Tokyo Story

Tokyo Story (東京物語, Tōkyō Monogatari) is a 1953 Japanese drama film directed by Yasujirō Ozu and starring Chishū Ryū and Chieko Higashiyama. It tells the story of an aging couple who travel to Tokyo to visit their grown children. The film contrasts the behavior of their children, who are too busy to pay them much attention, with that of their widowed daughter-in-law, who treats them with kindness.

Tokyo Story
Japanese theatrical release poster
Directed byYasujirō Ozu
Produced byTakeshi Yamamoto
Written byKōgo Noda
Yasujirō Ozu
StarringChishū Ryū
Chieko Higashiyama
Setsuko Hara
Music byKojun Saitō
CinematographyYūharu Atsuta
Edited byYoshiyasu Hamamura
Production
company
Release date
  • November 3, 1953 (1953-11-03)
Running time
136 minutes
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese

Ozu and screenwriter Kōgo Noda wrote the script in 103 days, loosely basing it on the 1937 American film Make Way for Tomorrow, directed by Leo McCarey. Noda suggested adapting the film, which Ozu had not yet seen. Ozu used many of the same cast and crew members that he had worked with for years. Released in Japan on November 3, 1953, it did not immediately gain international recognition and was considered "too Japanese" to be marketable by Japanese film exporters. It was screened in 1957 in London, where it won the inaugural Sutherland Trophy the following year, and received praise from US film critics after a 1972 screening in New York City.

Tokyo Story is widely regarded as Ozu's masterpiece and is often cited as one of the greatest films ever made. In 2012, it was voted the best film of all time in a poll of film directors by Sight & Sound magazine.

Plot

A retired couple, Shūkichi and Tomi Hirayama (played by Chishū Ryū and Chieko Higashiyama), live in the town Onomichi in western Japan with their daughter Kyōko (played by Kyōko Kagawa), who is a primary-school teacher. They have five adult children, four living. The couple travel to Tokyo to visit their son, daughter and widowed daughter-in-law.

Their eldest son, Kōichi (So Yamamura), is a physician who runs a small clinic in the suburbs of Tokyo, and their eldest daughter, Shige (Haruko Sugimura), runs a hairdressing salon. Kōichi and Shige are both busy and do not have much time for their parents. Only their widowed daughter-in-law, Noriko (Setsuko Hara), the wife of their middle son Shōji, who was missing in action and presumed dead during the Pacific War, goes out of her way to entertain them. She takes time from her busy office job to take Shūkichi and Tomi on a sightseeing tour of metropolitan Tokyo.

Kōichi and Shige pay for their parents to stay at a hot spring spa at Atami. Shūkichi and Tomi return early because the nightlife at the hotel disturbs their sleep. Tomi also has an unexplained dizzy spell. When they return, Shige explains that she sent them to Atami because she wanted to use their bedroom for a meeting. The elderly couple have to leave for the evening. Tomi goes to stay with Noriko, with whom she deepens their emotional bond. Tomi advises Noriko to remarry. Shūkichi, meanwhile, gets drunk with some old friends from Onomichi, then returns to Shige's salon. Shige is outraged that her father is lapsing into the alcoholic ways that overshadowed her childhood.

The couple remark on how their children have changed, and they leave for home earlier than planned, intending to see their younger son Keizō when the train stops in Osaka. However, Tomi suddenly becomes ill during the journey and they decide to disembark the train, staying until she feels better the next day. They return to Onomichi, and Tomi falls critically ill. Kōichi, Shige, and Noriko rush to Onomichi to see Tomi, who dies shortly afterwards. Keizō arrives too late, as he has been away on business.

After the funeral, Kōichi, Shige, and Keizō leave immediately; only Noriko remains. After they leave, Kyōko expresses to Noriko her anger about her siblings by deriding them over their selfishness toward their parents. She believes that Kōichi, Shige, and Keizō do not care how hard it will be for their father now that he has lost their mother. Noriko responds that while she understands Kyoko's disappointment, she explains that everyone has their own life to lead and that the growing chasm between parents and children is inevitable. She convinces Kyoko not to be too hard on her siblings because one day she will come to understand how hard it is to take time away from one's own life.

