Pokémon

Pokémon[lower-alpha 1] (English: /ˈpoʊkɪˌmɒn, -ki-, -keɪ-/),[1][2][3] also known as Pocket Monsters[lower-alpha 2] in Japan, is a Japanese media franchise managed by the Pokémon Company, a company founded by Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures with shares divided between the companies.[4] The franchise copyright and Japanese trademark is shared by all three companies,[5] but Nintendo is the sole owner of the trademark in other countries.[6] The franchise was created by Satoshi Tajiri in 1995,[7] and is centered on fictional creatures called "Pokémon", which humans, known as Pokémon Trainers, catch and train to battle each other for sport. The English slogan for the franchise is "Gotta Catch 'Em All".[8][9] Works within the franchise are set in the Pokémon universe.

For other uses, see Pokémon (disambiguation).

Pokémon
Logo of Pokémon for its international releases; Pokémon is short for the original Japanese title of Pocket Monsters
Created bySatoshi Tajiri
Ken Sugimori
Original workPocket Monsters Red and Green (1996)
Owned byNintendo
Creatures
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
Print publications
Short storiesPokémon Junior
ComicsSee list of Pokémon manga
Films and television
Film(s)See list of Pokémon films
Short film(s)Various Pikachu shorts
Animated seriesPokémon (anime) (1997–present)
Pokémon Chronicles (2006)
Television special(s)Mewtwo Returns (2000)
The Legend of Thunder (2001)
The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon (2006)
Television film(s)Pokémon Origins (2013)
Theatrical presentations
Musical(s)Pokémon Live! (2000)
Games
TraditionalPokémon Trading Card Game
Pokémon Trading Figure Game
Video game(s)Pokémon video game series
Super Smash Bros.
Audio
Soundtrack(s)Pokémon 2.B.A. Master (1999)
See also list of Pokémon theme songs
Miscellaneous
Theme parkPoképark
Official website

The franchise began as Pokémon Red and Green (later released outside of Japan as Pokémon Red and Blue), a pair of video games for the original Game Boy handheld system that were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo in February 1996. It soon became a media mix franchise adapted into various different media.[10] Pokémon has since become the highest-grossing media franchise of all time,[11][12][13] with $90 billion in total franchise revenue.[14][15] The original video game series is the second-best-selling video game franchise (behind Nintendo's Mario franchise)[16] with more than 368 million copies sold[17] and one billion mobile downloads,[18] and it spawned a hit anime television series that has become the most successful video game adaptation[19] with over 20 seasons and 1,000 episodes in 169 countries.[17] In addition, the Pokémon franchise includes the world's top-selling toy brand,[20] the top-selling trading card game[21] with over 30.4 billion cards sold,[17] an anime film series, a live-action film, books, manga comics, music, merchandise, and a theme park. The franchise is also represented in other Nintendo media, such as the Super Smash Bros. series.

In November 2005, 4Kids Entertainment, which had managed the non-game related licensing of Pokémon, announced that it had agreed not to renew the Pokémon representation agreement. The Pokémon Company International oversees all Pokémon licensing outside Asia.[22] In 2006, the franchise celebrated its tenth anniversary.[23] In 2016, the Pokémon Company celebrated Pokémon's 20th anniversary by airing an ad during Super Bowl 50 in January and issuing re-releases of the 1996 Game Boy games Pokémon Red, Green (only in Japan), and Blue, and the 1998 Game Boy Color game Pokémon Yellow for the Nintendo 3DS on February 26, 2016.[24][25] The mobile augmented reality game Pokémon Go was released in July 2016.[26] The first live-action film in the franchise, Pokémon Detective Pikachu, based on the 2018 Nintendo 3DS spin-off game Detective Pikachu, was released in 2019.[11] The most recently released games, Pokémon Sword and Shield, were released worldwide on the Nintendo Switch on November 15, 2019.[27]

Name

The name Pokémon is the portmanteau of the Japanese brand Pocket Monsters.[28] The term "Pokémon", in addition to referring to the Pokémon franchise itself, also collectively refers to the 896 fictional species that have made appearances in Pokémon media as of the release of the eighth generation titles Pokémon Sword and Shield. "Pokémon" is identical in the singular and plural, as is each individual species name; it is grammatically correct to say "one Pokémon" and "many Pokémon", as well as "one Pikachu" and "many Pikachu".[29]

Concept
See also: Gameplay of Pokémon and List of Pokémon

Pokémon executive director Satoshi Tajiri first thought of Pokémon, albeit with a different concept and name, around 1989, when the Game Boy was released. The concept of the Pokémon universe, in both the video games and the general fictional world of Pokémon, stems from the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime which Tajiri enjoyed as a child.[30] Players are designated as Pokémon Trainers and have three general goals: to complete the regional Pokédex by collecting all of the available Pokémon species found in the fictional region where a game takes place, to complete the national Pokédex by transferring Pokémon from other regions, and to train a team of powerful Pokémon from those they have caught to compete against teams owned by other Trainers so they may eventually win the Pokémon League and become the regional Champion. These themes of collecting, training, and battling are present in almost every version of the Pokémon franchise, including the video games, the anime and manga series, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game.

