New York Botanical Garden

The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden located at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City. Established in 1891, it is located on a 250-acre (100 ha) site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, a greenhouse containing several habitats; and the LuEsther T. Mertz Library, which contains one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts. As of 2016, over a million people visit the New York Botanical Garden annually.

New York Botanical Garden
Visitor Center in June 2012.
Established1891
LocationThe Bronx, New York City
Public transit accessMetro-North Railroad:
  Harlem Line
Botanical Garden
New York City Subway: ​ Pelham Parkway
New York City Bus: Bx12, Bx12 SBS, Bx19, Bx22, Bx26
Websitewww.nybg.org
New York Botanical Garden
LocationSouthern and Bedford Park Boulevards
Bronx, New York 10458
Coordinates40°51′49″N 73°52′42″W
Area250 acres (100 ha)
Built1891
ArchitectLord & Burnham Co.
Architectural styleVictorian era
NRHP reference No.67000009
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 28, 1967[1]
Designated NHLMay 28, 1967 [2]

NYBG is also a major educational institution, teaching visitors about plant science, ecology, and healthful eating through NYBG's interactive programming. Nearly 90,000 of the annual visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities. An additional 3,000 are teachers from New York City's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels.

NYBG operates one of the world's largest plant research and conservation programs. Since 1967, the garden has been listed as a National Historic Landmark, and several buildings have been designated as official New York City landmarks.

Mission statement

The New York Botanical Garden is an advocate for the plant kingdom. The Garden pursues its mission through its role as a museum of living plant collections arranged in gardens and landscapes across its National Historic Landmark site; through its comprehensive education programs in horticulture and plant science; and through the wide-ranging research programs of the International Plant Science Center.[3]

History

Context

As early as 1877, ideas had been circulating in New York City to create a botanical garden; funding could not be obtained at the time, although the efforts led to parkland being set aside for future use.[4]:47–50 By 1888, the Torrey Botanical Society was promoting the construction of a large botanical garden in New York City. The Garden's creation followed a fund-raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Society and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London.[5]:2

In 1889, the Torrey Botanical Society's members decided to build the botanical garden at Bronx Park in the center of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough.[5]:2 The Lorillard family owned most of the land at that location.[6] The city had already been given authorization to acquire the land as part of the 1884 New Parks Act, which was intended to preserve lands that would soon become part of New York City.[7]:166[8][9] Some 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land surrounding the Lorillard estate was acquired by the City of New York as part of Bronx Park in 1888–1889.[6]

Establishment

By act of the New York State Legislature, the New York Botanical Garden was established on April 28, 1891.[10]:523 The garden occupied part of the grounds of the Lorillard estate and a parcel that was formerly the easternmost portion of the campus of St. John's College (now Fordham University);[11] the latter included three graves of the Fordham University Cemetery, which were then relocated.[12] The stated purpose of the act was:

... for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a botanical garden and museum and arboretum therein, for the collection of and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people.[4]:49[5]:2[10]:524

As per the acts of incorporation, a board of directors would manage the NYBG. The board of directors included Columbia College's president and professors of biology, chemistry, and geology; the presidents of the Torrey Society, New York City Board of Education, and the Department of Public Parks' board of commissioners; the Mayor of New York City; and nine other members elected to the board.[5]:2[10]:523–524 The legislation would provide 250 acres (100 ha) within Bronx Park to the NYBG, and enable the board of directors to construct a library and conservatory, if at least $250,000 was raised within five years. If this condition were reached, the city would then issue $0.5 million in bonds.[5]:2[10]:524 The principal officers of the new corporation set up for the garden were Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan, with Nathaniel Lord Britton as the new secretary.[4]:47–50

Prominent civic leaders and financiers, including Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Morgan, agreed to match the City's commitment to finance the buildings and improvements.[5]:2 By May 1895, the $250,000 in bonds had been raised[13] but the plans had not been fully confirmed.[14] The Board of Directors then asked landscape architect Calvert Vaux and his partner, Parks Superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr., to consult on site selection. The north end of Bronx Park was decided as the best location for the NYBG.[15] By August 1895, the architects had started a survey on the site. Because the Bronx River and various small tributaries ran through the park, drainage was a major consideration.[16] Though Vaux's preliminary layout was approved in October 1895, he died the following month.[5]:3 The topographical survey was completed in March 1896.[17] The master plan was created by a team that included Britton & Parsons, as well as landscape engineer John R. Brinley, landscape gardener Samuel Henshaw, botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood, and architects Robert W. Gibson and Lincoln Pierson (the latter from the firm Lord & Burnham).[5]:3

