West Africa Squadron

The Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron at substantial expense in 1808 after Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807, an Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. The squadron's task was to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa.[1] With a home base at Portsmouth,[2] it began with two small ships, the 32-gun fifth-rate frigate HMS Solebay and the Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Derwent. At the height of its operations, the squadron employed a sixth of the Royal Navy fleet and marines. In 1819 the Royal Navy established a West Coast of Africa Station and the West Africa Squadron became known as the Preventative Squadron.[3] It remained an independent command until 1856 and then again 1866 to 1867.

This article is about the period from 1808–1856, 1866. For the succeeding article Cape of Good Hope and West Africa Station (1857–1865, 1867–1920), see Cape of Good Hope Station. For the succeeding article (1942–1945), see West Africa Station.

Further information on diplomatic efforts by the United Kingdom to end the slave trade: Blockade of Africa

West Africa Squadron
HMS Black Joke and prizes (clockwise from top left) Providentia, Vengador, Presidenta, Marianna, El Almirante, and El Hassey
Active	1808–1867
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Navy
Type	Fleet
Role	Suppression of the Slave Trade, from Cape Verde to Benguela

Between 1808 and 1860 the West Africa Squadron captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans.[1]

History

On 25 March 1807 Britain formally abolished the Slave Trade, prohibiting British subjects from trading in slaves, crewing slave ships, sponsoring slave ships, or fitting out slave ships. The Act also included a clause allowing the seizure of ships without slave cargoes on board but equipped to trade in slaves. The task of enforcing the act was huge and challenging but this all changed with the British victory in 1815. In order to enforce this ruling in 1808 the Admiralty dispatched two vessels to police the African Coast. The small British force was empowered, due to the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, to stop any ship bearing the flag of an enemy nation, making suppression activities much easier. Portugal, however, was one of the largest slave trading nations and Britain's ally against France. So in February 1810 under diplomatic pressure, it signed a convention that allowed British ships to police Portuguese shipping, meaning Portugal could only trade in slaves from its own African possessions.

The privateer Dart, a private vessel operating under a letter of marque, chasing slavers to profit from the bounties the British government, made the first captures under the 1810 convention. Dart, and in 1813 another privateer, (Kitty), were the only two vessels to pursue slavers for profit, and thus augment the efforts of the West Africa Squadron. The lack of private initiatives, and their short duration, suggest that they were not profitable.

With the ending of the Napoleonic Wars, Viscount Castlereagh had ensured a declaration against slavery appeared in the text of the Congress of Vienna, committing all signatories to the eventual abolition of the trade. In 1814, France agreed to cease trading, and Spain in 1817 agreed to cease North of the equator, adding to the mandate of the Squadron. Unfortunately, early treaties against slave trading with foreign powers were often very weak and in practice meant that until 1835 the Squadron could seize vessels only if slaves were found on board at the time of capture. This meant the squadron could not interfere with vessels clearly equipped for the trade but without a cargo.[4] Occasionally, slavers being pursued would throw their captives overboard in an attempt to avoid prosecution.[5]

In order to prosecute captured vessels and thereby allow the Navy to claim its prizes, a series of courts were established along the African Coast. In 1807, a Vice Admiralty Court was established in Freetown, Sierra Leone. In 1817, several Mixed Commission Courts were established, replacing the Vice Admiralty Court in Freetown. These Mixed Commission Courts had officials from both Britain and foreign powers, with Anglo-Portuguese, Anglo-Spanish, and Anglo-Dutch courts being established in Sierra Leone.

Far from the Pax Britannica style policing of the 1840s and 1850s, early efforts to suppress the slave trade were often ineffectual due to a desire to keep on good terms with other European powers. The actions of the West Africa Squadron were "strictly Governed"[6] by the treaties, and officers could be punished for overstepping their authority.

Commodore Sir George Ralph Collier, with the 36-gun HMS Creole as his flagship, was the first Commodore of the West Africa Squadron. On 19 September 1818, the navy sent him to the Gulf of Guinea with the orders: "You are to use every means in your power to prevent a continuance of the traffic in slaves."[7] However, he had only six ships with which to patrol over 5,000 kilometres (3,000 mi) of coast. He served from 1818 to 1821.

In 1819, the Royal Navy created a naval station in West Africa at Freetown. This was the capital of the first British colony in West Africa, Sierra Leone. Most of the enslaved Africans freed by the squadron chose to settle in Sierra Leone as for fear of otherwise being re-enslaved.[1] From 1821, the squadron also used Ascension Island as a supply depot,[8] before this moved to Cape Town in 1832.[9]

As the Royal Navy began interdicting slave ships, the slavers responded by adopting faster ships, particularly Baltimore clippers. At first, the Royal Navy was often unable to catch these ships. However, when the Royal Navy started to use captured slaver clippers and new faster ships from Britain the Royal Navy regained the upper hand. One of the most successful ships of the West Africa Squadron was one such captured ship, renamed HMS Black Joke. She successfully caught 11 slavers in one year.

By the 1840s, the West Africa Squadron had begun receiving paddle steamers such as HMS Hydra, which proved superior in many ways to the sailing ships they replaced. The steamers were independent of the wind and their shallow draughts meant they could patrol the shallow shores and rivers. In the middle of the 19th century, there were around 25 vessels and 2,000 personnel with a further 1,000 local sailors involved in the effort.[10]

The Royal Navy considered the West Africa Station one of the worst postings due to the high levels of tropical disease. This did however provide Royal Navy surgeons with the experience they would use to effectively fight such diseases, but at a huge cost in lives.