In most incarnations of the Pokémon universe, a Trainer who encounters a wild Pokémon is able to capture that Pokémon by throwing a specially designed, mass-producible spherical tool called a Poké Ball at it. If the Pokémon is unable to escape the confines of the Poké Ball, it is considered to be under the ownership of that Trainer. Afterwards, it will obey whatever commands it receives from its new Trainer, unless the Trainer demonstrates such a lack of experience that the Pokémon would rather act on its own accord. Trainers can send out any of their Pokémon to wage non-lethal battles against other Pokémon; if the opposing Pokémon is wild, the Trainer can capture that Pokémon with a Poké Ball, increasing their collection of creatures. In Pokémon Go, and in Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!, wild Pokémon encountered by players can be caught in Poké Balls, but generally cannot be battled. Pokémon already owned by other Trainers cannot be captured, except under special circumstances in certain side games. If a Pokémon fully defeats an opponent in battle so that the opponent is knocked out ("faints"), the winning Pokémon gains experience points and may level up. Beginning with Pokémon X and Y, experience points are also gained from catching Pokémon in Poké Balls. When leveling up, the Pokémon's battling aptitude statistics ("stats", such as "Attack" and "Speed") increase. At certain levels, the Pokémon may also learn new moves, which are techniques used in battle. In addition, many species of Pokémon can undergo a form of metamorphosis and transform into a similar but stronger species of Pokémon, a process called evolution; this process occurs spontaneously under differing circumstances, and is itself a central theme of the series. Some species of Pokémon may undergo a maximum of two evolutionary transformations, while others may undergo only one, and others may not evolve at all. For example, the Pokémon Pichu may evolve into Pikachu, which in turn may evolve into Raichu, following which no further evolutions may occur. Pokémon X and Y introduced the concept of "Mega Evolution," by which certain fully evolved Pokémon may temporarily undergo an additional evolution into a stronger form for the purpose of battling; this evolution is considered a special case, and unlike other evolutionary stages, is reversible.

In the main series, each game's single-player mode requires the Trainer to raise a team of Pokémon to defeat many non-player character (NPC) Trainers and their Pokémon. Each game lays out a somewhat linear path through a specific region of the Pokémon world for the Trainer to journey through, completing events and battling opponents along the way (including foiling the plans of an 'evil' team of Pokémon Trainers who serve as antagonists to the player). Excluding Pokémon Sun and Moon and Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, the games feature eight powerful Trainers, referred to as Gym Leaders, that the Trainer must defeat in order to progress. As a reward, the Trainer receives a Gym Badge, and once all eight badges are collected, the Trainer is eligible to challenge the region's Pokémon League, where four talented trainers (referred to collectively as the "Elite Four") challenge the Trainer to four Pokémon battles in succession. If the trainer can overcome this gauntlet, they must challenge the Regional Champion, the master Trainer who had previously defeated the Elite Four. Any Trainer who wins this last battle becomes the new champion.

Video games
Main articles: Pokémon (video game series) and List of Pokémon video games

Generations
Release timeline
1996Red and Green
Blue
1997
1998Yellow
Red and Blue
1999Gold and Silver
2000Crystal
2001
2002Ruby and Sapphire
2003
2004FireRed and LeafGreen
Emerald
2005
2006Diamond and Pearl
2007
2008Platinum
2009HeartGold and SoulSilver
2010Black and White
2011
2012Black 2 and White 2
2013X and Y
2014Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire
2015
2016Sun and Moon
2017Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon
2018Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!
2019Sword and Shield
A rival battle between a Bulbasaur and a Charmander in Pokémon Red and Blue.[31]

All of the licensed Pokémon properties overseen by the Pokémon Company International are divided roughly by generation. These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; every several years, when a sequel to the 1996 role-playing video games Pokémon Red and Green is released that features new Pokémon, characters, and gameplay concepts, that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise. The main Pokémon video games and their spin-offs, the anime, manga, and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokémon properties each time a new generation begins.[32] Some Pokémon from the newer games appear in anime episodes or films months, or even years, before the game they were programmed for came out. The first generation began in Japan with Pokémon Red and Green on the Game Boy. As of 2020, there currently are eight generations of main series video games. The most recent games in the main series, Pokémon Sword and Shield, began the eighth and latest generation and were released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on November 15, 2019.[33][34][35]