The LuEsther T. Mertz Library and Enid A. Haupt Conservatory were among the first structures at the NYBG to open. The Library was built between 1897 and 1900,[5]:4 and the Conservatory was built around the same time, being completed in 1902.[18]

Later operations

For over a century after its opening, the NYBG refused to charge admission.[19] Because of this. as well as insufficient government and private funding, its budget deficit started to increase in the 1950s.[20] After the city cut the NYBG's budget in 1970, the garden was forced to remain closed for 3 to 4 days a week, and officials worried that this could eventually lead to permanent closure.[21] In 1974, for the first time in the botanical garden's history, officials had to annually petition New York State Legislature for funds. That year, the NYBG announced a major renovation to the conservatory and the addition of a building dedicated to displaying plants in different habitats.[20] The next year, budget cuts related to the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis resulted in the NYBG being closed on weekdays for the first time in its history.[22]

In 1988, the NYBG announced a renovation of its museum building, including the addition of a new annex, which was supposed to open in 1991.[23] By the early 1990s, the NYBG facilities were neglected. The garden did not have enough space in its parking lots to accommodate all its visitors, turning away potential guests. Many areas were neglected, except for the 40 acres (16 ha) surrounding the conservatory, and a wetland had even been created unintentionally due to a broken sewer.[24] A controversy arose in 1994 when the adjacent Fordham University proposed building a 480-foot-tall (150 m) radio tower for its radio station WFUV directly across from the Haupt Conservatory.[25] The dispute continued until 2002, after several years of failed resolutions, when Montefiore Medical Center offered to move WFUV's antenna to its own facilities.[26]

By the mid-1990s, additions to the NYBG were being undertaken to reverse years of neglect.[24] In 1994 the formerly free garden started charging an admission fee to fund these improvements as well as the continued maintenance of existing facilities.[19] The Everett Children's Garden opened in mid-1998.[27] By 2000, the NYBG had requested $300 million for renovations, including a new gift shop and renovation of the greenhouses and roads.[28] A new visitor center and gift shop were announced the following year, which would replace temporary facilities built in 1990.[29] The new main entrance, with a gift shop, bookstore, plaza, restrooms, cafe, and information kiosks, was completed in 2004 at a cost of $21 million.[30] Meanwhile, the addition of the library annex was delayed to 1994,[31] then to 2000.[32] Construction on the annex started in 1998[33] and it opened in 2002 as the International Plant Science Center.[34]

In February 2020, NYBG announced that it is partnering with Douglaston Development to create affordable apartments on the northwest edge of the garden. [35]

Grounds
The Stone Mill, within NYBG

The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections. There is a serene cascade waterfall, as well as wetlands and a 50-acre (20 ha) tract of original, never-logged, old-growth New York forest.[36]

Garden highlights include the 1890s-vintage Haupt Conservatory (designed by Lord & Burnham); the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden (originally laid out by Beatrix Jones Farrand in 1916); an alpine rock garden; a Herb Garden (designed by Penelope Hobhouse),[37] and a 37-acre (15 ha) conifer collection. The NYBG's extensive research facilities include a propagation center, 550,000-volume research library,[38] and an herbarium of 7.2 to 7.8 million botanical specimens dating back more than three centuries, among the largest in the world.[39][40]

At the heart of the Garden is the Thain Family Forest,[41] an old-growth forest. It is the largest existing remnant of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century. The forest, which was never logged, contains oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees, some more than two centuries old.[42][43]

The forest itself is split by the Bronx River, the only fresh water river in New York City, and this stretch of the river includes a riverine canyon and rapids.[36] Along the shores sits the Stone Mill, previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill, built in 1840.[44] Sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905.[5]:9

The Jane Watson Irwin Perennial Garden was designed in the 1970s by Dan Kiley and redefined by horticulturalist Lynden Miller in the 1980's and again in 2003.[45]

Research laboratories
The Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden

The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006. The laboratory is a pure research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies.

