memories are pervaded by a deeper, more delicate sentiment. This is why the two episodes concerning the hero's childhood at the old country house in Romagna and his meeting with the woman on the beach in Rimini are the best of the film, and among the best of all Fellini's works to date".[18]

Reviewing for Corriere della Sera, Giovanni Grazzini underlined that "the beauty of the film lies in its 'confusion'... a mixture of error and truth, reality and dream, stylistic and human values, and in the complete harmony between Fellini's cinematographic language and Guido's rambling imagination. It is impossible to distinguish Fellini from his fictional director and so Fellini's faults coincide with Guido's spiritual doubts. The osmosis between art and life is amazing. It will be difficult to repeat this achievement.[19] Fellini's genius shines in everything here, as it has rarely shone in the movies. There isn't a set, a character or a situation that doesn't have a precise meaning on the great stage that is ​8 1⁄2".[20] Mario Verdone of Bianco e Nero insisted the film was "like a brilliant improvisation ... The film became the most difficult feat the director ever tried to pull off. It is like a series of acrobats [sic] that a tightrope walker tries to execute high above the crowd, ... always on the verge of falling and being smashed on the ground. But at just the right moment, the acrobat knows how to perform the right somersault: with a push he straightens up, saves himself and wins".[21]

​8 1⁄2 screened at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in April to "almost universal acclaim"[22] and was Italy's official entry in the later 3rd Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Grand Prize. French film director François Truffaut wrote: "Fellini's film is complete, simple, beautiful, honest, like the one Guido wants to make in ​8 1⁄2".[23] Premier Plan critics André Bouissy and Raymond Borde argued that the film "has the importance, magnitude, and technical mastery of Citizen Kane. It has aged twenty years of the avant-garde in one fell swoop because it both integrates and surpasses all the discoveries of experimental cinema".[24] Pierre Kast of Les Cahiers du cinéma explained that "my admiration for Fellini is not without limits. For instance, I did not enjoy La Strada but I did I Vitelloni. But I think we must all admit that ​8 1⁄2, leaving aside for the moment all prejudice and reserve, is prodigious. Fantastic liberality, a total absence of precaution and hypocrisy, absolute dispassionate sincerity, artistic and financial courage these are the characteristics of this incredible undertaking".[25]

Released in the United States on 25 June 1963 by Joseph E. Levine, who had bought the rights sight unseen, the film was screened at the Festival Theatre in New York City in the presence of Fellini and Marcello Mastroianni. The acclaim was unanimous with the exception of reviews by Judith Crist, Pauline Kael, and John Simon. Crist "didn't think the film touched the heart or moved the spirit".[22] Kael derided the film as a "structural disaster" while Simon considered it "a disheartening fiasco".[26][27] Newsweek defended the film as "beyond doubt, a work of art of the first magnitude".[22] Bosley Crowther praised it in The New York Times as "a piece of entertainment that will really make you sit up straight and think, a movie endowed with the challenge of a fascinating intellectual game ... If Mr. Fellini has not produced another masterpiece – another all-powerful exposure of Italy's ironic sweet life – he has made a stimulating contemplation of what might be called, with equal irony, a sweet guy".[28] Archer Winsten of the New York Post interpreted the film as "a kind of review and summary of Fellini's picture-making" but doubted that it would appeal as directly to the American public as La Dolce Vita had three years earlier: "This is a subtler, more imaginative, less sensational piece of work. There will be more people here who consider it confused and confusing. And when they do understand what it is about – the simultaneous creation of a work of art, a philosophy of living together in happiness, and the imposition of each upon the other, they will not be as pleased as if they had attended the exposition of an international scandal".[29] Audiences, however, loved it to such an extent that a company attempted to obtain the rights to mass-produce Guido Anselmi's black director's hat.[26]

