South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk

The South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk, alternately referred to as the FDR Boardwalk or the South Beach Boardwalk, is a boardwalk facing the Lower New York Bay on the East Shore of Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City. The boardwalk is part of a New York City public park that stretches from Fort Wadsworth and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge to Miller Field, both part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. The boardwalk contains numerous recreational facilities, including a skate park.

South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk
The northern end of the boardwalk at Fort Wadsworth
LocationStaten Island, New York
Nearest cityNew York City
Coordinates40°34′47″N 74°04′33″W
Area2.5 miles (4.0 km) long by 40 feet (12 m) wide
Created1937
Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Visitors334,000 (2017)
Open6 a.m. to 1 a.m.
Statusopen

Originally, the Staten Island shorefront was occupied by multiple amusement parks, which had closed by the 1930s. Construction on the boardwalk started in 1935 and was complete by 1937. Amusements continued to occupy the boardwalk until the late 1950s, when water pollution and other changes started to repel potential visitors. The boardwalk was restored under a multi-million dollar project in the late 1990s. However, it is still relatively lightly used: in 2017, South Beach and Boardwalk saw 334,000 visitors, about 5% of the visitor count at Coney Island.[1]

Description

The South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk stretches 2.5 miles (4.0 km) between Fort Wadsworth to the north and Miller Field to the south. According to the second edition of The Encyclopedia of New York City, published in 2010, the South Beach Boardwalk is the fourth-longest boardwalk in the world.[2] From north to south, it runs through the neighborhoods of Arrochar,[3] South Beach,[4] and Midland Beach. When built it was 40 feet (12 m) wide for its length, half that of the 80-foot-wide (24 m) Riegelmann Boardwalk at Coney Island, located across the Lower New York Bay in Brooklyn. The FDR Boardwalk was made with concrete and timber and contains several pavilions, restrooms, and "comfort stations" along its length. A 200-foot-wide (61 m) boulevard, now known as Father Capodanno Boulevard, was built on the landward side of the boardwalk.[5] A "protected" bicycle lane, segregated from other traffic, stretches the length of the boardwalk.[6]

The South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk is very lightly used compared to other beaches in New York City. In 2017, South Beach and Boardwalk saw 334,000 visitors, compared to 2 million at Orchard Beach in the Bronx, 5 million at Rockaway Beach in Queens, and 6.7 million at Coney Island.[1]

Predecessors
Undated postcard of South Beach

Staten Island's East Shore was originally settled by the Dutch, who created the modern-day neighborhoods of Midland Beach and South Beach.[7][8][9] Though summer homes were built along the beach in the mid-18th century, these areas remained rural until the later portion of the century. By 1882, businessmen realized that the area could be developed as a resort,[9] and amusements such as theaters, hotels, bathing pavilions, and casinos were added along the shore. In particular, two amusement parks were developed on the site of the modern-day boardwalk: Happyland Amusement Park and Midland Beach.[7][8] In 1884, opened the South Beach Branch of the Staten Island Railway, which in turn led to the Staten Island Ferry at St. George Terminal.[10] As a result of its easy accessibility from Brooklyn and Manhattan, the resorts evolved into amusement places similar to Coney Island. The sites of the amusement areas are now occupied by the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk.[9]

The Roller Boller Coaster (1907–1917) was one of several coasters to be built in South Beach

By the mid-1880s, South Beach's amusement area consisted of a 1,700-foot (520 m) boardwalk, a beach, and numerous rides.[11] After much of the area was destroyed by a fire in September 1896,[12][13] the 15-acre (6.1 ha) Happyland Amusement Park, an enclosed park with numerous attractions and landscape features, opened on June 30, 1906.[8][14] Among the park's attractions were a beachfront of 1,000 feet (300 m), a 1,500-foot (460 m) pier, a 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) boardwalk, a system of over 10,000 lights, and numerous attractions and roller coasters.[13]

Midland Beach, located southwest of South Beach, became a resort by the 1890s[15] when the South Beach Branch came to the area. It contained a 1,700-foot (520 m) pier jutting into the Atlantic Ocean, where visitors could catch the steamboat William Story to the Battery at the tip of Lower Manhattan.[16] The pier was so long that the Midland Beach Railway Company operated a miniature railroad to take fishermen and other visitors to the end of the pier.[16][17] Like South Beach, it offered theater performances, a beach, picnicking areas, snack kiosks, numerous hotels and bungalows, and several amusement attractions and roller coasters.[18] The beach also contained a boardwalk.[19]

