Shopping mall

A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a North American term for a large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores. The term "mall" originally meant a pedestrian promenade with shops along it (that is, the term was used to refer to the walkway itself), but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming commonplace at the time.[1][2] In the U.K., such complexes are considered shopping centers (Commonwealth English: shopping centre), though "shopping center" covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American "mall". Other countries may follow U.S. usage (India,[3] U.A.E.,[4] etc.) and others (Australia,[5] etc.) follow U.K. usage.

This article is about large, usually enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional department stores. For an overview of all types of shopping centers, see Shopping center. For pedestrian malls, see Pedestrian zone.

Malls are currently in severe decline ("dead malls") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features,[6] added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats: power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces.[7]

Types

The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.

Regional mall

A regional mall is as per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores.[8]

Superregional mall

A superregional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.[8]

Not malls

Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers, and specialized format such as power centers, festival marketplaces, and outlet centers.[7]

On the other hand, in some countries, many shopping centres less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2), have "mall" in their names – see List of shopping centres in Namibia or List of shopping centres in Zambia for examples.

The world's largest malls with over 500,000 square metres (5,400,000 sq ft) of gross leasable area are in China, Thailand, The Philippines, more than half again as large as previous contenders such as the Dubai Mall.

List of types of shopping centers (including malls)

The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:[7][9][10][11]

Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America
 *does not apply to Europe

Type USA: GLA in ft2 USA: GLA in m2 Europe: GLA in m2 Canada: GLA in ft2 Asia-Pacific: NLA in ft2 # anchors* Typical anchors
Large general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can)
Mega-mall (AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,500,000+ 3+ Department stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, multicinemas, major entertainment/leisure
Super-regional mall/center
EU: Very large SC		 800,000+ 74,322+ 80,000+ 800,000+ 800,000–1,499,999 3+ Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/leisure
Regional mall/center
EU: Large SC		 400,000–800,000 37,161–74,322 40,000–79,999 300,000–799,999 500,000-799,999 2+
Small & medium general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can)
Sub-regional SC (AP)
Europe: Medium SC		 n/a n/a 20,000–39,999 n/a 200,000–500,000 0–3 Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores
Small comparison-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000–19,999 n/a n/a n/a Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
Small convenience-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000–19,999 n/a n/a n/a Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
Community shopping center 125,000–400,000 11,613–37,161 n/a 100,000–400,000 n/a 2+ Discount store, supermarket, drugstore, category killer.

a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can

Neighborhood shopping center 30,000–125,000 2,787–11,613 n/a 40,000-99,000 20,000–200,000 1+ (US/Can)
0–2 (AP)		 Supermarket, in Asia also hypermarket
Convenience center
US/Can also "Strip mall"		 <30,000 <2,787 n/a 10,000–39,000 n/a 0–1 Convenience store anchor or anchorless
Specialized shopping centers
Power center
EU: a.k.a. "Retail park"		 250,000–600,000 23,226–55,741 S:5,000+
M:10,000+
L:20,000+		 100,000–1,000,000 >50,000 3+ (US/Can)
n/a (AP)		 Category killers, warehouse clubs, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
Lifestyle center (US) 150,000–500,000 13,935–46,452 n/a n/a n/a 0–2 Large-format upscale specialty stores
Outlet mall/center 50,000–400,000 4,645–37,161 5,000 50,000–400,000 "no max. size" n/a Manufacturers' and retail outlet stores
Theme/Festival (US)
(Festival marketplace)		 80,000–250,000 7,432–23,226 n/a n/a n/a n/a Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
Leisure/entertainment centre (AP)
Leisure-based SC (EU)		 n/a n/a 5,000 n/a <500,000 N/A Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, fast fashion, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs.
Specialty SC (AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a <500,000 0 Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
Single category SC (AP)
Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)		 n/a n/a 5,000+ n/a n/a n/a Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
Major transportation hub SC (AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a >50,000 n/a Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
Limited-purpose property
Airport retail 75,000–300,000 6,968–27,871 n/a n/a 0 Speciality retail and restaurants
Shopping centre hybrids (Canada only)
Hybrid SC (Can) n/a n/a 250,000+ n/a varies Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. power center + regional mall

History

Forerunners to the American mall

Shopping centers in general, may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered bazaars. In 1798 the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire .[12] The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island was the first shopping arcade in the United States in 1828.[13]

Dayton Arcade in the 1920s


In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns.[14] Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924).[15]

The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II (see table above) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California.[16]

Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term mall

In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo, Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, Santa Monica Mall (1965).[17][18][19] Although Bergen Mall (opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers.[20]

Enclosed malls in the U.S.