List of Pokémon main series video games
GenerationTitleSystemRelease date
Generation I
1996–1999		Pocket Monsters: Red and GreenGame BoyFebruary 27, 1996JP
Pocket Monsters: BlueOctober 15, 1996JP
Pokémon Red and BlueSeptember 28, 1998NA
October 23, 1998AUS
October 5, 1999EU
Pokémon YellowSeptember 12, 1998JP
October 19, 1999NA
September 3, 1999AUS
June 16, 2000EU
Generation II
1999–2002		Pokémon Gold and SilverGame Boy ColorNovember 21, 1999JP
October 13, 2000AUS
October 14, 2000NA
April 6, 2001EU
April 23, 2002KO
Pokémon CrystalDecember 14, 2000JP
July 29, 2001NA
September 30, 2001AUS
November 2, 2001EU
Generation III
2002–2006		Pokémon Ruby and SapphireGame Boy AdvanceNovember 21, 2002JP
March 18, 2003NA
April 3, 2003AUS
July 25, 2003EU
Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreenJanuary 29, 2004JP
September 7, 2004NA
September 23, 2004AUS
October 1, 2004EU
Pokémon EmeraldSeptember 16, 2004JP
April 30, 2005NA
June 9, 2005AUS
October 21, 2005EU
Generation IV
2006–2010		Pokémon Diamond and PearlNintendo DSSeptember 28, 2006JP
April 22, 2007NA
June 21, 2007AUS
July 27, 2007EU
February 14, 2008KO
Pokémon PlatinumSeptember 13, 2008JP
March 22, 2009NA
May 14, 2009AUS
May 22, 2009EU
July 2, 2009KO
Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilverSeptember 12, 2009JP
February 4, 2010KO
March 14, 2010NA
March 25, 2010AUS
March 26, 2010EU
Generation V
2010–2013		Pokémon Black and WhiteSeptember 18, 2010JP
March 4, 2011EU
March 6, 2011NA
March 10, 2011AUS
April 21, 2011KO
Pokémon Black 2 and White 2June 23, 2012JP
October 7, 2012NA
October 11, 2012AUS
October 12, 2012EU
Generation VI
2013–2016		Pokémon X and YNintendo 3DSOctober 12, 2013WW
Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha SapphireNovember 21, 2014JP, NA, AUS
November 28, 2014EU
Generation VII
2016–2019		Pokémon Sun and MoonNovember 18, 2016JP, NA, AUS
November 23, 2016EU
Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra MoonNovember 17, 2017WW
Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! Nintendo SwitchNovember 16, 2018WW
Generation VIII
2019–present		Pokémon Sword and ShieldNovember 15, 2019WW[36][37]

In other media

Anime series
Main articles: Pokémon (anime) and List of Pokémon episodes
Release timeline
1997Indigo League
1998
1999Adventures in the Orange Islands
The Johto Journeys
2000Johto League Champions
2001Master Quest
2002Advanced
2003Advanced Challenge
2004Advanced Battle
2005Battle Frontier
2006Diamond and Pearl
2007Diamond and Pearl: Battle Dimension
2008Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles
2009
2010Diamond and Pearl: Sinnoh League Victors
Black & White
2011Black & White: Rival Destinies
2012Black & White: Adventures in Unova
2013Black & White: Adventures in Unova and Beyond
XY
2014XY: Kalos Quest
2015XYZ
2016Sun and Moon
2017Sun & Moon: Ultra Adventures
2018Sun & Moon: Ultra Legends
2019Journeys
SeasonTitleEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
1Indigo League82April 1, 1997 (1997-04-01)January 21, 1999 (1999-01-21)
2Adventures in the Orange Islands36January 28, 1999 (1999-01-28)October 7, 1999 (1999-10-07)
3The Johto Journeys41October 14, 1999 (1999-10-14)July 27, 2000 (2000-07-27)
4Johto League Champions52August 3, 2000 (2000-08-03)August 2, 2001 (2001-08-02)
5Master Quest65August 9, 2001 (2001-08-09)November 14, 2002 (2002-11-14)
6Advanced40November 21, 2002 (2002-11-21)August 28, 2003 (2003-08-28)
7Advanced Challenge52September 4, 2003 (2003-09-04)September 2, 2004 (2004-09-02)
8Advanced Battle54September 9, 2004 (2004-09-09)September 29, 2005 (2005-09-29)
9Battle Frontier47October 6, 2005 (2005-10-06)September 14, 2006 (2006-09-14)
10Diamond and Pearl52September 28, 2006 (2006-09-28)October 25, 2007 (2007-10-25)
11Diamond and Pearl: Battle Dimension52November 8, 2007 (2007-11-08)December 4, 2008 (2008-12-04)
12Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles53December 4, 2008 (2008-12-04)December 24, 2009 (2009-12-24)
13Diamond and Pearl: Sinnoh League Victors34January 7, 2010 (2010-01-07)September 9, 2010 (2010-09-09)
14Black & White50September 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)
15Black & White: Rival Destinies49September 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)October 4, 2012 (2012-10-04)
16Black & White: Adventures in Unova4525October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11)April 18, 2013 (2013-04-18)
Black & White: Adventures in Unova and Beyond20April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)September 26, 2013 (2013-09-26)
17XY48October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
18XY: Kalos Quest45November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
19XYZ47October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)
20Sun and Moon43November 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
21Sun & Moon: Ultra Adventures49October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)October 14, 2018 (2018-10-14)
22Sun & Moon: Ultra Legends54October 21, 2018 (2018-10-21)November 3, 2019 (2019-11-03)
23Journeys25November 17, 2019 (2019-11-17)TBA