After Kyōko leaves for school, Noriko informs her father-in-law that she must return to Tokyo that afternoon. Shūkichi tells her that she has treated them better than their own children despite not being related by blood. Noriko protests that she is selfish, and Shūkichi credits her self-assessment to humility. He gives her a watch from the late Tomi as a memento. Noriko breaks down in tears and confesses her loneliness. Shūkichi encourages her to remarry as soon as possible, stating that he wants her to be happy. At the end, Noriko travels from Onomichi back to Tokyo, contemplating the watch, as symbol of the passing of time and uncertainty of her future, while Shūkichi remains behind, resigned to the solitude he must endure in his home in the harbor town of Onomichi.

Hirayama family tree
From left to right: Kōichi (So Yamamura), Fumiko (Kuniko Miyake), Shūkichi (Chishū Ryū), Noriko (Setsuko Hara), Shige (Haruko Sugimura) and Tomi (Chieko Higashiyama).
ShūkichiTomi
(wife)
Kōichi
(eldest son)		Fumiko
(daughter-in-law)		Kurazō Kaneko
(son-in-law)		Shige Kaneko
(eldest daughter)		Shōji
(second son)
deceased		Noriko
(daughter-in-law)		Keizō
(youngest son)		Kyōko
(youngest daughter)
Minoru
(grandson)		Isamu
(grandson)

style="border-spacing: 5px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"

In parentheses: relationship to Shūkichi

     Male           Female

Cast

Production
Ozu (far right) on set during shooting.

Tokyo Story was inspired by the 1937 American film Make Way for Tomorrow, directed by Leo McCarey. Noda initially suggested the plot of the older film to Ozu, who hadn't seen it. Noda remembered it from its initial release in Japan.[1][2] Both films depict an elderly couple and their problems with their family[3] and both films depict the couple travelling to visit their children.[4] Differences include the older film taking place in Depression-era US with the couple's problem being economical and Tokyo Story taking place in post-war Japan, where the problems are more cultural and emotional.[5] The two films also end differently.[6] David Bordwell wrote that Ozu "re-cast" the original film instead of adapting it.[7]

The script was developed by Yasujirō Ozu and his long-time collaborator Kōgo Noda over a period of 103 days in a ryokan called Chigasakikan in Chigasaki, Kanagawa.[8] Ozu, Noda and cinematographer Yūharu Atsuta scouted locations in Tokyo and Onomichi for another month before shooting started. Shooting and editing the film took place from July to October 1953. Filming locations were in Tokyo (Adachi, Chūō, Taitō and Chiyoda), Onomichi, Atami and Osaka. Among the major cast members only Ryū, Hara and Kagawa participated in the Onomichi location. All indoor scenes, except those at the Tokyo Station waiting area and in a passenger car, were shot at the Shochiku Ōfuna Studio in Kamakura, Kanagawa. Ozu used the same film crew and actors he had worked with for many years.[9][10] Actor Chishū Ryū said that Ozu was always happiest when finishing the final draft of a script and that there were never any changes to the final draft.[11]

Style and themes

Like all of Ozu's sound films, Tokyo Story's pacing is slow.[12] Important events are often not shown on screen but revealed through dialogue. For example, the train journeys to and from Tokyo are not depicted.[13] A distinctive camera style is used, in which the camera height is low and almost never moves; film critic Roger Ebert noted that the camera moves once in the film, which is "more than usual" for an Ozu film.[14] The low camera positions are also reminiscent of sitting on a traditional Japanese tatami mat.[15] Ozu rarely shot master shots[16] and often broke the 180-degree rule of filmmaking and screen direction. Characters, who often sit side by side in scenes, often appear to be facing the same direction when speaking to each other, such as in the first scene with Shūkichi and Tomi.[17] During some transitions, characters exit a scene screen right and then enter the next scene screen right.[18]

Ozu favored a stationary camera[19] and believed strongly in minimalism.[20] David Dresser has compared the film's style and "de-emphasized plot“ to Zen Buddhism and the modern world's fascination with surface value and materialism.[21] Many of the transitional shots are still lifes of non-human subjects, such as smokestacks and landscapes.[22] In his narrative storytelling, Ozu often had certain key scenes take place off camera with the viewer only learning about them through the characters' dialogue. The audience never sees Shūkichi and Tomi visit their son Keizō, and Tomi's illness begins off-screen.[23]