The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin,[21] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.[22]

The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen.[23][24][25] This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, United States in October 1956.[24][25] For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.[26]

The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958), in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959), in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961), in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962), in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[27][28]

In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.[29][30]

Decline of shopping malls
See also: Retail apocalypse and Dead mall
Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in Allen, Texas, United States

In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.[31] But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the Great Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.[32] City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.[15]

In recent years, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century because the economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as identified by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.[33] In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".[33]

Online shopping has also emerged as a competition to shopping malls. In the United States, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.[34] In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.[35] To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.[36] In the United States, the 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College.[34] In France, the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV-style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space.[37] The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.[38]

The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations forced mall closures, increased entrance controls, and public sanitation requirements.[39]

Shape and size of enclosed malls

World's largest malls
The former Camp Snoopy Amusement park before it was Nickelodeon Universe at the center of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, the third-largest shopping mall in the United States

The size of the largest shopping centers and malls at any given time continued to increase throughout the twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries. The Outlets at Bergen Town Center, originally called the Bergen Mall, the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today Show, serving as master of ceremonies.[40] The mall, located just outside New York City, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores in a 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2) mall with three department store anchors.[41][42] At approximately 2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2), the Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii was one of the largest malls in the United States when it opened for business in August 1959.

The largest enclosed shopping mall from 1986 to 2004 was the 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.[43] Currently, the largest mall in the world is the New South China Mall in Dongguan, China with a gross floor area of 892,000 m2 (9,600,000 sq ft). The world's second-largest shopping mall is the Golden Resources Mall in Beijing, China with a gross floor area of 680,000 m2 (7,300,000 sq ft). SM Megamall in the Philippines, is the world's third-largest at 542,980 m2 (5,844,600 sq ft) of gross floor area. The fourth largest shopping mall in the world is SM City North EDSA in Quezon City, Philippines with a gross floor area of 504,900 m2 (5,435,000 sq ft) and the fifth largest shopping mall is 1 Utama in Malaysia at 465,000 m2 (5,010,000 sq ft) of gross floor area.

The most visited shopping mall in the world and third-largest mall in the United States is the Mall of America, located near the Twin Cities in Bloomington, Minnesota. However, several Asian malls are advertised as having more visitors, including Mal Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading Mall and Pluit Village, all in Jakarta, Indonesia; Berjaya Times Square in Malaysia; SM City North EDSA, SM Mall of Asia and SM Megamall, all in Metro Manila, Philippines. The largest mall in South Asia is Lucky One Mall in Karachi, Pakistan.

The Philippines has the most number of shopping malls in the top 100 largest shopping malls in the world with 22.

Vertical malls
The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City, in Arlington, Virginia, United States

High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall," in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.[44] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.

Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, and Bangkok. Times Square in Hong Kong is a principal example.[44]

A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historical buildings or significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;[45] consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's, split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in the basement dining rooms.

Components

Food court
Main article: Food court

A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.

Department stores
Main articles: Department store and Anchor store

When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.

Regional differences
Express Avenue Chennai, India
Shopping arcade in Tokyo, Japan
Robinsons Place Manila in Manila, Philippines
Westfield Garden State Plaza is a mall in Paramus, New Jersey.

"Mall" versus "shopping center/centre"

Shopping mall is a term used predominantly in North America and some other countries that follow U.S. usage (India,[3] U.A.E.,[46] etc.) and others (Australia,[5] etc.) follow U.K. usage.

In North America, Persian Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center/centre usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods.[47][47] Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping arcade" are also used. In Canada, "shopping centre" is often used officially (as in Square One Shopping Centre), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used.

Enclosed shopping centres in the U.K. and Ireland

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham; Liverpool One; Trinity Leeds; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead; Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield serving South Yorkshire; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester; White Rose Centre in Leeds; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley; and Bluewater in Kent. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield Stratford City, in Stratford (London), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and Westfield London is the largest inner-city shopping center in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year.[48] There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion.[49] This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.[49]

Russia

In Russia, on the other hand, as of 2013 a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.[50]

Shopping property management firms

A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)", using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom.[51] Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside; again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley).

