Mario Savio

Mario Savio (December 8, 1942 – November 6, 1996) was an American activist and a key member in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement. He is most famous for his passionate speeches, especially the "put your bodies upon the gears" address given at Sproul Hall, University of California, Berkeley on December 2, 1964.

Mario Savio
Mario Savio on Sproul Hall steps, 1966
Born(1942-12-08)8 December 1942
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died6 November 1996(1996-11-06) (aged 53)
Sebastopol, California, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of California, Berkeley, Queens College, San Francisco State University, Martin Van Buren High School
OccupationActivist
Known for"Bodies Upon The Gears"
Spouse(s)Suzanne Goldberg (1965-72) Lynne Hollander (m. 1980)

Savio remains historically relevant as an icon of the earliest phase of the 1960s counterculture movement.[1]

Early life

Savio was born in New York City to a Sicilian-born Italian-American father who designed and manufactured restaurant equipment. Mario's mother was also of Italian ancestry (from Veneto), though born in the US, and worked as a retail salesperson. Both his parents were devout Catholics and, as an altar boy, Savio planned to become a priest.[2]

He graduated from Martin Van Buren High School in Queens at the top of his class in 1960 and then went to Manhattan College on a full scholarship as well as Queens College.[2] When he finished in 1963, he spent the summer working with a Catholic relief organization in Taxco, Mexico helping to improve the sanitary problems by building facilities in the slums.

His parents had moved to Los Angeles and that autumn he enrolled at University of California, Berkeley.[3] In March the following year he was arrested while demonstrating against the San Francisco Hotel Association for excluding blacks from non-menial jobs. He was charged with trespassing, along with 167 other protesters. While in jail, a cellmate asked if he was heading for Mississippi that summer to help with the Civil Rights project.[2]

Activism

During the summer of 1964, he joined the Freedom Summer projects in Mississippi and was involved in helping African Americans register to vote.[4] He also taught at a freedom school for black children in McComb, Mississippi.[3] In July, Savio, another white civil-rights activist and a black acquaintance were walking down a road in Jackson and were attacked by two men. They filed a police report where the FBI became involved. However, the case stalled until President Lyndon Johnson, who had recently signed the Civil Rights Act, allowed the FBI to look into it as a civil-rights violation.[5] Eventually one of the attackers was found, charged with misdemeanor assault and fined $50.[2]

After Savio participated in the protests during Freedom Summer of the Civil rights movement, he was inspired to fight further against the violence he had witnessed. The violence and racism he came across in the South made him more rebellious to the unfair nature of the American Society and its treatment of minorities; it made him want change which in turn influenced him to be part of that change.[6] When Savio returned to Berkeley after his time in Mississippi, he intended to raise money for SNCC, but found that the university had banned all political activity and fundraising.[4] He told Karlyn Barker in 1964 that it was a question as to whose side one was on. "Are we on the side of the civil rights movement? Or have we gotten back to the comfort and security of Berkeley, California, and can we forget the sharecroppers whom we worked with just a few weeks back? Well, we couldn't forget."[7]

Savio's part in the protest on the Berkeley campus started on October 1, 1964, when former graduate student Jack Weinberg was manning a table for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). He was arrested when he refused to provide identification. The University police had just put him into a police car when someone from the surrounding crowd yelled, "We can all see better if we sit down." Soon those in front of and behind the police car starting sitting as the call "sit down" echoed through the crowd, trapping the car in the plaza. Savio, along with others during the 32-hour sit-in, took off his shoes and climbed on top of the car and spoke with words that roused the crowd into a frenzy.[3]

The last time he climbed on the police car was to tell the crowd of a short-term understanding that had been met with UC President Clark Kerr. Savio said to the crowd, "I ask you to rise quietly and with dignity and go home,"[8] and the crowd did exactly what he said. After this Savio became the prominent leader of the newly formed Free Speech Movement.[2] Negotiations failed to change the situation; therefore direct action began in Sproul Hall on December 2. There, Savio gave his most famous speech, on the "operation of the machine", in front of 4,000 people. He and 800 others were arrested that day. In 1967, he was sentenced to 120 days at Santa Rita Jail. He told reporters that "[he] would do it again".[2]