Pokémon, also known as Pokémon the Series to Western audiences since 2013, is an anime television series based on the Pokémon video game series. It was originally broadcast on TV Tokyo in 1997. To date, the anime has produced and aired over 1,000 episodes, divided into 7 series in Japan and 22 seasons internationally. It is one of the longest currently running anime series.[38]

The anime follows the quest of the main character, Ash Ketchum (known as Satoshi in Japan), a Pokémon Master in training, as he and a small group of friends travel around the world of Pokémon along with their Pokémon partners.[39]

Various children's books, collectively known as Pokémon Junior, are also based on the anime.[40]

A new seven part anime series called Pokémon: Twilight Wings began airing on YouTube in 2020.[41] The series was animated by Studio Colorido.[42]

Films
Main article: List of Pokémon films
Release timeline
1998Pokémon: The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back
1999Pokémon: The Movie 2000 - The Power of One
2000Pokémon 3: The Movie - Spell of the Unown
2001Pokémon 4Ever: Celebi - Voice of the Forest
2002Pokémon Heroes: Latios and Latias
2003Jirachi—Wish Maker
2004Destiny Deoxys
2005Lucario and the Mystery of Mew
2006Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea
2007The Rise of Darkrai
2008Giratina and the Sky Warrior
2009Arceus and the Jewel of Life
2010Zoroark—Master of Illusions
2011White—Victini and Zekrom
Black—Victini and Reshiram
2012Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice
2013Genesect and the Legend Awakened
2014Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction
2015Hoopa and the Clash of Ages
2016Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel
2017I Choose You!
2018The Power of Us
2019Mewtwo Strikes Back: Evolution
2020Coco

To date, there have been 23 animated theatrical Pokémon films (one in the making for July 2020[43]), which have been directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and Tetsuo Yajima, and distributed in Japan by Toho since 1998. The pair of films, Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom are considered together as one film. Collectibles, such as promotional trading cards, have been available with some of the films. Since the 20th film, the films have been set in an alternate continuity separate from the anime series.

List of Pokémon animated theatrical films

Pokémon: Original Series
#English titleJapanese titleJapanese release dateNorth American release date
1Pokémon: The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes BackMewtwo Strikes Back[44] (ミュウツーの逆襲, Myūtsū no Gyakushū)July 18, 1998November 10, 1999
2Pokémon: The Movie 2000 - The Power of OneMirage Pokémon: Lugia's Explosive Birth (幻のポケモン ルギア爆誕, Maboroshi no Pokemon Rugia Bakutan)July 17, 1999July 21, 2000
3Pokémon 3: The Movie - Spell of the UnownEmperor of The Crystal Tower: ENTEI (結晶塔の帝王 ENTEI, Kesshōtō no Teiō ENTEI)July 8, 2000April 6, 2001
4Pokémon 4Ever: Celebi - Voice of the ForestCelebi: The Meeting that Traversed Time (セレビィ 時を超えた遭遇（であい）, Serebyi Toki o Koeta Deai)July 7, 2001October 11, 2002
5Pokémon Heroes: Latios and LatiasGuardian Gods of the Capital of Water: Latias and Latios (水の都の護神 ラティアスとラティオス, Mizu no Miyako no Mamorigami Ratiasu to Ratiosu)July 13, 2002May 16, 2003

Pokémon: Advanced Generation
#English titleJapanese titleJapanese release dateNorth American release date
6Jirachi—Wish MakerWishing Star of the Seven Nights: Jirachi (七夜の願い星 ジラーチ, Nanayo no Negaiboshi Jirāchi)July 19, 2003June 1, 2004
7Destiny DeoxysVisitor from the Sky-Splitting: Deoxys (裂空の訪問者 デオキシス, Rekkū no Hōmonsha Deokishisu)July 17, 2004January 22, 2005
8Lucario and the Mystery of MewMew and the Aura Hero: Lucario (ミュウと波導（はどう）の勇者 ルカリオ, Myū to Hadō no Yūsha Rukario)July 16, 2005September 19, 2006
9Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the SeaThe Pokémon Ranger and the Prince of the Sea: Manaphy (ポケモンレンジャーと蒼海（うみ）の王子 マナフィ, Pokemon Renjā to Umi no Ōji Manafi)July 15, 2006March 23, 2007