Shopping center management and advisory firms are bringing about professional management practices to the largely fragmented shopping center development industry in India. Historically, land ownership in India, has been fragmented and as a byproduct shopping center development, which rendered the single mall developers vulnerable to dubious advice and practices, since standard benchmarks, knowledge resources, and skilled people were scarce. This is changing as new firms promoted by former shopping center managers are stepping in to bridge the gap between ownership and professional management.

Mall management is slowly becoming a trend and is much sought after services in Asia and other markets.

One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage.[52][53]

In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.[54] See Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins.

World's largest malls by gross leasable area

This is an incomplete list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft).

Mall Country City Year opened Gross leasable
area (GLA)		 Shops Remarks
1 Iran Mall Iran Tehran 2017 1,950,000 m2 (21,000,000 sq ft)[55] 2,500+ Partially open. As of 2018, a net leasable area of 300,000 m2 (3,200,000 sq ft) has been opened, while the total area including cultural, religious and recreational areas is 14,000,000 m2 (150,000,000 sq ft). When the project is completed, the total area of the complex (commercial, cultural, and recreational) will be 1,950,000 m2 (21,000,000 sq ft).[56]
2 South China Mall China Dongguan 2005 659,612 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)[57][58] 2,350 Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, and occupancy rates of only 10% occurred.[58]
3 SM Tianjin China Tianjin 2016 565,000 m2 (6,080,000 sq ft)[34] 2,500+
4 Golden Resources Mall China Beijing 2004 557,419 m2 (6,000,010 sq ft)[57][58] 1,000+
5 CentralPlaza WestGate Thailand Nonthaburi (suburb of Bangkok) 2015 550,278 m2 (5,923,140 sq ft) 1,000+ The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.[59][60]
6 CentralWorld Thailand Bangkok 1990 550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)[61] 600 Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers.
7 ICONSIAM Thailand Bangkok 2018 525,000 m2 (5,650,000 sq ft)[62] 1,000+
8 SM City North EDSA Philippines Quezon City 1985 497,213 m2 (5,351,960 sq ft)[58][63][64] 1,000+ Largest mall in the Philippines.
9 Global Harbor China Shanghai 2013 480,000 m2 (5,200,000 sq ft)[65][66] 1,000+
10 SM Megamall Philippines Mandaluyong 1991 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[63][67][68][69] 1,000+ Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.[70][71]
11 SM Seaside City Cebu Philippines Cebu City 2015 470,486 m2 (5,064,270 sq ft)[72] 700+ Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.
12 Isfahan City Center Iran Isfahan 2012 465,500 m2 (5,011,000 sq ft)[58][73] 700+ Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at 345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft).
13 1 Utama Malaysia Petaling Jaya 1995 465,000 m2 (5,010,000 sq ft)[74] 700+ The largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Phase 1 (Old Wing) opened in 1995 while Phase 2 (New Wing) opened in 2004.
14 Persian Gulf Complex Iran Shiraz Sep 2011 450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[75]

[76] [77] [78]

 2500[79]

[80]

 Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after Iran Mall.[79]
15 SM Mall of Asia Philippines Pasay 2006 432,891 m2 (4,659,600 sq ft)[63] 1,000+ Fourth largest mall in the Philippines.
16 MetroCentre (shopping centre) United Kingdom Gateshead 1986 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[81] 370+ The largest shopping mall in Europe.
New Century Global Center China Chengdu 2013 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) 2,300 When it opened in 2013, it surpassed The Dubai Mall as the largest shopping mall in the world.
Dream Mall Taiwan Kaohsiung 2007 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) 2,300
Siam Paragon Thailand Bangkok 2005 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[58] 270+ [82]
Festival Alabang Philippines Muntinlupa 1998 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[83] 1,300+
17 Sunway Pyramid Malaysia Petaling Jaya 1997 396,000 m2 (4,260,000 sq ft) 800+ Second largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016.
18 Lotte World Mall South Korea Seoul 2014 383,470 m2 (4,127,600 sq ft)[84] 1,000+ Largest shopping mall in South Korea.
19 Albrook Mall Panama Panama City 2002 380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)[58] 555 Largest shopping mall in the Americas.
20 Mal Taman Anggrek Indonesia Jakarta 1996 360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)[58] 528 Hosts the world's largest LED display.[85]
21 The Avenues Mall Kuwait Al Rai 2007 357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft) 800+
22 Fashion Island (Thailand) Thailand Bangkok 1995 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) 300
West Edmonton Mall Canada Edmonton, Alberta 1981 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) 800+ Largest shopping mall in North America. The gross leasable area does not include Galaxyland, a large indoor amusement park with an area of 70,160 m2 (755,200 sq ft).
The Dubai Mall United Arab Emirates Dubai 2008 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) 1,200 The second largest mall in the world by total land area.[86][87][88]
23 Lucky One Mall Pakistan Karachi 2017 340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft)[89][90] 200+ Largest mall in Pakistan and South Asia.[91][92]
24 Gandaria City Indonesia Jakarta 2010 336,279 m2 (3,619,680 sq ft)[93] 500
25 Limketkai Center Philippines Cagayan de Oro 1992 320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)[94][95] 500+
Berjaya Times Square Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 2003 320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft) 1,000+ The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 3rd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid.[96]
26 Future Park Rangsit & Zpell Thailand Pathum Thani (suburb of Bangkok) 1995 295,000 m2 (3,180,000 sq ft) 900
27 SM City Fairview Philippines Quezon City 1997 282,681 m2 (3,042,750 sq ft) 600+
28 Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall) China Guangzhou 2005 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft) 180+
Centro Mayor Colombia Bogota 2010 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft) 354+
American Dream Meadowlands United States East Rutherford, New Jersey (suburb of New York City) 2019 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)[97] 450 Partially open.
29 SM City Cebu Philippines Cebu City 1993 273,804 m2 (2,947,200 sq ft)[63] 680
30 Medan Centre Point Indonesia Medan 2013 270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2[98] The biggest shopping mall in North Sumatra. Medan Center Point Complex consists two of the tallest five buildings in North Sumatra.
Mal Artha Gading Indonesia Jakarta 2004 270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft) 430[99]
31 The Avenues, Bahrain Bahrain Bahrain Bay 2017 273,000m2 (2,940,000 sq ft)
32 Mall of Arabia Saudi Arabia Jeddah 2010 261,000 m2 (2,810,000 sq ft) 187[100]
33 King of Prussia United States King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (suburb of Philadelphia) 1963 259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)[101] 400+ Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).[102]
34 Mall of America United States Bloomington, Minnesota (suburb of Minneapolis) 1992 266,500 m2 (2,869,000 sq ft)[103] 520 The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of 28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft)
35 Tunjungan Plaza Indonesia Surabaya 1986 253,187 m2 (2,725,280 sq ft)[104] 500 The biggest mall in East Java
36 Emporium Mall Pakistan Lahore 2016 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[105] 200+
Centro Sambil Venezuela Caracas 1998 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 500+
Aventura Mall United States Aventura, Florida (suburb of Miami) 1983 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 300+ Largest shopping mall in Florida.
Glorietta Philippines Makati 1991 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 300+ Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the Ayala Corporation.
Greenbelt Philippines Makati 1991 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 300+ Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the Ayala Corporation.
South Coast Plaza United States Costa Mesa, California (suburb of Los Angeles) 1967 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[106] 286
Centro Comercial Santafé Colombia Bogotá 2006 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 485