Themes in the film include the break-up and Westernization of the traditional Japanese family after World War II and the inevitability of children growing apart from their parents.[24] The film takes place in 1953 post-war Japan, a few years after the new Civil Code of 1948 stimulated the country's rapid re-growth and embraced Western capitalist ideals while simultaneously destroying older traditions such as the Japanese family and its values.[25] Ozu was very close to his own mother, living with her as a surrogate wife and never marrying.[26] Ozu called Tokyo Story "the film that tends most strongly to melodrama."[27] It is considered a Shomin-geki film for its depiction of working-class people.[28]

Release and reception

Tokyo Story was released on November 3, 1953 in Japan. The following year Haruko Sugimura won the Mainichi Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the eldest daughter Shige.[29]

It was screened at the National Film Theatre in London in 1957.[30] It is Ozu's best known film in both the East and the West. After the success of Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon at the 1951 Venice Film Festival, Japanese films began getting international distribution.[31] However Japanese film exporters considered Ozu's work "too Japanese" and unmarketable. It was not until the 1960s that Ozu's films began to be screened in New York City at film festivals, museums, and theaters.[32]

In 1958, it was awarded the first Sutherland Trophy for the most original and creative film.[33] UK critic Lindsay Anderson wrote that "It is a film about relationships, a film about time, and how it affects human beings (particularly parents and children) and how we must reconcile ourselves to its workings."[34]

After a screening at the New Yorker Theater in 1972, it received rave reviews from several prominent critics who were unfamiliar with the film or Ozu.[35] Charles Micherer of Newsweek said it was "like a Japanese paper flower that is dropped into water and then swells to fill the entire container with its beauty."[36] Stanley Kauffmann put it on his 10 Best list of 1972 and wrote "Ozu, a lyrical poet, whose lyrics swell quietly into the epic."[37]

Critical reception

The film holds a 100% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 43 critical reviews, with an average score of 9.66/10. The site's consensus reads: "Tokyo Story is a Yasujiro Ozu masterpiece whose rewarding complexity has lost none of its power more than half a century on".[38] John Walker, former editor of the Halliwell's Film Guides, places Tokyo Story at the top of his published list of the best 1000 films ever made. Tokyo Story is also included in film critic Derek Malcolm's The Century of Films,[39][40] a list of films which he deems artistically or culturally important, and Time magazine lists it among its All-Time 100 Movies. Roger Ebert included it in his series of great movies,[14] and Paul Schrader placed it in the "Gold" section of his Film Canon.[41]

Arthur Nolletti, Jr, writing an essay in the book titled Ozu's Tokyo Story compared the film to its USA predecessor film, McCarey's 1937 Make Way for Tomorrow, and indicates that: "David Bordwell sees Ozu as 'recasting' the American film -- borrowing from it, adapting it -- and briefly mentions that there are similarities in story, theme and plot structure. Indeed these similarities are striking. Both films focus on an elderly couple who discover that their grown children regard them as a burden; both films are structured as journeys in which the couple are shuffled from one household to another; both films explore much of the same thematic material (e.g., sibling self-centeredness and parental disillusionment); and both films are about the human condition -- the cyclical pattern of life with its concomitant joys and sorrows -- and the immediate social realities that affect and shape that condition: in McCarey's film, The Great Depression; in Ozu's, the intensified postwar push toward industrialization. Primarily sober in tone but possessing rich and gentle humor, both films belong to a genre that in Japanese cinema is called shomin-geki, films dealing with the everyday lives of the lower middle classes."[42]

Tokyo Story is often admired as a work that achieves great emotional effect while avoiding melodrama. Critic Wally Hammond stated that "the way Ozu builds up emotional empathy for a sense of disappointment in its various characters is where his mastery lies."[43] Roger Ebert wrote that the work "lacks sentimental triggers and contrived emotion; it looks away from moments a lesser movie would have exploited. It doesn't want to force our emotions, but to share its understanding."[14] In The Village Voice, Eric Hynes argued that "time itself is [Ozu]'s most potent weapon. Protracted sequences make you impatient for forward motion, but then, in an instant, you’re left to mourn beauties hastened away."[44] In 2010, David Thomson rhetorically asked whether any other family drama in cinematic history was more moving than Tokyo Story.[45] Ebert called Ozu "universal", reported having never heard more weeping in an audience than during its showing, and later stated that the work "ennobles the cinema. It says, yes, a movie can help us make small steps against our imperfections."[14]