The laboratory's research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development. One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin's "abominable mystery"; when, where, and why flowering plants emerged. The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species. Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants, work that may be related to nerve disease in humans.

A staff of 200 trains forty-two doctoral students at a time, from all over the world. Since the 1890s, scientists from the NYBG have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild.

At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the world's plants. This collection is stored in a 768-square-foot (71.3 m2) DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens, including rare, endangered or extinct species. To protect the collection during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator.

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL, the Tree Barcode of Life. By sampling the DNA from all 100,000 different species of trees from around the world, TreeBOL will document the diversity of plant life, and advance the process of plant DNA barcoding.[46][47]

LuEsther T. Mertz Library
Main article: LuEsther T. Mertz Library
LuEsther T. Mertz Library

Founded in 1899 and named after supporter LuEsther Mertz,[38]:33 the LuEsther T. Mertz Library is located in the northern section of NYBG.[36] A 2002 New York Times article mentioned that the library had 775,000 items and 6.5 million plant specimens in its collection.[34] However, a book published in 2014 by the NYBG mentioned that the library had "550,000 physical volumes and 1,800 journal titles".[38]:33 As of 2016 the Mertz Library still contained one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts. Stephen Sinon, who leads the NYBG's special collections, research and archives, called its collection "the largest of its kind in the world under one roof".[48][49]

The library is housed in what was formerly known as the NYBG's Museum Building or Administration Building. Construction started in 1897[50] and it was completed in 1900.[51] The structure was designed by Robert W. Gibson[52] in the Renaissance Revival style.[5]:1

Enid A. Haupt Conservatory
Main article: Enid A. Haupt Conservatory
The Haupt Conservatory in fall

The Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, named after Enid A. Haupt, is a greenhouse located toward the western end of the NYBG.[36] The conservatory was designed by the major greenhouse company of the late 1890s, Lord and Burnham Co. The design was modeled after the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Garden and Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in Italian Renaissance style.[53] Groundbreaking took place on January 3, 1899 and construction was completed in 1902 at a cost of $177,000.[53] The building was constructed by John R. Sheehan under contract for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.[54] Since the original construction, major renovations took place in 1935, 1950, 1978, and 1993.[53]

The Conservatory houses numerous tropical plants and flowers, cacti and other desert plants, and rainforest vegetation. In summer months, the two pools adjacent to the Conservatory display many varieties of lotuses and water lilies.[55]

William & Lynda Steere Herbarium

The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, in the International Plant Science Center behind the library,[36] is one of the largest herbaria in the world, with approximately 7.2 million[39] to 7.8 million specimens.[40][56] after the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris. Founded in 1891, the herbarium quickly became a repository for many important collections. In 1895 the garden incorporated the herbarium of Columbia College, an acquisition of approximately 600,000 specimens, including the private herbaria of John Torrey and C. F. Meisner. In 1945 the garden incorporated the herbaria of the Columbia College of Pharmacy and Princeton University.[57] The herbarium is named after William Steere (son of William C. Steere) and his wife Lynda, who endowed the herbarium in 2002.[40][58]

Executive leadership

Publications

The NYBG published The Garden Journal (ISSN 0016-4585) from 1977 to 1990 and from 1931 has produced the scientific journal, Brittonia.[68]

Landmark status

The New York Botanical Garden was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.[2][69][70] In addition, three structures are designated as individual New York City landmarks: the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory (designated in 1973),[18]:1 the LuEsther T. Mertz Library (2009),[5]:1 and the Lorillard Snuff Mill (1966,[44] also separately on the National Register of Historic Places).[71]

gollark: I WILL join shortly.
gollark: Greetings, mortals.
gollark: All shops sell more complex crafted equipment for more, so things.
gollark: Because no extant shop does on-demand crafting, adding a new item actually incurs costs in terms of keeping a bunch of stuff around and more complex management.
gollark: The chickens have hatched, so I'm allowed to count them.

See also

References
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