Pokémon: Diamond & Pearl
#English titleJapanese titleJapanese release dateNorth American release date
10The Rise of DarkraiDialga VS Palkia VS Darkrai (ディアルガVSパルキアVSダークライ, Diaruga Tai Parukia Tai Dākurai)July 14, 2007February 24, 2008
11Giratina and the Sky WarriorGiratina and the Bouquet of the Frozen Sky: Shaymin (ギラティナと氷空（そら）の花束 シェイミ, Giratina to Sora no Hanataba Sheimi)July 19, 2008February 13, 2009
12Arceus and the Jewel of LifeArceus: To Conquering Space-Time (アルセウス 超克の時空へ, Aruseusu Chōkoku no Jikū e)July 18, 2009November 20, 2009
13Zoroark—Master of IllusionsPhantom Ruler: Zoroark (幻影の覇者 ゾロアーク, Gen'ei no Hasha Zoroāku)July 10, 2010February 5, 2011

Pokémon: Black & White
#English titleJapanese titleJapanese release dateNorth American release date
14AWhite—Victini and ZekromVictini and the Black Hero: Zekrom (ビクティニと黒き英雄ゼクロム, Bikutini to Kuroki Eiyū Zekuromu)July 16, 2011December 10, 2011
14BBlack—Victini and ReshiramVictini and the White Hero: Reshiram (ビクティニと白き英雄 レシラム, Bikutini to Shiroki Eiyū Reshiramu)July 16, 2011December 10, 2011
15Kyurem vs. the Sword of JusticeKyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo (キュレムVS聖剣士 ケルディオ, Kyuremu tai Seikenshi Kerudio)July 14, 2012December 8, 2012
16Genesect and the Legend AwakenedExtremeSpeed Genesect: Mewtwo Awakens (神速のゲノセクト ミュウツー覚醒, Shinsoku no Genosekuto Myūtsū Kakusei)July 13, 2013October 19, 2013

Pokémon: XY
#English titleJapanese titleJapanese release dateNorth American release date
17Diancie and the Cocoon of DestructionDiancie and the Cocoon of Destruction (破壊の繭とディアンシー, Hakai no Mayu to Dianshī)July 19, 2014November 8, 2014
18Hoopa and the Clash of AgesThe Archdjinni of the Rings: Hoopa (光輪の超魔神 フーパ, Ring no chōmajin Fūpa)July 18, 2015December 19, 2015
19Volcanion and the Mechanical MarvelVolcanion and the Exquisite Magearna (ボルケニオンと機巧のマギアナ, Borukenion to karakuri no Magiana)July 16, 2016December 5, 2016

Pokémon: Sun & Moon (Alternate continuity)

A reboot to the film franchise began with the release of the 20th movie, Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!, in Japan on July 15, 2017. It was followed by a continuation, Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us, which was released in Japan on July 13, 2018.

#English titleJapanese titleJapanese release dateNorth American release date
20I Choose You!I Choose You! (キミにきめた！, Kimi ni kimeta!)July 15, 2017November 5, 2017
21The Power of Us[45]Everyone's Story (みんなの物語, Minna no Monogatari)July 13, 2018November 24, 2018
22Mewtwo Strikes Back: EvolutionMewtwo Strikes Back:Evolution[46] (ミュウツーの逆襲 EVOLUTION, Myūtsū no Gyakushū EVOLUTION)July 12, 2019February 27, 2020

Pokémon: Journeys (Alternate continuity)
# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
23 TBA Pocket Monsters the Movie: Coco (劇場版ポケットモンスター ココ, Gekijō-ban Pokettomonsutā Koko) December 25, 2020[47] TBA

Live-action film
Main article: Detective Pikachu (film)

A live-action Pokémon film directed by Rob Letterman, produced by Legendary Entertainment,[48] and distributed in Japan by Toho and internationally by Warner Bros.[49] began filming in January 2018.[50] On August 24, the film's official title was announced as Pokémon Detective Pikachu.[51] It was released on May 10, 2019.[11] The film is based on the 2018 Nintendo 3DS spin-off video game Detective Pikachu. Development of a sequel was announced in January 2019, before the release of the first film.[52]

Soundtracks
Main article: List of Pokémon theme songs

Pokémon CDs have been released in North America, some of them in conjunction with the theatrical releases of the first three and the 20th Pokémon films. These releases were commonplace until late 2001. On March 27, 2007, a tenth anniversary CD was released containing 18 tracks from the English dub; this was the first English-language release in over five years. Soundtracks of the Pokémon feature films have been released in Japan each year in conjunction with the theatrical releases. In 2017, a soundtrack album featuring music from the North American versions of the 17th through 20th movies was released.