Tokyo Story has appeared several times in the British Film Institute polls of "greatest films" of directors and critics published in Sight & Sound. On the critics' poll, it was third in 1992, fifth in 2002, and third again in 2012. On the directors' poll, it was 17th in 1992, tied at number 16 with Psycho and The Mirror in 2002, and in 2012 it topped the poll, receiving 48 votes out of the 358 directors polled.[46][47][48][49]

Influence

German director Doris Dörrie drew inspiration from Tokyo Story for her 2008 film Cherry Blossoms, which follows a similar storyline.[50]

In 2013 Yōji Yamada remade the film as Tōkyō Kazoku.[51]

Home media

The film was restored and released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection (Region 1) and by Tartan Video in Region 2. In 2010, the BFI released a Region 2 dual-format edition (Blu-ray + DVD).[52] Included with this release is a standard definition presentation of Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family.

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References
  1. "Tokyo Story". TCM. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  2. Desser, David, ed. (1997). Ozu's Tokyo Story. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-521-48435-9.
  3. Dresser.1997.p. 28.
  4. Dresser. 1997. p. 69.
  5. Dresser. 1997. p. 28.
  6. Dresser. 1997. p. 46.
  7. Dresser. 1997. p. 25.
  8. Dresser. 1997. p. 20.
  9. Dresser.1997. pp. 20-21.
  10. Eleftheriotis, Dimitris; Gary Needham (May 2006). Asian cinemas: a reader and guide. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 17–26. ISBN 978-0-8248-3085-4.
  11. Dresser. 1997.p. 152.
  12. David Bordwell; Kristin Thompson (2003). Film History: An Introduction (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 396.
  13. David Desser (2005). "The Space of Ambivalence". In Jeffrey Geiger (ed.). Film Analysis. Norton. pp. 462–3.
  14. Ebert, Roger (November 9, 2003). "Tokyo Story Movie Review & Film Summary (1953)". Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  15. Desser. 1997.p. 4.
  16. Desser. 1997. p. 15.
  17. Desser. 1997. pp. 12-15.
  18. Dresser. 1997. p. 19.
  19. Desser. 1997. p. 41.
  20. Desser. 1997. p. 157.
  21. Dresser. 1997. p. 5.
  22. Desser. 1997. p. 10.
  23. Desser. 1997. pp. 6-7.
  24. Desser.1997.p. 4.
  25. Desser. 1997. pp. 30-31.
  26. Desser. 1997. p. 95.
  27. Desser. 1997. 122.
  28. Deesser. 1997. p. 26.
  29. "第9回". THE MAINICHI NEWSPAPERS. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  30. Desser. 1997. p. 145
  31. Dresser. 1997. p. 2.
  32. Dresser. 1997. p. 3.
  33. "Sutherland Trophy". 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  34. Dresser. 1997. p. 149.
  35. Dresser. 1997. p. 155.
  36. Dresser. 1997. p. 156.
  37. Dresser. 1997.p. 151.
  38. "Tokyo Story (Tôkyô monogatari)". rottentomatoes.com. November 3, 1953. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  39. Malcolm, Derek (May 4, 2000). "Yasujiro Ozu: Tokyo Story". The Guardian. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  40. Malcolm, Derek (2000). A Century of Film. IB Tauris. pp. 85–87.
  41. Jeffrey M. Anderson (November 14, 2006). "Paul Schrader's Film Canon, Film Comment - September/October 2006". Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  42. Ozu's Tokyo Story, Cambridge University Press, pp25-26.
  43. Hammond, Wally (December 24, 2009). "Tokyo Story". Time Out London. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  44. Hynes, Eric (November 24, 2010). "Family Ties, Unbound, in Tokyo Story". Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  45. Thomson, David (October 20, 2010). "Tokyo Story: No 4 best arthouse film of all time". The Guardian. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  46. "The 2012 Sight & Sound Directors' Top Ten". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. August 2, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  47. "Top Ten Poll 1992 - Directors' and Critics' Poll". Sight & Sound. Published by British Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  48. "Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 - The rest of the directors' list". Sight & Sound. Published by British Film Institute. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  49. "The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time". Published by British Film Institute. August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  50. "Kirschblüten - Hanami, Filmdatenblatt berlinale 2008".
  51. "世界３５８監督が選んだベスト１映画は小津安二郎「東京物語」…没後５０年、こだわった「家族」と「戦争」". Sankei News. November 16, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  52. "Tokyo Story: Dual Format Edition". Retrieved August 2, 2012.
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