Fellini biographer Hollis Alpert noted that in the months following its release, critical commentary on ​8 1⁄2 proliferated as the film "became an intellectual cud to chew on".[30] Philosopher and social critic Dwight Macdonald, for example, insisted it was "the most brilliant, varied, and entertaining movie since Citizen Kane".[30] In 1987, a group of thirty European intellectuals and filmmakers voted Otto e mezzo the most important European film ever made.[31] In 1993, Chicago Sun-Times film reviewer Roger Ebert wrote that "despite the efforts of several other filmmakers to make their own versions of the same story, it remains the definitive film about director's block".[32] In 2000, Ebert added the film to his "Great Movies" list, praising the memorable performances, psychological depths of the themes, the striking visuals and inventive camera work, describing ​8 1⁄2 as "the best film ever made about filmmaking."[33] It came number two on the 1992 and 2002 Sight & Sound Director's Poll beaten only by Citizen Kane. ​8 1⁄2 is a fixture on the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound critics' and directors' polls of the top ten films ever made. It ranked number two on the magazine's 2002 Directors' Top Ten Poll and number eight on the Critics' Top Ten Poll[4] and stayed within the top ten, but slightly lower in the 2012 poll (number four on the 2012 directors' poll[34] and ten on the 2012 critics' poll).[35] In 2010, the film was ranked #62 in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema".[36] Director Martin Scorsese also listed it as one of his favourite films.[37]

Themes

​8 1⁄2 is about the struggles involved in the creative process, both technical and personal, and the problems artists face when expected to deliver something personal and profound with intense public scrutiny, on a constricted schedule, while simultaneously having to deal with their own personal relationships. It is, in a larger sense, about finding true personal happiness within a difficult, fragmented life. Like several Italian films of the period (most evident in the films of Fellini's contemporary, Michelangelo Antonioni), ​8 1⁄2 also is about the alienating effects of modernization.[38]

The title is in keeping with Fellini's self-reflexive theme: the making of his eighth-and-a-half film.[39] His previous six feature films included Lo sceicco bianco (1952), I Vitelloni (1953), La Strada (1954), Il bidone (1955), Le notti di Cabiria (1957), and La Dolce Vita (1960). With Alberto Lattuada, he co-directed Luci del varietà (Variety Lights) in 1950. His two short segments included Un'Agenzia Matrimoniale (A Marriage Agency) in the 1953 omnibus film L'amore in città (Love in the City) and Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio from the 1962 omnibus film Boccaccio '70. The working title for ​8 1⁄2 was La bella confusione (The Beautiful Confusion) proposed by co-screenwriter, Ennio Flaiano, but Fellini then "had the simpler idea (which proved entirely wrong) to call it Comedy".[40]

According to Italian writer Alberto Arbasino, Fellini's film used similar artistic procedures and had parallels with Musil's 1930 novel The Man Without Qualities.[41]

Soundtrack

1. La Passerella di Otto e Mezzo

Composed by Nino Rota

2.

a. Cimitero

Composed by Nino Rota

b. Gigolette

Composed by Franz Lehár

C. Cadillac / Carlotta's Galop

Composed by Nino Rota

3. E Poi (Walzer)

Composed by Nino Rota

4. L'Illusionista

Composed by Nino Rota

5. Concertino Alle Terme

Composed by Gioachino Rossini and Piotr I. Tchaikovsky

6. Nell'Ufficio Produzione di Otto e Mezzo

Composed by Nino Rota

7. Ricordi d'Infanza - Discesa al Fanghi

Composed by Nino Rota

8. Guido e Luiza - Nostalgico Swing

Composed by Nino Rota

9. Carlotta's Galop

Composed by Nino Rota

10. L'Harem

Composed by Nino Rota

11.

a. Rivolta nell'Harem

Composed by Richard Wagner

b. La Ballerina Pensionata (Ca C'Est Paris)

Composed by José Padilla Sánchez

c. La Conferenza Stampa del Regista

Composed by Nino Rota

12. La Passerella di Addio

Composed by Nino Rota

• Orchestra: Nino Rota

Influence

Later in the year of the film's 1963 release, a group of young Italian writers founded Gruppo '63, a literary collective of the neoavanguardia composed of novelists, reviewers, critics, and poets inspired by ​8 1⁄2 and Umberto Eco's seminal essay, Opera aperta (Open Work).[42]