In April 1965, he quit the FSM because "he was disappointed with the growing gap between the leadership of the FSM ... and the students themselves."[9]

"Bodies upon the gears" speech
External video
Bodies Upon The Gears Speech on YouTube

Also known as "Operation of the Machine", this speech is possibly Savio's most known work. Speaking on the steps of Sproul Hall, on December 2, 1964:

We were told the following: If President Kerr actually tried to get something more liberal out of the regents in his telephone conversation, why didn't he make some public statement to that effect? And the answer we received, from a well-meaning liberal, was the following: He said, 'Would you ever imagine the manager of a firm making a statement publicly in opposition to his board of directors?' That's the answer!

Well, I ask you to consider: If this is a firm, and if the board of regents are the board of directors; and if President Kerr in fact is the manager; then I'll tell you something. The faculty are a bunch of employees, and we're the raw material! But we're a bunch of raw materials that don't mean to be—have any process upon us. Don't mean to be made into any product. Don't mean ... Don't mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! We're human beings!

There's a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart, that you can't take part! You can't even passively take part! And you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels ... upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop! And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all! [10]

FBI surveillance

In 1999, the media revealed that Savio had been tailed by the FBI from the moment that he had climbed onto the police car in which Jack Weinberg was detained. He was followed for more than a decade "because he had emerged as the nation's most prominent student leader".[2] There was no evidence that he was a threat or that he had any connection with the Communist Party, but the FBI decided he merited their attention because they thought he could inspire students to rebel.[2]

Even after he had left the FSM, the FBI called him to their Berkeley office. They told Savio that they had received letters of a threatening nature towards him, but they would not speak with Savio's attorney present. However, Savio would not agree, and instead criticized the FBI "for failure to make arrests and take action in the South where human rights are being violated every day".[2] At this point the meeting ended.

According to hundreds of pages of FBI files, the bureau:

  • Collected, without court order, personal information about Savio from schools, telephone companies, utility firms and banks and compiled information about his marriage and divorce.
  • Monitored his day-to-day activities by using informants planted in political groups, covertly contacting his neighbors, landlords and employers, and having agents pose as professors, journalists and activists to interview him and his wife.
  • Obtained his tax returns from the Internal Revenue Service in violation of federal rules, mischaracterized him as a threat to the president and arranged for the CIA and foreign intelligence agencies to investigate him when he and his family traveled in Europe.
  • Put him on an unauthorized list of people to be detained without judicial warrant in the event of a national emergency, and designated him as a "Key Activist" whose political activities should be "disrupted" and "neutralized" under the bureau's illegal counterintelligence program known as COINTELPRO.[11]

The investigation finally ended at the beginning of 1975 and at that point an investigation into the FBI's abuse of power began. Savio's ex-wife, Suzanne Goldberg, said that the "FBI's investigation of her and Savio [was] a waste of money and an invasion of privacy".[2]

Later career

Between 1965 and his death, Savio held a variety of jobs, including as a sales clerk in Berkeley and instructor at Sonoma State University.[2] In 1965, he married Suzanne Goldberg, whom he had met in the Free Speech Movement. Two months after their wedding, they moved to England because Savio was awarded a scholarship to the University of Oxford. While there, they had their first child, Stefan. Savio did not complete his degree at Oxford, and they moved back to California in February 1966.[2] In 1968, he ran for state senator from Alameda County on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket, but lost to Nicholas C. Petris, a liberal Democrat.[2]

In 1980, he married a second time, to Lynne Hollander, an old acquaintance from the Free Speech Movement.[12] He returned to study at San Francisco State University soon after. In 1984, he received a summa cum laude bachelor's degree in physics and earned a master's degree in 1989.[13] In 1990, Savio and Hollander moved with their ten-year-old son to Sonoma County, California, where Savio taught mathematics, philosophy and logic at Sonoma State University.[4]