Year Title
June 29, 1999[53] Pokémon 2.B.A. Master
November 9, 1999[54] Pokémon: The First Movie
February 8, 2000 Pokémon World
May 9, 2000 Pokémon: The First Movie Original Motion Picture Score
July 18, 2000 Pokémon: The Movie 2000
Unknown1 Pokémon: The Movie 2000 Original Motion Picture Score
January 23, 2001 Totally Pokémon
April 3, 2001 Pokémon 3: The Ultimate Soundtrack
October 9, 2001 Pokémon Christmas Bash
March 27, 2007 Pokémon X: Ten Years of Pokémon
November 12, 2013 Pokémon X & Pokémon Y: Super Music Collection
December 10, 2013 Pokémon FireRed & Pokémon LeafGreen: Super Music Collection
January 14, 2014 Pokémon HeartGold & Pokémon SoulSilver: Super Music Collection
February 11, 2014 Pokémon Ruby & Pokémon Sapphire: Super Music Collection
March 11, 2014 Pokémon Diamond & Pokémon Pearl: Super Music Collection
April 8, 2014 Pokémon Black & Pokémon White: Super Music Collection
May 13, 2014 Pokémon Black 2 & Pokémon White 2: Super Music Collection
December 21, 2014 Pokémon Omega Ruby & Pokémon Alpha Sapphire: Super Music Collection
April 27, 2016 Pokémon Red and Green Super Music Collection
November 30, 2016 Pokémon Sun & Pokémon Moon: Super Music Collection
December 23, 2017 Pokémon Movie Music Collection2

^ The exact date of release is unknown.

^ Featuring music from Pokémon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction, Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages, Pokémon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel, and Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!

Pokémon Trading Card Game
Main article: Pokémon Trading Card Game
Palkia, the Spacial Pokémon Trading Card Game card from Pokémon TCG Diamond and Pearl.

The Pokémon Trading Card Game (TCG) is a collectible card game with a goal similar to a Pokémon battle in the video game series. Players use Pokémon cards, with individual strengths and weaknesses, in an attempt to defeat their opponent by "knocking out" their Pokémon cards.[55] The game was published in North America by Wizards of the Coast in 1999.[56] With the release of the Game Boy Advance video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, the Pokémon Company took back the card game from Wizards of the Coast and started publishing the cards themselves.[56] The Expedition expansion introduced the Pokémon-e Trading Card Game, where the cards (for the most part) were compatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. Nintendo discontinued its production of e-Reader compatible cards with the release of FireRed and LeafGreen. In 1998, Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan; Pokémon Trading Card Game was subsequently released to the US and Europe in 2000. The game included digital versions cards from the original set of cards and the first two expansions (Jungle and Fossil), as well as several cards exclusive to the game. A sequel was released in Japan in 2001.[57]

Manga
Main article: List of Pokémon manga

There are various Pokémon manga series, four of which were released in English by Viz Media, and seven of them released in English by Chuang Yi. The manga series vary from game-based series to being based on the anime and the Trading Card Game. Original stories have also been published. As there are several series created by different authors, most Pokémon manga series differ greatly from each other and other media, such as the anime. Pokémon Pocket Monsters and Pokémon Adventures are the two manga in production since the first generation.

Manga released in English
Manga not released in English
  • Pokémon Pocket Monsters by Kosaku Anakubo, the first Pokémon manga. Chiefly a gag manga, it stars a Pokémon Trainer named Red, his rude Clefairy, and Pikachu.
  • Pokémon Card ni Natta Wake (How I Became a Pokémon Card) by Kagemaru Himeno, an artist for the Trading Card Game. There are six volumes and each includes a special promotional card. The stories tell the tales of the art behind some of Himeno's cards.
  • Pokémon Get aa ze! by Miho Asada
  • Pocket Monsters Chamo-Chamo ★ Pretty ♪ by Yumi Tsukirino, who also made Magical Pokémon Journey.
  • Pokémon Card Master
  • Pocket Monsters Emerald Chōsen!! Battle Frontier by Ihara Shigekatsu
  • Pocket Monsters Zensho by Satomi Nakamura

Monopoly

A Pokémon-styled Monopoly board game was released in August 2014.[72]

Criticism and controversy

Morality and religious beliefs

Pokémon has been criticized by some fundamentalist Christians over perceived occult and violent themes and the concept of "Pokémon evolution", which they feel goes against the Biblical creation account in Genesis.[73] Sat2000, a satellite television station based in Vatican City, has countered that the Pokémon Trading Card Game and video games are "full of inventive imagination" and have no "harmful moral side effects".[74][75] In the United Kingdom, the "Christian Power Cards" game was introduced in 1999 by David Tate who stated, "Some people aren't happy with Pokémon and want an alternative, others just want Christian games." The game was similar to the Pokémon Trading Card Game but used Biblical figures.[76]