"Imitations of ​8 1⁄2 pile up by directors all over the world", wrote Fellini biographer Tullio Kezich.[43] The following is Kezich's short-list of the films it has inspired: Mickey One (Arthur Penn, 1965), Alex in Wonderland (Paul Mazursky, 1970), Beware of a Holy Whore (Rainer Werner Fassbinder, 1971), La Nuit américaine ("Day for Night") (François Truffaut, 1974), All That Jazz (Bob Fosse, 1979), Stardust Memories (Woody Allen, 1980), Sogni d'oro (Nanni Moretti, 1981), Planet Parade (Vadim Abdrashitov, 1984), La Pelicula del rey (Carlos Sorín, 1986), Living in Oblivion (Tom DiCillo, 1995), ​8 1⁄2 Women (Peter Greenaway, 1999) and' ​8 1⁄2 $ (Grigori Konstantinopolsky, 1999).

Adaptation

The Tony-winning 1982 Broadway musical, Nine (score by Maury Yeston, book by Arthur Kopit) is based on the film, underscoring Guido's obsession with women by making him the only male character. The original production, directed by Tommy Tune starred Raúl Juliá as Guido, Anita Morris as Carla, Liliane Montevecchi as Liliane LaFleur, Guido's producer and Karen Akers as Luisa. A 2003 broadway revival starred Antonio Banderas, Jane Krakowski, Mary Stuart Masterson and Chita Rivera. It was made into a film in 2009, directed by Rob Marshall and starring Daniel Day-Lewis as Guido alongside Nicole Kidman, Marion Cotillard, Judi Dench, Kate Hudson, Penélope Cruz and Sophia Loren.[44]

Awards

​8 1⁄2 won two Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Costume Design (black-and-white) while garnering three other nominations for Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Art Direction (black-and-white).[45] The New York Film Critics Circle also named ​8 1⁄2 best foreign language film. The Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists awarded the film all seven prizes for director, producer, original story, screenplay, music, cinematography, and best supporting actress (Sandra Milo). It also garnered nominations for Best Actor, Best Costume Design, and Best Production Design.

At the Saint Vincent Film Festival, it was awarded Grand Prize over Luchino Visconti's Il gattopardo (The Leopard). The film screened in April at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival[46] to "almost universal acclaim but no prize was awarded because it was shown outside the competition. Cannes rules demanded exclusivity in competition entries, and ​8 1⁄2 was already earmarked as Italy's official entry in the later Moscow festival".[47] Presented on 18 July 1963 to an audience of 8,000 in the Kremlin's conference hall, ​8 1⁄2 won the prestigious Grand Prize at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival[48] to acclaim that, according to Fellini biographer Tullio Kezich, worried the Soviet festival authorities: the applause was "a cry for freedom".[26] Jury members included Stanley Kramer, Jean Marais, Satyajit Ray, and screenwriter Sergio Amidei.[49]

Academy Awards and nominations
Award Recipient(s) Result
Best Foreign Film Federico Fellini, ItalyWon
Best Costume Design Piero GherardiWon
Best Director Federico FelliniNominated
Best Original Screenplay Federico Fellini, Ennio Flaiano, Tullio Pinelli, and Brunello RondiNominated
Best Art Direction Piero GherardiNominated
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See also