Death and legacy

Savio had a history of heart problems and was admitted to Columbia-Palm Drive Hospital in Sebastopol, California, on November 2, 1996. He slipped into a coma on November 5 and died the following day,[13] shortly after being removed from life support.[4]

A Memorial Lecture Fund was set up to honor Mario Savio upon his death. The MSMLF hosts an annual fall lecture on the University of California, Berkeley campus. Past lecturers include Howard Zinn, Winona LaDuke, Lani Guinier, Barbara Ehrenreich, Arlie Russell Hochschild, Cornel West, Christopher Hitchens, Adam Hochschild, Amy Goodman, Molly Ivins, Jeff Chang, Tom Hayden, Angela Davis, Seymour Hersh, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Naomi Klein, Elizabeth Warren, Robert Reich, and Van Jones.[14][15]

The Memorial Fund also set up the Mario Savio Young Activist Award to honor an outstanding young activist with a deep commitment to human rights and social justice and the qualities of leadership ability, creativity, and integrity. Recipients of the award since it was first bestowed in 1998 include Michael Leon Guerrero, Niki Fortunato Bas, Jia Ching Chen, Jim Keady, Harmony Goldberg, Genevieve Gonzales, Rocio Nieves, Jason West, Erin Durban (now Erin Durban-Albrecht), Noemi Ramos, Christopher Goodman, Patrisse Cullors, Julissa Bisono, Chelsea Chee, Timothy Den-Herder, Reyna Wences, Rigoberto Padilla-Perez, Ellen Choy, Josh Healey, Christsna Sot, Molly Katchpole, Howard Watts III, Melvin Willis, Zoe Wilmott, Ilecara Velez, Eli Garcia, Quentin Savage and Johnnie Turnage.[16]

In 1997, the steps of Sproul Plaza, from which he had given his most famous speech, were officially renamed the "Mario Savio Steps".[17]

Savio's famous speech is sampled in many songs including "We Are The New Ones" by Dope Stars Inc., "It's Up To You" by electro turntablist Steinski (& Mass Media); "No More Nervous Breakdown" from the album Shiva Space Machine by the Montreal band Me Mom and Morgentaler; "An Ounce Of Prevention" from the album On Little Known Frequencies by the band From Monument to Masses; "Timelessness" by the band Fear Factory; "The Movie's Over" by the Australian band Cog; "Article IV" by the Santa Cruz band Good Riddance; "Here Come The Pigs" by Deadsoul Tribe; "means of existence" by Phobia; "Telegraph Avenue" by punk band Rancid; and "Wretches and Kings" from the album A Thousand Suns by Linkin Park. It is also paraphrased in an episode of Battlestar Galactica (Lay Down Your Burdens, Part II),[18] given by Chief Galen Tyrol, the head of a union. It is also used in the intro to the podcast of the Dean Blundell Show on 102.1 the Edge, Toronto's largest radio station.

On March 12, 2011, at the end of an announcement by hacktivist group Anonymous of an attack, called the Empire State Rebellion, on the Federal Reserve, the International Monetary Fund, the Bank of International Settlements and the World Bank, an excerpt of Savio's speech was included. Since the onset of the Occupy movement in the United States in Fall 2011, Savio's speech and his activism have been cited many times. His speech has also been cited and referenced by Stephen Pastis's comic, Pearls Before Swine, by the main character, Rat.

On October 16, 2012, the Sebastopol City Council rededicated the Downtown Plaza as the "Mario Savio Free Speech Plaza".[19] On November 15, 2012 the "Mario Savio Speakers' Corner" was dedicated on the campus of Sonoma State University. At the ceremony, Lynne Hollander Savio told the audience, "I hope you will use this free speech corner often, to advocate and organize with dignity and responsibility for the causes you believe in."[20]

Footage of him is prominently featured in the 1990 documentary film Berkeley in the Sixties.

