Bororoan languages

The Borôroan languages of Brazil are Borôro and the extinct Umotína and Otuke. They are sometimes considered to form part of the proposed Macro-Jê language family,[2][3]:547 though this has been disputed.[4]:64–8

Borôroan
Geographic
distribution		Brazil
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jê?
  • Borôroan
Glottologboro1281[1]
Geographical distribution of the Borôroan languages

They are called the Borotuke languages by Mason (1950), a portmanteau of Bororo and Otuke.[5]

Languages

The relationship between the languages is,[6]

See Otuke for various additional varieties of the Chiquito Plains in Bolivia which may have been dialects of it, such as Kovare and Kurumina.

There are other recorded groups that may have spoken languages or dialects closer to Borôro, such as Aravirá, but nothing is directly known about these languages:[7]

  • Aravirá – extinct language once spoken on the Cabaçal River and Sepotuba River in Mato Grosso
  • Orari (Eastern Borôro, Orarimugodoge) – spoken on the Valhas River, Garças River, and Madeira River in Mato Grosso

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[7]

glossBoróroOrariUmutinaOtuque
tongue i-táuroi-kauraazoːki-taho
hand i-kérai-keraazyidaseni
fire yórudzyóruzoːruːreru
stone toritoritauritohori
sun kuerimeribaruneri
moon áriariaːliːari
earth rótomottumotomoktuhu
jaguar adúgoadugoazyukuetáanteko
fish karekaroharéaharo
house báibaiisipáhuala
bow baígavoigabóikavevika

Proto-language

For a list of Proto-Bororo reconstructions by Camargos (2013), see the corresponding Portuguese article.

External relations

The Bororoan languages are commonly thought to be part of the Macro-Jê language family.[2][3]:547

Kaufman (1994) has suggested a relationship with the Chiquitano language.[8]

Nikulin (2019) has suggested a relationship with the Cariban and Kariri languages:[9]

glossProto-BororoKaririProto-Cariban
tooth *ɔdza*(j)ə
ear *bidʒabeɲe*pana
go *tu*tə
tree *idzi*jeje
tongue nunu*nuru
root mu*mi(t-)
hand (a)mɨsã*əmija
fat (n.) *ka*ka(t-)
seed *a*a
fish *karo*kana
name *idʒedze
heavy *motɨtɨmadi

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Guato, Karib, Kayuvava, Nambikwara, and Tupi language families due to contact.[10]

Cariban influence in Bororoan languages was due to the later southward expansion of Cariban speakers into Bororoan territory. Ceramic technology was also adopted from Cariban speakers.[10]:415 Similarly, Cariban borrowings are also present in the Karajá languages. Karajá speakers had also adopted ceramic technology from Cariban speakers.[10]:420

Similarities with Cayuvava are due to the expansion of Bororoan speakers into the Chiquitania region.[10]:416

gollark: The main issue, I think, is that they don't really work similarly at a *routing* level.
gollark: They don't need to be on the same frequency or anything, you could just have a device with multiple transceivers.
gollark: You also pay them for lots of abstract things you can't really see, such as "law enforcement".
gollark: You would still need an antenna which receive do the frequency you want well, though.
gollark: RTL-SDRs are cheap and do something like 20-1700MHz.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bororoan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ,Guérios, R. F. Mansur F. (1939). "O nexo lingüístico Bororo/Merrime-Caiapó (contribuição para a unidade genética das línguas americanas)". Revista do Círculo de Estudos “Bandeirantes”. 2: 61–74.
  3. Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail; Voort, Hein van der (2010). "Nimuendajú was right: the inclusion of the Jabutí language family in the Macro-Jê stock" (PDF). International Journal of American Linguistics. 76 (4): 517–70.
  4. Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  5. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  6. Camargo (2013)
  7. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  8. Kaufman, Terrence. 1994. The native languages of South America. In: Christopher Moseley and R. E. Asher (eds.), Atlas of the World’s Languages, 59–93. London: Routledge.
  9. Nikulin, Andrey V. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.
  10. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.

Further reading
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