References

Notes
  1. "8½". BFI Film & Television Database. London: British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  2. "Top Rental Films of 1963", Variety, 8 January 1964 p 37
  3. Alberto Arbasino (1963), review of ​8 1⁄2 in Il Giorno, 6 March 1963
  4. "Directors' Top Ten Poll". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
  5. "Vatican Best Films List". USCCB. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  6. Affron, 227
  7. Alpert, 159
  8. Kezich, 234 and Affron, 3-4
  9. Alpert, 160
  10. Fellini, Comments on Film, 161-62
  11. Eugene Walter, "Dinner with Fellini", The Transatlantic Review, Autumn 1964. Quoted in Affron, 267
  12. Alpert, 170
  13. ​8 1⁄2, Criterion Collection DVD, featured commentary track.
  14. Newton, Michael (15 May 2015). "Fellini's 8½ – a masterpiece by cinema's ultimate dreamer". The Guardian.
  15. "The suicide theme is so overwhelming," Pinelli told Fellini, "that you'll crush your film." Cited in Fellini: I'm a Born Liar (2002), directed by Damian Pettigrew.
  16. Alpert, 174-175, and Kezich, 245. The documentary L'Ultima sequenza (2003) also discusses the lost sequence.
  17. Kezich, 245
  18. Moravia's review first published in L'Espresso (Rome) on 17 February 1963. Quoted in Fava and Vigano, 115–116
  19. Grazzini's review first published in Corriere della Sera (Milan) on 16 February 1963. Quoted in Fava and Vigano, 116
  20. This translation of Grazzini's review quoted in Affron, 255
  21. Affron, 255
  22. Alpert, 180
  23. Truffaut's review first published in Lui (Paris), 1 July 1963. Affron, 257
  24. First published in Premier Plan (Paris), 30 November 1963. Affron, 257
  25. First published in Les Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris), July 1963. Fava and Vigano, 116
  26. Kezich, 247
  27. John Simon considered the film's originality was compromised "because the 'dance of life' at the end was suggested by Bergman's dance of death in The Seventh Seal (which Fellini had not seen)". Quoted in Alpert, 181
  28. First published in the NYT, 26 June 1963. Fava and Vigano, 118
  29. First published in the New York Post, 26 June 1963. Fava and Vigano, 118.
  30. Alpert, 181
  31. Bondanella, The Films of Federico Fellini, 93.
  32. Ebert,"Fellini's 8½", Chicago Sun-Times (7 May 1993). Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  33. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-8-12--eight-and-a-half-1963
  34. "The 2012 Sight & Sound Directors' Top Ten." British Film Institute. 2 August 2012. http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/sight-sound-2012-directors-top-ten. Accessed 8 August 2012.
  35. "The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time." British Film Institute. 1 August 2012. http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time/ Accessed 8 Aug 2012.
  36. "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema". Empire. 62. 8½
  37. "Scorsese's 12 favorite films". Miramax.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  38. "Screening the Past". Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  39. Bondanella, The Cinema of Federico Fellini, 175
  40. Quoted in Kezich, 234
  41. Gabriele Pedullà, Alberto Arbasino [2000] "Interviste –Sull'albero di ciliegie" ("On the Cherry Tree") in CONTEMPORANEA Rivista di studi sulla letteratura e sulla comunicazione, Volume 1, 2003. Q: In some of your texts written during the 60 – I'm thinking above all of Certi romanzi – critical reflections on questions of the novel [...] are always interlaced in both an implicit and explicit way with reflections on cinema. In particular, it seems to me that your affinity with Fellini is especially significant: for example, your review of Otto e mezzo in Il Giorno. A: Reading Musil, we discovered parallels and similar procedures. But without being able to establish, either then or today, how much there was of Flaiano and how much, on the other hand, was of [Fellini's] own intuition.
  42. Kezich, 246
  43. Kezich, 249
  44. Kezich, 249-250
  45. "The 36th Academy Awards (1964) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  46. "Festival de Cannes: 8½". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
  47. Alpert, 180.
  48. "3rd Moscow International Film Festival (1963)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  49. Kezich, 248

Bibliography
  • Affron, Charles. ​8 1⁄2: Federico Fellini, Director. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
  • Alpert, Hollis. Fellini: A Life. New York: Paragon House, 1988.
  • Bondanella, Peter. The Cinema of Federico Fellini. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • Bondanella, Peter. The Films of Federico Fellini. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Fava, Claudio and Aldo Vigano. The Films of Federico Fellini. New York: Citadel Press, 1990.
  • Fellini, Federico. Comments on Film. Ed. Giovanni Grazzini. Trans. Joseph Henry. Fresno: The Press of California State University at Fresno, 1988.
  • Kezich, Tullio. Federico Fellini: His Life and Work. New York: Faber and Faber, 2006.
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