An actor playing Mario Savio appears in the 2017 movie The Post, where he speaks a few lines of Savio's most famous speech.

Savio's "Bodies upon the gears" speech is repeatedly used in the 2017 film The Pirates of Somalia.

gollark: No it's not.
gollark: Plus it would have a great-looking debugger.
gollark: Any language which drives someone to insanity is a good esolang.
gollark: Yep.
gollark: Esolang idea: a coloury language (like Piet) with control flow done by editing itself.

References
  1. Lovio, Grace (August 28, 2013). "'Berkeley in the Sixties' aims to affect the present". The Daily Californian.
  2. Rosenfeld, Seth (October 10, 2004). "How the man who challenged 'the machine' got caught in the gears and wheels of J. Edgar Hoover's bureau". San Francisco Chronicle. p. 16.
  3. Rorabaugh, pp. 21–22.
  4. Mowatt, Raoul V. (November 7, 1996). "Mario Savio; Spirit of Free Speech Movement Dies". San Jose Mercury News. p. 1A.
  5. "Mario Savio". FBI.
  6. "Mario Savio | American educator and student free-speech activist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  7. Barker, Karlyn (November 8, 1996). "Rebel with a Cause". The Washington Post. p. D01.
  8. "Demonstrators Sign Pact; Groups Will Meet Today". The Daily Californian. October 5, 1964.
  9. Taylor, Michael (December 8, 1996). "Stirring Up a Generation; Mario Savio's passionate speeches and mesmerizing delivery became synon". San Francisco Chronicle. p. 1/Z3.
  10. Rosenfeld, 216–217.
  11. Rosenfeld, Seth (October 10, 2004). "60s Free Speech Leader got caught in FBI web". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1.
  12. Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle.
  13. Pace, Eric (November 7, 1996). "Mario Savio, 53, Campus Protestor Dies". The New York Times. p. D27.
  14. "The Mario Savio Young Activist Award :: The Lectures". www.savio.org. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  15. Khan, Sara (November 29, 2012). "Van Jones, award recipients speak at 16th annual Mario Savio Memorial Lecture". The Daily Californian.
  16. "The Mario Savio Young Activist Award :: The Award". www.savio.org. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  17. Kleffman, Sandy (December 4, 1997). "School goes full circle on Savio steps near Sproul Plaza named for Free Speech Leader". San Jose Mercury News. p. 1B.
  18. "Lay Down Your Burdens, Part II". Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  19. "Sebastopol City Council Meeting Minutes" (PDF). October 16, 2012. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
  20. Zimmerman, Nicole R. (November 15, 2012). "Mario Savio Speakers' Corner Dedicated at SSU". The Press Democrat. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014.

Bibliography
  • Rorabaugh, William J. (1989). Berkeley at War: The 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198022522.
  • Rosenfeld, Seth (2012). Subversives: The FBI's War on Student Radicals, and Reagan's Rise to Power. London: Macmillan. ISBN 1429969326.

Further reading
  • Robert Cohen, Freedom's Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s (Oxford University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-19-518293-4
  • Robert Cohen, ed., The Essential Mario Savio: Speeches and Writings that Changed America (University of California Press, 2014) ISBN 978-0-520-28337-4
  • Robert Cohen and Reginald E. Zelnik, eds., The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s (University of California Press, 2002). ISBN 0-520-23354-9
  • Hal Draper, Berkeley: The New Student Revolt, with an introduction by Mario Savio. Grove Press, 1965. Republished in 2005 by the Center for Socialist History.
  • Mario Savio, Eugene Walker, and Raya Dunayevskaya, The Free Speech Movement and the Negro Revolution, pamphlet (1965) with contributions by Bob Moses and Joel L. Pimsleur.
  • Raskin, Jonah (December 1, 2014). "The Passion of Mario Savio". Dissent. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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