In 1999, Nintendo stopped manufacturing the Japanese version of the "Koga's Ninja Trick" trading card because it depicted a manji, a traditionally Buddhist symbol with no negative connotations. The Jewish civil rights group Anti-Defamation League complained because the symbol is the reverse of a swastika, a Nazi symbol. The cards were intended for sale in Japan only, but the popularity of Pokémon led to import into the United States with approval from Nintendo. The Anti-Defamation League understood that the portrayed symbol was not intended to offend and acknowledged the sensitivity that Nintendo showed by removing the product.[77][78]

In 1999, two nine-year-old boys from Merrick, New York sued Nintendo because they claimed the Pokémon Trading Card Game caused their problematic gambling.[79]

In 2001, Saudi Arabia banned Pokémon games and the trading cards, alleging that the franchise promoted Zionism by displaying the Star of David in the trading cards (a six-pointed star is featured in the card game) as well as other religious symbols such as crosses they associated with Christianity and triangles they associated with Freemasonry; the games also involved gambling, which is in violation of Muslim doctrine.[80][81]

Pokémon has also been accused of promoting materialism.[82]

Animal cruelty

In 2012, PETA criticized the concept of Pokémon as supporting cruelty to animals. PETA compared the game's concept, of capturing animals and forcing them to fight, to cockfights, dog fighting rings and circuses, events frequently criticized for cruelty to animals. PETA released a game spoofing Pokémon where the Pokémon battle their trainers to win their freedom.[83] PETA reaffirmed their objections in 2016 with the release of Pokémon Go, promoting the hashtag #GottaFreeThemAll.[84]

Health
Main article: Dennō Senshi Porygon
See also: Burger King Pokémon container recall

On December 16, 1997, more than 635 Japanese children were admitted to hospitals with epileptic seizures.[85] It was determined the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokémon "Dennō Senshi Porygon", (most commonly translated "Electric Soldier Porygon", season 1, episode 38); as a result, this episode has not been aired since. In this particular episode, there were bright explosions with rapidly alternating blue and red color patterns.[86] It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures, even if the person had no previous history of epilepsy.[87] This incident is a common focus of Pokémon-related parodies in other media, and was lampooned by The Simpsons episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo"[88] and the South Park episode "Chinpokomon",[89] among others.

Monster in My Pocket

In March 2000, Morrison Entertainment Group, a toy developer based at Manhattan Beach, California, sued Nintendo over claims that Pokémon infringed on its own Monster in My Pocket characters. A judge ruled there was no infringement and Morrison appealed the ruling. On February 4, 2003, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision by the District Court to dismiss the suit.[90]

Pokémon Go
See also: Pokémon Go § Criticism and incidents

Within its first two days of release, Pokémon Go raised safety concerns among players. Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted.[91]

Multiple police departments in various countries have issued warnings, some tongue-in-cheek, regarding inattentive driving, trespassing, and being targeted by criminals due to being unaware of one's surroundings.[92][93] People have suffered various injuries from accidents related to the game,[94][95][96][97] and Bosnian players have been warned to stay out of minefields left over from the 1990s Bosnian War.[98] On July 20, 2016, it was reported that an 18-year-old boy in Chiquimula, Guatemala was shot and killed while playing the game in the late evening hours. This was the first reported death in connection with the app. The boy's 17-year-old cousin, who was accompanying the victim, was shot in the foot. Police speculated that the shooters used the game's GPS capability to find the two.[99]

Cultural influence
All Nippon Airways Boeing 747-400 in Pokémon livery, dubbed a Pokémon Jet.

Pokémon, being a globally popular franchise, has left a significant mark on today's popular culture. The various species of Pokémon have become pop culture icons; examples include two different Pikachu balloons in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Pokémon-themed airplanes operated by All Nippon Airways, merchandise items, and a traveling theme park that was in Nagoya, Japan in 2005 and in Taipei in 2006. Pokémon also appeared on the cover of the U.S. magazine Time in 1999.[100] The Comedy Central show Drawn Together has a character named Ling-Ling who is a parody of Pikachu.[101] Several other shows such as The Simpsons,[102] South Park[103] and Robot Chicken[104] have made references and spoofs of Pokémon, among other series. Pokémon was featured on VH1's I Love the '90s: Part Deux. A live action show based on the anime called Pokémon Live! toured the United States in late 2000.[105] Jim Butcher cites Pokémon as one of the inspirations for the Codex Alera series of novels.[106]

Pokémon has even made its mark in the realm of science. This includes animals named after Pokémon, such as Stentorceps weedlei (named after the Pokémon Weedle for its resemblance) and Chilicola Charizard Monckton (named after the Pokémon Charizard).[107] There is also a protein named after Pikachu, called Pikachurin.

