Yaruro language

Yaruro
	Pumé
Region	Venezuela
Ethnicity	Yaruro people
Native speakers	7,900 (2001 census)[1]
Language family	Esmeralda–Yaruro ? Yaruro;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	yae
Glottolog	pume1238[2]

The Yaruro language (also spelled Llaruro or Yaruru; also called Yuapín or Pumé) is an indigenous language spoken by Yaruro people, along the Orinoco, Cinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers of Venezuela. It is not well classified; it may be an isolate, or distantly related to the extinct Esmeralda language.

Genetic relations

Pache (2016) considers Yaruro to be related to the Chocoan languages, citing evidence from lexical and sound correspondences. Some shared lexical items between Yaruro and Chocoan (Pache (2016) cites Yaruro and Epena forms from the Intercontinental Dictionary Series):[3]

Yaruro	Chocoan
dac͡ço ‘eye, face,’ c͡ço ‘seed, fruit, nut’	Epena tautʰu ‘forehead’
da ‘eye’ (used in complex forms)	Proto-Chocoan da ‘eye region,’ da-ˈbu ‘eye,’ Epena ˈtau ‘eye’
duɾi ‘after’	Proto-Chocoan **duˈɾi ‘tail’
ɡõã ‘meat, flesh,’ goe ‘blood’	Proto-Emberá *uˈa ‘blood’
hu ‘bone,’ hu c͡çia ‘strong’	Proto-Chocoan *huˈa ‘arm, hand,’ Epena huaˈtau* ‘strong’
i ‘skin’	Proto-Emberá *ˈe ‘skin’
ĩbu ‘nose’	Proto-Chocoan **kẽˈbu ‘nose’
ic͡çi ‘hand’	Epena iˈsia ‘wing’

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Saliba-Hodi, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, Witoto-Okaina, and Waorani language families due to contact.[4]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t	c	k	ʔ
Stop	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		ts
Affricate	voiced		dz
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ	x	h
Fricative	voiced	v	ð	ʒ
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Rhotic			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Mid	æ	ə	ɔ
Low	a		ɑ

[5]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]

gloss	Yaruro
hand	ichi
foot	taho
man	oí
water	ui
star	boé
earth	dabú
dog	arerí
jaguar	panaumé
snake	póʔo
house	xoʔo
boat	dzyará

Notes

Yaruro at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pumé". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Pache, Matthias J. 2016. Pumé (Yaruro) and Chocoan: Evidence for a New Genealogical Link in Northern South America. Language Dynamics and Change 6 (2016) 99–155. doi:10.1163/22105832-00601001
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvlad & R. M. Dixon (1999). p. 378.
Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

gollark: Bees smash windows?

gollark: It has not.

gollark: I should probably just disavow all knowledge of heavpoot.

gollark: I see.

gollark: How do they KNOW they tried to modify their memories?

External links

Yaruro (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)

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[e18-1] Yaruro at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pumé". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Pache, Matthias J. 2016. Pumé (Yaruro) and Chocoan: Evidence for a New Genealogical Link in Northern South America. Language Dynamics and Change 6 (2016) 99–155. doi:10.1163/22105832-00601001

[Jolkesky-2016-4] Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.

[5] Alexandra Y. Aikhenvlad & R. M. Dixon (1999). p. 378.

[Loukotka-6] Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.