37 Centro Comercial Aricanduva Brazil São Paulo 1991 247,000 m2 (2,660,000 sq ft)[107] 535
38 AEON Lake Town Centre Japan Koshigaya, Saitama (suburb of Tokyo) 2008 245,223 m2 (2,639,560 sq ft) 706
39 Doha Festival City Qatar Doha 2017 244,000 m2 (2,630,000 sq ft) 540
40 Del Amo Fashion Center United States Torrance, California (suburb of Los Angeles) 1961 240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft) 300+
Robinsons Place Manila Philippines Manila 1997 240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft) 500+ Largest shopping mall in the city of Manila and largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.
Millcreek Mall United States Millcreek Township, Pennsylvania (suburb of Erie) 1975 240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)[108] 142
Super Brand Mall China Shanghai 2005 240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)
41 SM Xiamen China Xiamen 2001 238,125 m2 (2,563,160 sq ft)[34]
42 Yas Mall United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 2014 235,000 m2 (2,530,000 sq ft)[109] 370+
43 Mall of the Emirates United Arab Emirates Dubai 2005 233,467 m2 (2,513,020 sq ft) 700+ [110]
44 Chadstone Shopping Centre Australia Melbourne 1960 233,243 m2 (2,510,610 sq ft)[111] 530 Largest shopping centre in Australia.
45 Aviapark Russia Moscow 2014 230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft) Europe's largest shopping mall in total area.
Dongfang Xin Tiandi (Oriental Plaza) China Foshan 230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
Grand Canyon Parkway United States Las Vegas, Nevada 2003 230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft) 90
Queensbay Mall Malaysia Bayan Lepas, Penang Island 2006 230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft) 400 The largest shopping mall in Penang.
Suntec City Singapore Singapore 1993 230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)[112] 619 Has the largest water fountain in the world.[113]
Sta. Lucia East Grand Mall Philippines Cainta 1991 230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft) 300+
46 City Centre Bahrain Bahrain Manama 2008 [58][114] 200sqkm 350+
47 MEGA Belaya Dacha Russia Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast 2007 225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)[115] 330+
48 Sawgrass Mills United States Sunrise, Florida (suburb of Fort Lauderdale) 1990 221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft) 300+
Destiny USA United States Syracuse, New York 1990 221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft) 300+ The largest shopping mall in the state of New York
Hartono Mall Indonesia Surakarta, Central Java 2015 220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)[116] 300 The biggest shopping mall in Central Java
Gateway Theatre of Shopping South Africa Durban 2001 220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)
 400+
Roosevelt Field United States Garden City, New York (suburb of New York City) 1956 220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)[117] 294 Second largest shopping mall in the state of New York.
49 Robinsons Galleria Philippines Quezon City 1990 216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft) 400+
50 Plaza Las Americas Puerto Rico San Juan, Puerto Rico 1968 215,440 m2 (2,319,000 sq ft)[118] 300+ The first indoor shopping mall built in Puerto Rico and Latin America.[119][120]
51 Houston Galleria United States Houston, Texas 1970 213,530 m2 (2,298,400 sq ft)[121] 375 Largest mall in Texas
52 Ayala Center Cebu Philippines Cebu City 1994 210,000 m2 (2,300,000 sq ft)[122] 800+
53 Trafford Centre United Kingdom Manchester 1998 207,000 m2 (2,230,000 sq ft) 280
54 Puerto Venecia Spain Zaragoza 2012 206,000 m2 (2,220,000 sq ft)[123] 250+ This is the biggest open air lifestyle center in Europe.
55 SM Southmall Philippines Las Piñas 1995 205,120 m2 (2,207,900 sq ft) 400+
56 SM City Dasmariñas Philippines Dasmariñas 2004 201,645 m2 (2,170,490 sq ft) 400+ shops & dining
57 Ala Moana Center United States Honolulu, Hawaii 1959 200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft) 310+ Largest open-air mall in the world.
Bluewater United Kingdom Greenhithe 1999 200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft) 330
Tysons Corner Center United States McLean, Virginia (suburb of Washington, D.C.) 1968 200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)[124] 300+
AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre Malaysia Klang 2007 200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft) 500+
Phoenix Marketcity India Mumbai 2011 200,000 m²

(2,100,000 sq ft)

 700 Largest shopping mall in India
Pittsburgh Mills United States Pittsburgh 2005 200,000 m²

(2,100,000 sq ft)

 25

Dual function shopping malls

Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.

Mall Country City Year opened Gross leasable
area (GLA)		 Shops Remarks
Yiwu International Trade City China Yiwu 2002 5,500,000 m2 (59,000,000 sq ft)[125] 75,000+ Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed.
gollark: That doesn't apply to SSDs.
gollark: (not sure if Windows does that automatically)
gollark: Have you TRIMed it recently?
gollark: I was looking at getting a GT 730 as a nearly-bare-minimum video output card for my server, should it work for *that* at least (under noveau, the open-source drivers, however you spell that)?
gollark: Also their high prices.

See also

References
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