Brooklyn Heights Promenade

The Brooklyn Heights Promenade, also called the Esplanade,[1] is a 1,826-foot (557 m)-long platform and pedestrian walkway cantilevered over the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278) in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn, New York City, United States. With views of Lower Manhattan's skyline and the New York Harbor, it came about as the unplanned byproduct of competing proposals for the highway's route that were resolved in the midst of World War II. Actual construction came after the war. As a structure constructed over a roadway, the Promenade is owned by the NYCDOT and is not considered a park; however, NYC Parks maintains the entire Promenade.[2]

Brooklyn Heights Promenade in 2006
A man sitting on a bench on the Promenade
The view from the Promenade at night

The Promenade runs between the Brooklyn Bridge and the ramp north of Atlantic Avenue. The walkway itself is curtailed at both ends. Due to the area's topography, the Promenade is four stories; from top to bottom, they are the walkway, eastbound I-278, westbound I-278, and Furman Street.

Planning

The need for a Brooklyn-Queens Expressway to connect the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens predated World War II. A link between the Gowanus Parkway in Brooklyn and the Triborough Bridge in Queens was first proposed in 1936.[3] In 1939, a topographical engineer with New York's then new City Planning Department mapped a route for such a highway that hewed quite closely to the East River waterfront of the two boroughs.

Independently, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses subsequently envisioned a somewhat more inland route. A proposal by Moses in 1941 to run the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway through the neighborhood was successfully opposed.[2] This was in part due to the Brooklyn Eagle issue of September 19, 1942 having alarmed some residents of Brooklyn Heights with the front-page headline "Plan for Express Highway Is Shocking". The Eagle reported that the route proposed by Moses would bisect the neighborhood, even requiring at least the partial demolition of a recently built marble courthouse. The news galvanized the leadership of the Brooklyn Heights Association, representing one of the city's more affluent and politically connected communities. Two men in particular, Roy M.D. Richardson, the association's president and a Wall Street corporate lawyer, and Ferdinand W. ("Fred") Nitardy, vice president for plant construction of Squibb Pharmaceuticals, which then had a major complex at the north end of Brooklyn Heights, lobbied hard for a route that would move the highway westward, to run along the water-fronting escarpment at the neighborhood's edge. Meanwhile, engineers with Andrews & Clark, the firm commissioned to build the highway, similarly concluded that the route along the escarpment was best, since an inland route would entail excessive condemnation costs.

By March 10, 1943, the date of a hearing before the City Planning Commission, the outer, or Furman Street, route had been settled on. The proposal presented at the hearing was for two roadways of three lanes each in either direction to be built side-by-side on top of the Heights escarpment. A plea by Nitardy at the hearing for the highway to be built on two separate decks with a "cover" on which he could restore his rear garden was heard with seeming sympathy by Moses. Moses agreed to the idea of the cover, but then, a month after the hearing, Brooklyn Borough President John Cashmore, whose office was in charge of the project, informed Nitardy by letter that the adopted plan "would preclude the use by you of the deck" above the highway, which would instead become a public esplanade.[2] Moses betrayed no hint that a similar plan, with two highway decks covered, not by private gardens but by a public walkway, had already been drawn up at Andrews & Clark.

Opening and early years

Demolition of the warehouses that lined the eastern, or inland, side of Furman Street began in the fall of 1946, and construction of a triple cantilever section followed for the next few years. The southern half of the Promenade was opened to the public on October 7, 1950,[4][5] and the northern half on December 7, 1951.[5] The highway itself was not ready for traffic until 1954.[6]

Apprehensions by many Brooklyn Heights residents that the Promenade as a public attraction would bring noisy disruptions and crime to the area were soon dissipated as it became a popular destination for residents and tourists alike. However, with the Promenade's success, various claims were made for who originated the idea. A proposal by the landowner and early developer Hezekiah Pierrepont in about 1827 for a promenade along the bluff of the Heights figures nowhere in the correspondence over the proposed highway. Other claims for and by Heights residents and others also lack documentation. One member of the Andrews & Clark team, the engineer S. Starr Walbridge, in 1982 claimed unequivocally that he had conceived both the cantilevering and the Promenade. However, the project's chief engineer, Ernest J. Clark, disputed his claim, contending that the design was a team effort and had "evolved" through considering various means of supporting the highway and testing their stresses and appearance. The firm's artist Julian Michele, the man who did the renderings of the designs and whom Walbridge cited for corroboration, declined comment. Another engineer, Phillips H. Lovering, who was credited with mathematically working out the precise shapes of the cantilevers, agreed with Clark's view.

The Promenade from Manhattan, with the East River in the foreground

In 1953 a new concern arose when it was learned that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which owned the warehouses still lining the west, or harbor, side of Furman Street, wished to reserve the right to replace them with structures up to 70 feet in height, or 20 feet higher than the level of the Promenade. The prospective loss of views from the still-new Promenade caused an outpouring of protest unprecedented for that time, and a rare "town hall" meeting was held at Brooklyn's Borough Hall on May 7, 1953. Among officials on the dais were Cashmore, Moses, and Austin Tobin, executive director of the Port Authority. They met the audience's questions and demands with evasiveness. Moses afterward responded to a letter questioning his position by writing, "The city cannot do a piece of spot zoning simply protecting this particular view." Nevertheless, the city on June 25 did just that, limiting structures across from the Promenade to a height of 50 feet. It went further in 1974 by enacting a "Special Scenic District" that imagined a "view plane" for a protected view extending from the edge of the Promenade to a line roughly midway in the East River that no new structure could pierce. This remains in effect, and is the only such in the city, although another has been proposed for Battle Hill.[7]

The remaining warehouses were demolished in the late 1950s, opening up what still had been partly obstructed views.

