Vivaro-Alpine dialect

Vivaro-Alpine (Occitan: vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria).[4][5] There is also a small Vivaro-Alpine enclave in the Guardia Piemontese, Calabria, where the language is known as gardiòl. It belongs to the Northern Occitan dialect bloc, along with Auvergnat and Limousin.The name “vivaro-alpine” was coined by Pierre Bec in the 1970s.[6][7] The Vivaro-Alpine dialects are traditionally called “gavot” from the Maritime Alps to the Hautes-Alpes.

Vivaro-Alpine
vivaroaupenc
Native toFrance, Italy
RegionSouthern France, Occitan Valleys
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologgard1245  Gardiol[1]
Linguasphere51-AAA-gf & 51-AAA-gg
IETFoc-vivaraup[2][3]
Map of Occitan dialects; Vivaro-Alpine dialect in the northeast.

Naming and classification

Vivaro-Alpine had been considered as a sub-dialect of Provençal, and named provençal alpin (Alpine Provençal) or Northern Provençal.[8]

Its use in the Dauphiné area has also led to the use of dauphinois or dauphinois alpin to name it.[9] Along with Ronjat[9] and Bec,[10] it is now clearly recognized as a dialect of its own.

The UNESCO Atlas of World's languages in danger[11] uses the Alpine Provençal name, and considers it as seriously endangered.

Subdialects

Characterization

Vivaro-Alpine is classified as an Indo-European, Italic, Romance, or Western-Romance language.[12]

Vivaro-Alpine shares the palatization of consonants k and g in front of a with the other varieties of North Occitan (Limosino, Alverniate), in particular with words such as chantar("cantare," to sing) and jai ("ghiandaia," jay). Southern Occitan has, respectively, cantar and gai.

Its principal characteristic is the dropping of simple Latin dental intervocalics:

  • chantaa or chantaia for chantada ("cantata," sung),
  • monea for moneda ("moneta," coin),]
  • bastia or bastiá for bastida ("imbastitura, tack),
  • maür for madur ("maturo," mature).

The verbal ending of the first person is -o (like in Italian, Catalan, Castilian, and Portuguese, but also in Piemontese, which is neighboring): parlo per parli or parle ("io parlo"), parlavo per parlavi or parlave ("io parlavo"), parlèro for parlèri or parlère ("io ho parlato, io parlavo").

A common trait is the rotacismo of l (passage from l to r):

  • barma for balma or bauma ("grotta," cave),
  • escòra for escòla ("scuola," school),
  • saraa or sarai for salada ("insalata," salad).

In the dialects of the Alps, Vivaro-Alpine maintained the pronunciation of the r of the infinitive verbs (excepting modern Occitan).[13]

An estimated 70% of languages are estimated to have "interrogative intonation contours which end with rising pitch." However, Vivaro Alpine follows the opposite pattern with yes/no questions—an initial high tone followed by a fall. Questions that end in a rising pitch are so common that they are often considered "natural." One reason that questions begin with a high tone in some languages is that the listener is immediately being alerted to the fact that they are being asked a question.

Status

Vivaro-Alpine is an endangered language. There are approximately 200,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. Transmission of the language is very low. Speakers of Vivaro-Alpine typically also speak either French or Italian.

Examples

These are the lyrics to a traditional Occitan song, called "Se chanta."

Lyrics:

1st verse
Se canto, que canto,

Canto pas per iéu,

Canto per ma mio

Qu’es aluen de iéu.

 If it sings, let it sing

It’s not singing for me

It sings for my love

Who’s far away from me.

2nd verse
E souto ma fenestro

I a un auceloun,

Touto la nuech canto,

Canto sa cansoun.

 And outside my window

There is a little bird,

Singing all night,

Singing its song.

Chorus

(First verse may serve as chorus.)

3rd verse
A la fouònt de Nime

I a un amandié

Que fa de flour blanco

Coume de papié.

 At the fountain of Nîmes

There is an almond tree

Who produces flowers as white

As paper.

4th verse
Aquelei mountagno,

Que tant auto soun,

M’empachon de vèire

Meis amour ounte soun.

 Those mountains

That are so high

Keep me from seeing

Where my love is gone.

5th verse
Bassas-vous mountagno,

Plano aussas-vous,

Per que pouosqui vèire

Meis amour ounte soun.

 Lay down, o mountains,

And rise up, o plains,

So I may see

Where my love is gone.

6th verse
Aquelei mountagno,

Tant s’abaissaran

Que meis amoureto

Apareisseran.

 Those mountains

Will lay down so low

That my lost love

Will get closer.

[14]

gollark: In theory it should be possible to use your integrated GPU to be moderately faster than the CPU. In practice everyone writes for Nvidia cards.
gollark: Don't expect it to be fast.
gollark: Well, you can probably run the 2.7B one, barely.
gollark: Microsoft actually have a 500-billion-parameter language model now, which is upwards of a *terabyte* in size probably.
gollark: GPT-3 is only accessible via OpenAI'S API.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gardiol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. "Occitan (post 1500)". IANA language subtag registry. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  3. "Vivaro-Alpine"; IANA language subtag registry; subtitle: Occitan variant spoken in northeastern Occitania; retrieved: 11 February 2019; publication date: 22 April 2018.
  4. (in French) Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, Des langues romanes. Introduction aux études de linguistique romane, De Boeck, 2e édition, 1999,
  5. La langue se divise en trois grandes aires dialectales : le nord-occitan (limousin, auvergnat, vivaro-alpin), l'occitan moyen, qui est le plus proche de la langue médiévale (languedocien et provençal au sens restreint), et le gascon (à l'ouest de la Garonne). in (in French) Encyclopédie Larousse
  6. Bec, Pierre (1995). La langue occitane. Paris.
  7. Belasco, Simon (1990). France's Rich Relation: The Oc Connection. The French Review. pp. 996–1013.
  8. (in French) Jean-Claude Bouvier, "L'occitan en Provence : limites, dialectes et variété" in Revue de linguistique romane 43, pp 46-62
  9. (in French) Jules Ronjat, Grammaire istorique des parlers provençaux modernes, vol. IV Les dialectes, Montpellier, 1941
  10. (in French) Pierre Bec, La langue occitane, Paris, 1995
  11. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Archived February 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  12. "The Endangered Languages Project".
  13. "Dizionario Italiano-Occitano".
  14. "Traditional Music From Country of Nice (France)".

See also
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