Britain pressed other nations into treaties to give the Royal Navy the right to search their ships for slaves.[11][12] As the 19th century wore on, the Royal Navy also began interdicting slave trading in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian Ocean.

The United States Navy assisted the West Africa Squadron, starting in 1820 with HMS Cyane, which the US had captured from the Royal Navy in 1815. Initially the US contribution consisted of a few ships, but eventually the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 formalised the US contribution into the Africa Squadron.[13][14]

In 1867, the Cape of Good Hope Station absorbed the West Coast of Africa Station .[15] In 1942 during World War Two the West Africa Station was revived as an independent command until 1945.

In command of West Africa squadron

Senior Officer, West Africa Squadron (1808-1818)

Post holders included[16]

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term
Senior Officer, West Africa Squadron
1	Captain		Edward H. Columbine	1808-1811
2	Captain		Hon. Frederick Paul Irby	1811-1818

In command of West Coast of Africa Station

Commodore, West Coast of Africa Station, (1818-1832)

Post holders included:[16]

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term
Commodore, West Coast of Africa Station
1	Commodore		Sir George Collier	1818-1821
2	Commodore		Sir Robert Mends	1822-1823
3	Commodore		Sir Charles Bullen	1824-1827
4	Commodore		Francis Augustus Collier	1826-1830
5	Commodore		John Hayes	1831

Note West Coast of Africa station is merged with Cape of Good Hope station 1832-1841

Commodore/Senior Officer, on the West Coast of Africa Station (1841-1867)

Post holders included:[16]

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term
Commodore/Senior Officer, on the West Coast of Africa Station
1	Commodore		William Tucker	1841-1842
2	Captain		John Foote	1842-1844
3	Captain		William Jones	1844-1846 (promoted to Commodore during post)
4	Commodore		Charles Hotham	1846-1849
5	Commodore		Arthur Fanshawe	1850-1851
6	Commodore		Henry William Bruce	1851-1854
7	Commodore		John Adams	1854-1856
8	Commodore		Charles Wise	1857-1859
9	Commodore		William Edmonstone	1860-1862
10	Commodore		A. P. Eardley Wilmot CB	1862-1865 [17]
11	Commodore		Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby	1866-1867

From 1867, the commodore's post on the West Coast of Africa was abolished, and its functions absorbed by the senior officer at the Cape of Good Hope .

In popular culture

The West African Squadron is featured in Lona Manning’s historical novels A Contrary Wind (2017) and A Marriage of Attachment (2018).

William Joseph Cosens Lancaster, writing as Harry Collingwood wrote four novels based on the West Africa Squadron:

• The Congo Rovers; a Story of the Slave Squadron at Project Gutenberg (1885)

• The Pirate Slaver; a story of the West African Coast at Project Gutenberg (1895)

• A Middy in Command; a tale of the Slave Squadron at Project Gutenberg (1909)

• A Middy of the Slave Squadron at Project Gutenberg (1911)

See also

• Abolition of slavery timeline § 1800–1849
• African Slave Trade Patrol (United States Navy)
• Blockade of Africa
• Category:Ships of the West Africa Squadron
• Mary Faber (slave trader)

References

1. "Chasing Freedom Information Sheet". Royal Naval Museum. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
2. "From slave trade to humanitarian aid". BBC News. 19 March 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
3. Lewis-Jones, Huw (17 February 2011). "BBC - History - British History in depth: The Royal Navy and the Battle to End Slavery". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
4. Lloyd (1949), The Navy and the Slave Trade, p. 46.
5. "Suppressing the trade".
6. TNA ADM 2/1328 Standing Orders to Commanders-in-Chief 1818-1823. p. 274.
7. Lloyd, Christopher (1968). The Navy and the Slave Trade. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7146-1894-4.
8. "Green Mountain". Peter Davis. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
9. "West Africa". Peter Davis. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
10. Lewis-Jones, Huw, "The Royal Navy and the Battle to End Slavery", BBC History, 17 February 2011..
11. Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). Encyclopedia of the middle passage. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. ISBN 9780313334801.
12. "The legal and diplomatic background to the seizure of foreign vessels by the Royal Navy". Peter Davis.
13. Falola, Toyin; Amanda Warnock (2007). Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-313-33480-1.
14. Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in slavery. Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-521-78430-6.
15. "West Africa Squadron". William Loney. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
16. Lloyd, Christopher (1968). Navy and the Slave Trade. [S.l.]: F. Cass. ISBN 9780714618944.
17. Archives, The National. "Commodore A. P. Eardley Wilmot CB Commanding West Coast of Africa". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives, 1862 - 1865, ADM 50/294. Retrieved 11 June 2018.

Further reading

• Chasing Freedom: The Royal Navy and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
• The West African Squadron and slave trade
• BBC News - "10 things about British slavery"
• Hochschild, Adam. Bury the Chains: The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery. (London: Macmillan, 2005), ISBN 0-333-90491-5
• Lloyd, Christopher. The Navy and the Slave Trade: The Suppression of the African Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. (Cass library of African studies, no. 4. London: Cass, 1968), OCLC: 177145
• Rees, Siân (2009). Sweet Water and Bitter: The Ships that Stopped the Slave Trade. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701181598.

External links