In November 2001, Nintendo opened a store called the Pokémon Center in New York, in Rockefeller Center,[108] modeled after the two other Pokémon Center stores in Tokyo and Osaka and named after a staple of the video game series. Pokémon Centers are fictional buildings where Trainers take their injured Pokémon to be healed after combat.[109] The store sold Pokémon merchandise on a total of two floors, with items ranging from collectible shirts to stuffed Pokémon plushies.[110] The store also featured a Pokémon Distributing Machine in which players would place their game to receive an egg of a Pokémon that was being given out at that time. The store also had tables that were open for players of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to duel each other or an employee. The store was closed and replaced by the Nintendo World Store on May 14, 2005.[111] Four Pokémon Center kiosks were put in malls in the Seattle area.[112] The Pokémon Center online store was relaunched on August 6, 2014.[113]

Meitetsu 2200 series train Giratina & Shaymin.

Professor of Education Joseph Tobin theorizes that the success of the franchise was due to the long list of names that could be learned by children and repeated in their peer groups. Its rich fictional universe provides opportunities for discussion and demonstration of knowledge in front of their peers. The names of the creatures were linked to its characteristics, which converged with the children's belief that names have symbolic power. Children can pick their favourite Pokémon and affirm their individuality while at the same time affirming their conformance to the values of the group, and they can distinguish themselves from others by asserting what they liked and what they did not like from every chapter. Pokémon gained popularity because it provides a sense of identity to a wide variety of children, and lost it quickly when many of those children found that the identity groups were too big and searched for identities that would distinguish them into smaller groups.[114]

Shinkansen E3 Series train in Pokémon livery.

Pokémon's history has been marked at times by rivalry with the Digimon media franchise that debuted at a similar time. Described as "the other 'mon'" by IGN's Juan Castro, Digimon has not enjoyed Pokémon's level of international popularity or success, but has maintained a dedicated fanbase.[115] IGN's Lucas M. Thomas stated that Pokémon is Digimon's "constant competition and comparison", attributing the former's relative success to the simplicity of its evolution mechanic as opposed to Digivolution.[116] The two have been noted for conceptual and stylistic similarities by sources such as GameZone.[117] A debate among fans exists over which of the two franchises came first.[118] In actuality, the first Pokémon media, Pokémon Red and Green, were released initially on February 27, 1996;[119] whereas the Digimon virtual pet was released on June 26, 1997.

Fan community

While Pokémon's target demographic is children, early purchasers of Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were in their 20s.[120] Many fans are adults who originally played the games as children and had later returned to the series.[121]

Numerous fan sites exist for the Pokémon franchise, including Bulbapedia, a wiki-based encyclopedia,[122][123][124] and Serebii,[125] a news and reference website.[126] Other large fan communities exist on other platforms, such as the r/pokemon subreddit with over 2.2 million subscribers.[127]

A significant community around the Pokémon video games' metagame has existed for a long time, analyzing the best ways to use each Pokémon to their full potential in competitive battles. The most prolific competitive community is Smogon University, which has created a widely accepted tier-based battle system.[128] Smogon is affiliated with an online Pokémon game called Pokémon Showdown, in which players create a team and battle against other players around the world using the competitive tiers created by Smogon.[129]

In early 2014, an anonymous video streamer on Twitch launched Twitch Plays Pokémon, an experiment trying to crowdsource playing subsequent Pokémon games, starting with Pokémon Red.[130][131]

A challenge called the Nuzlocke Challenge allows players to only capture the first Pokémon encountered in each area. If they do not succeed in capturing that Pokémon, there are no second chances. When a Pokémon faints, it is considered "dead" and must be released or stored in the PC permanently.[132] If the player faints, the game is considered over, and the player must restart.[133] The original idea consisted of 2 to 3 rules that the community has built upon. There are many fan made Pokémon games that contain a game mode similar to the Nuzlocke Challenge, such as Pokémon Uranium.[134]

A study at Stanford Neurosciences published in Nature performed magnetic resonance imaging scans of 11 Pokémon experts and 11 controls, finding that seeing Pokémon stimulated activity in the visual cortex, in a different place than is triggered by recognizing faces, places or words, demonstrating the brain's ability to create such specialized areas.[135]

Notes
  1. Japanese: ポケモン Hepburn: Pokemon
  2. Japanese: ポケットモンスター Hepburn: Poketto Monsutā
gollark: It's some old system-rescue-CD thing.
gollark: Also, I have vital* data in the form of my Discord bot's database and website comments, and at least two people would be mildly irritated at the loss of those.
gollark: My journal is stored electronically, and I do somewhat want that, and it would be annoying if I lost my large media libraries.
gollark: I store a bunch of data on a ~10-year-old 7.2krpm HDD and the last backups are from August or so, fun™.
gollark: SSDs are still about 4x the price/GB.

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