Occitan Valleys
The Occitan Valleys (Occitan: Valadas Occitanas, Italian: Valli Occitane, French: Vallées Occitanes) are the part of Occitania (the territory of the Occitan language) within the borders of Italy. It is a mountainous region in the southern Alps. Most of its valleys are oriented eastward and descend toward the plains of Piedmont.
A. Communes that declared to be Occitan-speaking according to the Italian law 482/99[1]
B. Communes that declared to be partly Occitan-speaking according to the Italian law 482/99
C. Communes of the valleys that did not declare to be Occitan-speaking according to the Italian law 482/99
D. Communes that declared to be Francoprovençal-speaking according to the Italian law 482/99[2]
E. Communes that declared to be French-speaking according to the Italian law 482/99[3]
Other boundaries
F. Italian communes of the Marquisate of Dolceacqua and other dependencies of the County of Nice[4]
G. Approximative boundary of the Occitan valleys[5]
H. Boundary of Occitan language according to IRES of Piedmont, where it differs from G[6]
I. Boundary of the Occitan-language according to the IEO, where it differs from G[7]
J. Northern boundary of the brigasc-royasc area
K. Approximative boundary of the Occitan language
L. Approximative boundary of the Old Occitan[8]
M. Eastern boundary of the county of Nice
N. Eastern boundary of the department of Alpes-Maritimes (1793-1814)
O. Eastern boundary of the province of Nice (1859-1860)]
P. Eastern boundary of non diphtongation [9]
Q. Eastern boundary of /bew/ vs /biw/ [10]
The area has a population of 174,476 inhabitants (July, 2013). Its major towns are Lo Borg Sant Dalmatz (Borgo San Dalmazzo), Buscha (Busca), Boves (Bueves) and Draonier (Dronero).
The Occitan linguistic enclave of La Gàrdia (Guardia Piemontese) in Calabria does not belong to the Occitan Valleys.
A 1999 Italian law ("Law 482") provides for the protection of linguistic minorities, including Occitan.[11]
Communities with clear Occitan presence before the 482/99 Act
These are the villages where an autochthonous Provençal-speaking community has surely settled and may still speak the language. Around 35% of the population (stats by Enrico Allasino, IRES 2005 and IRES Piemonte no.113/2007) declared to be able to speak or understand the local Provençal language, with various levels of proficiency. Italian and Piedmontese are spoken by the majority of the people in the area, and the patois is much influenced by both the other two languages.
| Val d'Ors | Upper Susa Valley |
|---|---|
| Bardonescha | Bardonecchia |
| Cesana | Cesana Torinese |
| Chaumont | Chiomonte |
| Las Clavieras | Claviere |
| Exilhas | Exilles |
| Ols or Ors | Oulx |
| Salbertrand | Salbertrand |
| Lo Grand Sauze | Sauze di Cesana |
| Lo Sauze (d'Ors) | Sauze d'Oulx |
| La Sestriera | Sestriere |
| Val Cluson | Alta Val Chisone |
| Finoistrèlas | Fenestrelle |
| Praamòl | Pramollo |
| Prajalats | Pragelato |
| Lo Rore | Roure |
| Usseaus | Usseaux |
| Val Sant Martin Val Sopata | Val Germanasca |
| Pomaret | Pomaretto |
| Massèl | Massello |
| Lo Perier | Perrero |
| Praal | Prali |
| Salsa | Salza di Pinerolo |
| Val Pèlis | Val Pellice |
| Angrònha | Angrogna |
| Buèbi | Bobbio Pellice |
| La Tor | Torre Pellice |
| Lo Vialar | Villar Pellice |
| Val Pò | Alta Valle Po |
| Ostana | Ostana |
| Val Varacha | Val Varaita |
| Blins | Bellino |
| Chastèldalfin | Casteldelfino |
| Fraisse | Frassino |
| Lo Mèl | Melle |
| Pont e la Chanal | Pontechianale |
| Sant Pèire | Sampeyre |
| Valmala | Valmala |
| Venascha | Venasca |
| Val Maira | Val Maira |
| Acelh | Acceglio |
| "Cartinhan" | Cartignano |
| Chanuelhas | Canosio |
| Cèlas | Celle di Macra |
| Elva | Elva |
| L'Arma | Macra |
| La Màrmol | Marmora |
| Prats | Prazzo |
| San Dumian | San Damiano Macra |
| Estròp | Stroppo |
| Val Grana | Valle Grana |
| Chastèlmanh | Castelmagno |
| Montrós | Monterosso Grana |
| Pradievi | Pradleves |
| Val d'Estura | Valle Stura |
| Aison | Aisone |
| L'Argentiera | Argentera |
| Demont | Demonte |
| Pèirapuerc | Pietraporzio |
| La Ròca | Roccasparvera |
| Sambuc | Sambuco |
| Vinai | Vinadio |
| Val Ges | Valle Gesso |
| Entraigas | Entracque |
| Roascha | Roaschia |
| Vaudier | Valdieri |
| Val Vermenanha | Val Vermenagna |
| Limon | Limone Piemonte |
| Robilant | Robilante |
| Lou Vernant | Vernante |
Communities whose patois community is extinct
In these communities, apart of Italian, the most spoken language is Piedmontese. In the past, in the lower Val Chisone, Waldensian communities were the major part of the population. Chisone, Pellice and Germanasca Valleys were referred as "Waldensian Valleys" and the local Provençal speech was called "Waldesian language", and it was opposed to the language of the Catholic population which was Piedmontese. The Lower Chisone Valley in the 20th century had a rapid industrial growth, and since then the Waldensian was replaced by Piedmontese in the most bustled villages. In Oncino and Crissolo the local patois disappeared after a dramatic depopulation.
