Compensated emancipation

Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery, under which the enslaved person's owner received compensation in exchange for manumitting them. This could be monetary, or it could be a period of labor, an indenture.[1] Cash compensation rarely was equal to the slave's market value.

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Slavery

An indenture was seen as a compromise between slavery and outright emancipation, an intermediate step. However, a characteristic of compensated emancipation was that no one was very happy with it. Owners complained that their compensation was small compared with their loss; they were paid less, often much less, than what the slaveowner could have sold the enslaved person for (the market value). Governments and non-slaveowning citizens complained about the financial burden of compensating the owners. For the formerly enslaved, indentures had some advantages: they could not be forcibly relocated, children and other family members could not be taken away by force, and they could no longer be whipped or raped. However, they were still not free.[1]

Transition away from slavery

Compensated emancipation was typically enacted as part of an act that outlawed slavery outright or established a scheme whereby slavery would eventually be phased out. It frequently was accompanied or preceded by laws which approached gradual emancipation by granting freedom to those born to slaves after a given date. Among the European powers, slavery was primarily an issue with their overseas colonies. The British Empire enacted a policy of compensated Emancipation (about 40%[2]) for its colonies in 1833, followed by Denmark, France in 1848, and the Netherlands in 1863. Most South American and Caribbean nations emancipated slavery through compensated schemes in the 1850s and 1860s, while Brazil passed a plan for gradual, compensated emancipation in 1871, and Cuba followed in 1880 after having enacted freedom at birth a decade earlier.[1]

United States

In the United States, the regulation of slavery was predominantly a state function. Northern states followed a course of gradual emancipation. During the Civil War, in 1861, President Lincoln drafted an act to be introduced before the legislature of Delaware, one of the four non-free states that remained loyal (the others being Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri), for compensated emancipation. However this was narrowly defeated. Lincoln also was behind national legislation towards the same end, but the Southern states, which regarded themselves as having seceded from the Union, ignored the proposals.[3][4]

Only in the District of Columbia, which fell under direct Federal auspices, was compensated emancipation enacted. On April 16, 1862, President Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act. This law prohibited slavery in the District, forcing its 900-odd slaveholders to free their slaves, with the government paying owners an average of about $300 (equivalent to $8,000 in 2019) for each. In 1863, state legislation towards compensated emancipation in Maryland failed to pass, as did an attempt to include it in a newly written Missouri constitution.[1][5][6][7]

Nations and empires that ended slavery through some form of compensated emancipation
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See also

References
  1. "Slavery in the United States: a social, political, and historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007, vol. 2, pp. 238-9". Archived from the original on 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  2. Shannon, James (1855). An address delivered before the Pro-slavery convention of the state of Missouri, held in Lexington, July 13, 1855, on domestic slavery, as examined in the light of Scripture, of natural rights, of civil government, and the constitutional power of Congress. St. Louis. p. 20.
  3. David Goldfield, America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation, 2011, p. 248
  4. William MacDonald, ed., Select Statutes and other Documents Illustrative of the History of the United States, 1861-1898, 1903, p. 34
  5. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery Archived 2020-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. Volume 1; Volume 7 Junius P. Rodriguez ABC-CLIO, 1997 805 pages
  6. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 Archived 2019-12-29 at the Wayback Machine. James Ford Rhodes, The Macmillan Company, 1899
  7. Buying Freedom: The Ethics and Economics of Slave Redemption Archived 2019-12-28 at the Wayback Machine. Anthony Appiah, Martin Bunzl Princeton University Press, 2007
  8. Paul Finkleman, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, 1998, vol. 2, p. 690
  9. Thomas Cleland Dawson, The South American Republics: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, 1903, pt I, p. 488
  10. See, for example, Kathleen Mary Butler, "The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica and Barbados, 1823-1843", 1995.
  11. Cozart, Daniel (2017). Afro-Peruvian Creoles: A social and political history of Afro-descended Peruvians in an era of nationalism and scientific racism. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico.
  12. Augustin Cochin, (trans. Mary L. Booth), The Results of Emancipation, 1864, p. 395
  13. "The District of Columbia Emancipation Act". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  14. Booth, Jon; Stephens, RL II (September 3, 2015). "Were US Slave Owners Really Paid $300 Per Slave?". Orchestrated Pulse. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
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