21st century

With the construction of Brooklyn Bridge Park, the foreground view from the Promenade was given a more landscape-like look. Gentrification continues along the Promenade's route.[8] The Squibb Park Bridge was constructed in 2013 to provide access between the promenade and park, but had to be demolished in 2019 due to various structural issues.[9]

In 2011 the New York State Department of Transportation announced that there was insufficient funding for more than spot repairs. In 2017 the New York City Department of Transportation initiated a project to repair the section with a planned start in 2020 or 2021.[10][11]

Over time, the Promenade has deteriorated due to deterioration in its rebar structure. It was estimated that if nothing was done, vehicle weight restrictions would be placed on the expressway below it by 2026, and the Promenade section of the BQE would need to completely close for reconstruction by 2036.[12] In fall 2018, the New York City Department of Transportation proposed two options. The cheapest option was to build a temporary 6-lane highway in the location of the Promenade while they repaired the underlying structure and BQE. This option would require the Promenade to be closed for six years and would cost $3.2 to $3.6 billion.[13][14] Temporary viewing areas would be set up while the Promenade was being repaired, and at the conclusion of the project, part of the temporary highway would be converted into a widened promenade area.[12] The other option was to repair the existing 3-lane highway below the Promenade one lane at a time. This would only require the Promenade to be closed for two years, and parts of the Promenade would stay open during construction, but reconstruction of the BQE itself would take at least 8 years and cost $3.4 to $4.0 billion.[12][14] Because of sizable opposition to the cheaper option, mayor Bill de Blasio later stated that his administration was open to considering other ideas, including routing the expressway over the Brooklyn Bridge Park, slightly to the west.[15]

It has appeared in the movies Annie Hall and Moonstruck, among others.[16]

Type O Negative and Carnivore frontman Peter Steele worked as a supervisor at the Promenade between the early 1980s and 1994.

gollark: I have got to work out what all this software uses for nice graph visualizations.
gollark: Try osmarks internet radio™?
gollark: Yes, this is something I investigated somewhat.
gollark: It doesn't matter if it's ”””normal”””, social acceptability is a 🐝 standard for thing goodness.
gollark: I... see.

References

Notes

  1. "MIDDAGH STREET, Brooklyn Heights - Forgotten New York". forgotten-ny.com. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  2. "Brooklyn Heights Promenade, Text of Parks Dept Sign". Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  3. "'FREEWAY' IS NOW URGED; Protected Border Express Roads Advocated for New York Region". The New York Times. December 13, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  4. "Brooklyn Heights Promenade - Great Public Spaces | Project for Public Spaces". PPS. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
  5. Vries, Susan De (October 4, 2018). "The Brooklyn Heights Promenade Opened to the Public 68 Years Ago This Month". Brownstoner. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  6. "NEW HIGHWAY LINK TO OPEN THURSDAY; No Ceremony to Mark Event at Queens Connecting Lane, Cashmore Announces". The New York Times. May 21, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  7. "Minerva Casts Curse on Brooklyn Development". Archpaper.com. 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  8. Brooklyn Heights (2001-09-12). "Brooklyn Heights | South Brooklyn Network". Southbrooklyn.com. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
  9. Barron, James (October 29, 2019). "$7.5 Million 'Down the Drain': The Demise of the Bouncing Bridge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  10. Furfaro, Danielle; Lavacca, Katherine; Brown, Ruth (2018-09-20). "Brooklyn Heights Promenade Could Be Closed for 6 Years". New York Post. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
  11. "About the Project". BQE Atlantic to Sands project. New York City Department of Transportation; New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
  12. "The Famed Brooklyn Heights Promenade May Close for Years. Here's Why". The New York Times. 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  13. "BQE rehab plan would replace Brooklyn Heights Promenade with 6-lane highway | Brooklyn Daily Eagle". www.brooklyneagle.com. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
  14. Berger, Paul (2018-09-28). "New York City Will Consider New Option for BQE in Brooklyn Heights". WSJ. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  15. "De Blasio softens support for plan that would turn Brooklyn Heights Promenade into 6-lane highway". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  16. "Brooklyn Heights Promenade". Nyharborparks.org. Retrieved 2014-08-22.

Further reading

  • Reports from the Brooklyn Eagle, New York Times, and New York Herald Tribune, 1942-1950.
  • Minutes of meetings of the Brooklyn Heights Association's governors, 194l-1945.
  • Interviews and correspondence with officials, senior residents of Brooklyn Heights, and members of the Andrews & Clark and Clarke+Rapuano engineering firms, with reports on these published in Brooklyn Heights Press articles 1976-1982.
  • Letters from Robert Moses in 1953 and 1979.
  • Minutes of the City Planning Commission hearing of March 10, 1943.
  • Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874. for a background on Moses and the development politics of the time, although Caro has nothing to say about the Promenade or the triple cantilever.
  • Public Works: A Dangerous Trade by Robert Moses (McGraw-Hill, 1970) for insight about a certain animus Moses felt toward Brooklyn Heights.
  • A History of the City of Brooklyn by Henry R. Stiles (Brooklyn, 1867–1870), for the early promenade proposal by Hezekiah Pierrepont.
  • The Brooklyn Heights Promenade by Henrik Krogius (The History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011).

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