| Val Cluson | Val Chisone |
|---|---|
| L'Envèrs de Pinascha | Inverso Pinasca |
| Peirosa | Perosa Argentina |
| Pinascha | Pinasca |
| Prustin | Prarostino |
| San Geman | San Germano Chisone |
| Lis Vialars | Villar Perosa |
| Val Po | Valle Po |
| Criçòl | Crissolo |
| Oncin | Oncino |
Communities claimed to be Occitan since the 482/99 Act
These are the communities which are referred as "Occitan" in the text of the 482/99 Act, and by the agency of linguistic safeguard Chambra d'Oc, even if there was no previous source which supported this appellation. All these villages and towns lack the historical rootedness of the linguistic minority, because no linguist noticed any Occitan presence before the law. In these cases the Provençal translation of the place name doesn't exist, or it's an exonym used by the patoisants of the upper valleys to indicate the lower valley settlements, or it is the transliteration in Occitan orthography of the Piedmontese/Ligurian toponym.
| Val Cluson | Alta Val Chisone |
|---|---|
| Las Pòrtas | Porte |
| - | Pinerolese |
| Campilhon e Fenil | Campiglione-Fenile |
| Cantaloba | Cantalupa |
| Frussasc | Frossasco |
| Pinairòl | Pinerolo |
| Rolet | Roletto |
| 'Sant Pière | San Pietro Val Lemina |
| San Segond | San Secondo di Pinerolo |
| Val Pèlis | Val Pellice |
| Bibiana - | Bibiana |
| Bricairàs - | Bricherasio |
| Luserna e San Jan | Luserna San Giovanni |
| Lusernèta | Lusernetta |
| Val Infernòt e Plana Padana | Valle Infernotto e Pianura Padana |
| Barge | Barge |
| Banhòl | Bagnolo Piemonte |
| Envie | Envie |
| Revèl | Revello |
| Val Pò | Valle Po |
| Brondèl | Brondello |
| Castelar | Castellar |
| Gambasca | Gambasca |
| Martinhana | Martiniana Po |
| Paisana | Paesana |
| Panh | Pagno |
| Rifred | Rifreddo |
| Sant Frònt | Sanfront |
| Val Varacha | Val Varaita |
| Brossasc | Brossasco |
| Isascha | Isasca |
| Peasc | Piasco |
| Rossana | Rossana |
| Val Maira | Val Maira |
| Busca | Busca |
| Draonier | Dronero |
| La Ròca | Roccabruna |
| Lo Vilar | Villar San Costanzo |
| Val Grana | Valle Grana |
| Bernès | Bernezzo |
| Caralh | Caraglio |
| Cervasca | Cervasca |
| Montomal | Montemale di Cuneo |
| Valgrana | Valgrana |
| Val d'Estura | Valle Stura |
| Lo Borg | Borgo San Dalmazzo |
| Gaiòla | Gaiola |
| Moiòla | Moiola |
| Ritana | Rittana |
| Valàuria | Valloriate |
| Vinhòl | Vignolo |
| Val Ges | Valle Gesso |
| Rocavion | Roccavione |
| Region de Mondòvi | Mondovì neighbourhood |
| Frabosa Sobrana | Frabosa Soprana |
| Frabosa Sotana | Frabosa Sottana |
| Roburent | Roburent |
| Ròcafòrt | Roccaforte Mondovì |
| Vilanòva | Villanova Mondovì |
| Val Pes | Valle Pesio |
| Bueves - | Boves |
| La Clusa - | Chiusa di Pesio |
| Poranh | Peveragno |
| Tèrra Brigasca | Upper Tanaro Valley |
| Ra Briga Auta | Briga Alta |
| Viosèna | Viozene di Ormea |
| Reaud | Realdo di Triora |
| Verdeja | Verdeggia di Triora |
| Val Ròia | Roja Valley |
| Auriveta | Olivetta San Michele |
See also
References
- "La minoranza linguistica occitana" Archived 2015-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, site of the Region of Piedmont.
- "La minoranza linguistica francoprovenzale" Archived 2018-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, site of the Region of Piedmont.
- "La minoranza linguistica francese" Archived 2018-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, site of the Region of Piedmont.
- Girolamo Rossi. Storia del marchesato di Dolceacqua e dei comuni di Pigna e Castelfranco. Oneglia: Tipografia di Giovanni Grilini. 1862. Read online.
- According to the Atlante delle Minoranze Linguistiche del Piemonte e della Provincia di Imperia.
- Enrico Allasino, Consuelo Ferrier, Sergio Scamuzzi, Tullio Telmon. Le lingue del Piemonte.
- Institut d'études occitanes. "Comunas occitanas d'Itàlia", site luòcs.
- Ernst Hirsch. Provenzalische Mundarttexte aus Piemont. Tübingen: Niemeyer Max Verlag GmbH, 1978.
- Franco Bronzat. "Lingua “valdese” e occitano alpino: parentele morfo-fonetiche e lessicali". Bolletino della Società di Studi Valdesi. N°197. Dicembre 2005. pp 69-112.
- Franco Bronzat. "Lingua “valdese” e occitano alpino: parentele morfo-fonetiche e lessicali". Bolletino della Società di Studi Valdesi. N°197. Dicembre 2005. pp 69-112.
- Loi du 15 décembre 1999, no 482 en italien et en français