John Bryce

John Bryce (14 September 1833 – 17 January 1913) was a New Zealand politician from 1871 to 1891 and Minister of Native Affairs from 1879 to 1884. In his attitudes to Māori land questions, he favoured strict legal actions against Māori opposed to alienation, and he personally directed the invasion of Parihaka and the arrest of the leaders of the movement.[1][2]

For the Scottish politician with the same name, see John Annan Bryce. For the Scottish television producer, see John Bryce (producer).

The Honourable John Bryce
2nd Leader of the Opposition
In office 23 January 1891 – 31 August 1891
Prime Minister	John Ballance
Preceded by	John Ballance
Succeeded by	William Rolleston
11th Minister of Native Affairs
In office 19 October 1881 – 16 August 1884
Prime Minister	John Hall Frederick Whitaker Harry Atkinson
Preceded by	William Rolleston
Succeeded by	John Ballance
In office 8 October 1879 – 21 January 1881
Prime Minister	John Hall
Preceded by	John Sheehan
Succeeded by	William Rolleston
Member of the New Zealand Parliament for Waikato
In office 1890 – 1891
Member of the New Zealand Parliament for Waipa
In office 1889 – 1890
Member of the New Zealand Parliament for Waitotara
In office 1881 – 1887
Succeeded by	George Hutchison
Member of the New Zealand Parliament for Wanganui
In office 1866 – 1867
In office 1871 – 1881
Personal details
Born	(1833-09-14)14 September 1833 Glasgow, Scotland
Died	17 January 1913(1913-01-17) (aged 79) Wanganui, New Zealand
Spouse(s)	Anne Campbell (married 1854), 14 children
Profession	Farmer

Described as being stubborn and embittered to Māori questions, Bryce was the public face of a harsh policy towards Māori, but his actions were supported by the Premier and other members of his cabinet.[1]

Early life

John Bryce arrived in New Zealand as a child in 1840, and had little formal education.[2]

After a short time in the Australian gold-fields in 1851, he purchased a farm near Wanganui and remained a farmer for the next fifty years.[3]

Early political career

New Zealand Parliament
Years	Term	Electorate		Party
1866–1867	4th	Wanganui		Independent
1871–1876	5th	Wanganui		Independent
1876–1879	6th	Wanganui		Independent
1879–1881	7th	Wanganui		Independent
1881–1884	8th	Waitotara		Independent
1884–1887	9th	Waitotara		Independent
1889–1890	10th	Waipa		Independent
1890–1891	11th	Waikato		Independent

In 1859, Bryce started his political career. By 1862 he was representing his area in the Wellington Provincial Council, and by 1866 was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wanganui, a position he held for only a year before resigning due to ill-health.[1]

Titokowaru's War

When settlers were threatened by Māori led by Titikowaru in 1867, Bryce volunteered and became a lieutenant in the Kai-iwi Yeomanry Cavalry Volunteers. Bryce was proud of his commission, but an incident at William Handley's woolshed in November 1868 clouded his military career. Initially it was reported as an attack on a band of Hauhau warriors, killing two and wounding others and where Bryce was "prominent and set the men a gallant example" according to his commanding officer. Later reports had the Māori as a group of unarmed boys, aged from ten to twelve.[1]

The incident in which Bryce was alleged to have taken part was reported as an attack on woman and children in the "History of New Zealand" published in 1883 and led to a successful libel action against the publisher George William Rusden. Ex-Governor Arthur Gordon supported publisher Rusden but when the case went to trial Bryce won and was awarded damages as it was proved no women were present at Handley's woolshed, and Bryce denied being directly involved. Gordon's involvement and the damaging trial publicity delayed his elevation to the British peerage.[4]

Minister of Native Affairs

Bryce (top left) in a cartoon depiction of the Whitaker Ministry

In 1871, Bryce was back in Parliament as MP for Wanganui to 1881, and then MP for Waitotara until 1887. From 1876 to 1879, he chaired the Native Affairs Committee and between 1879 and 1883, was the Minister of Native Affairs. He expanded the powers of the Native Land Court in order to facilitate the sale of Māori land, reduced the scope of the Native Department, and enforced the law against any Maori resisting land confiscation and sales. These actions made him deeply unpopular with Maori and Bishop Octavius Hadfield reported that west coast Māori called him Bryce kohuru (Bryce the murderer).[1]

Parihaka

Main article: Parihaka

The alienation of Taranaki land was challenged by Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi at Parihaka and their followers cultivated and planted confiscated land. When Bryce became Minister in 1879, two hundred Maori ploughmen were already imprisoned, and his introduction of the Confiscated Lands Inquiry and Maori Prisoners' Trials Act in 1879 allowed them to stay in prison awaiting trail for up to two years. By January 1881, his actions were being questioned in the British parliament, and he resigned to be replaced by the more moderate William Rolleston.

Rolleston was to be Native Minister only until October 1881, and in his last act, proclaimed that Parihaka inhabitants had fourteen days to comply with the law or faced confiscation of all their lands. Bryce became Native Minister, and on 5 November 1881 was at Parihaka at the head of 1,600 Armed Constabulary to arrest the leaders and disperse the village.

In April 1882 Premier John Hall privately criticised Bryce to the Attorney General and said he would resign 'unless Bryce turned over a new leaf'. When Bryce heard of this, he resigned, and the Hall Government fell. Bryce was re-appointed Native Minister under Premiers Frederick Whitaker and Harry Atkinson in 1882 to 1884.[1]

Bryce lost his Waitotara seat in 1887. In 1889, Bryce was re-elected in 1889, this time to Waipa, and then in 1890 to Waikato. He was considered by some of his parliamentary supporters to be a possible replacement for Premier Harry Atkinson. Briefly he was Leader of the Opposition, but resigned from Parliament in 1891 for refusing to withdraw his criticism of the Premier. The Speaker, William Steward, ruled the criticism unparliamentary, and when Bryce refused to withdraw the words, "the House passed a vote of censure on him for not obeying the chair. He left the chamber, and never came back."[5]

Footnotes

1. Riseborough, Hazel (1993). "Bryce, John". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
2. "John Bryce". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 12 December 2019.
3. "Brunswick". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
4. Historical Frictions. M. Belgrave. Auckland University Press 2005.P262
5. "The Father of the House". The Marlborough Express. XXXIX (155). 5 July 1906. p. 1. Retrieved 27 September 2013.

References

• Biography in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
• Riseborough, Hazel. "Bryce, John 1833–1913". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

Political offices
Preceded by John Sheehan	Minister of Native Affairs 1879–1881 1881–1884	Succeeded by William Rolleston
Preceded by William Rolleston		Succeeded by John Ballance
Preceded by John Ballance	Leader of the Opposition 1891	Succeeded by William Rolleston
New Zealand Parliament
Preceded by Henry Shafto Harrison	Member of Parliament for Wanganui 1866–1867 1871–1881 serving alongside William Fox and John Ballance	Succeeded by Harrison
Preceded by Harrison		Succeeded by William Hogg Watt
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Waitotara 1881–1887	Succeeded by George Hutchison
Preceded by William Jackson	Member of Parliament for Waipa 1889–1890	Vacant Constituency abolished, recreated in 1893 Title next held by Frederic Lang
Preceded by John Blair Whyte	Member of Parliament for Waikato 1890–1891	Succeeded by Edward Lake