During World War I, air and water pollution quality and fears of German attacks discouraged tourists from coming to Staten Island.[20] However, visitation rebounded after the war, and by 1923 Staten Island was seeing record-high numbers of visitors, including 150,000 on a single day in June 1923.[21] The parks were mostly destroyed following a series of devastating fires in the 1920s.[20] A 1919 fire in South Beach destroyed much of the amusement area there.[22][23][24] A pair of fires also affected Midland Beach in 1924:[25][26] the first severely reduced the ability of boats to travel to Midland Beach,[25] while the second destroyed part of the amusement area.[25][27] Both amusement areas were rebuilt, only for both to burn down in 1929.[22][28][29] One remnant of the amusement area, the 1-acre (0.40 ha) South Beach Amusement Park at the northern end of South Beach, continued to operate through the end of the 20th century,[30] though much of that park was destroyed in 1955.[3] Beachland Amusements, an adjacent amusement arcade, operated from 1941 to 2006 and was the last amusement attraction on the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk.[16][31]

Boardwalk history

Construction
Woodland Beach boardwalk and casino

A law passed by the New York State Legislature in 1930 allocated $1 million for the construction of a beach and boardwalk at Staten Island, running between Fort Wadsworth and Miller Field.[32] In 1934, the New York City Board of Estimate changed the city's zoning map so that the 2.5-mile (4.0 km) shorefront along South, Graham, Midland, and Woodland Beaches would be public land.[33] Subsequently, Staten Island borough president Joseph A. Palma proposed constructing a boardwalk to connect South Beach and New Dorp.[20] The 2.5-mile boardwalk[34] was to cost $2 million and would be built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).[35][36] Part of the cost would be funded by the Public Works Administration. The project was expected to raise real estate prices, similar to previous boardwalk projects in New York City.[5]

On August 11, 1935, officials held three groundbreaking ceremonies with more than 10,000 spectators combined, which marked the start of construction.[36][37][38] Work on the boardwalk itself did not begin until a month later.[34] Palma estimated that the work would employ up to 4,000 people.[36] New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) commissioner Robert Moses criticized the boardwalk, saying that its development would encourage private developers to block access to the beach.[20] The project was described as a mixture of Coney Island's Riegelmann Boardwalk and Jones Beach.[39]

The plans called for a 180-foot-wide (55 m) beach to be built before the boardwalk, but construction did not progress in that exact sequence, which resulted in some parts of the boardwalk site being flooded at high tide. As a result, WPA employees sometimes worked 6-hour days and other times worked less than 4 hours in a day.[40] Nevertheless, the boardwalk was built relatively quickly, and the first 1-mile (1.6 km) section between Fort Wadsworth and South Beach was nearly completed by the end of 1936.[41] Twelve jetties and a parallel beach section had also been completed, though a section across New Creek in Midland Beach was progressing slowly.[39] By June 1937, the entire boardwalk was essentially completed.[42]

Opening and early years
Hoffman Island (left) and Swinburne Island (right) seen from the boardwalk

An official opening ceremony was held on July 4, 1937, and was attended by 25,000 people. Upon its opening the boardwalk was named after U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who participated in the ceremonies remotely.[20][43][44] That September, three hundred bathhouses on the newly completed boardwalk burned down.[45] The United States Army announced plans for a pier at Lily Pond Avenue, at the northern end of the FDR Boardwalk, in 1940. The pier would support their activities on nearby Hoffman Island and Swinburne Island.[46]

A NYC Parks rule initially prevented wounded war veterans from using the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk due to regulations preventing wheelchairs from using the boardwalk.[47] As a result, in 1945 Palma arranged an agreement whereupon these veterans could instead use Midland Beach, which at the time was privately owned.[48]

1950s renovation

Staten Island borough president Edward G. Baker and NYC Parks commissioner Moses proposed a redevelopment of the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk in 1953. Baker and Moses stated that the redevelopment of the boardwalk would serve to improve the quality of Staten Island's East Shore in general, similar to how the Rockaway Boardwalk's construction had improved the Rockaways. At the time, 1.2 million people per year were visiting the beach and boardwalk.[34] The $6.46 million redevelopment of Staten Island's East Shore beaches was commenced the following March,[33][49][36] though the project was not approved until that May.[50] Moses also proposed to charge 25 cents for parking and 10 cents to enter the boardwalk, drawing up to 2.4 million people within 30 years.[34]

The development included adding bathhouses; parking lots with spaces for 7,000 cars; several small bus terminals; comfort stations; and recreational facilities such as playgrounds, baseball fields, handball courts, roller hockey fields, skateparks, shuffleboard courts, bocce courts, and checkers tables.[33][49] Some 2,000,000 cubic yards (1,500,000 m3) of fill were dredged from the Lower New York Bay to protect the adjacent uplands.[49][36] Moses claimed that in the original project, the area inland of the boardwalk was too narrow to accommodate recreational facilities, but that the city now had the land on which to build these facilities.[49] The project also included the construction of Seaside Boulevard parallel to the boardwalk (now Fr. Capodanno Boulevard),[36] the first section of which opened in 1957.[51]

The first portion of the renovation was completed in 1958. When the project was entirely completed in the 1960s, it included three sections, the original South Beach as well as two new sections at Graham and Midland Beaches.[20] The renovation was performed in conjunction with the planning of what would become the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, which would provide Staten Island's first physical connection to the rest of New York City.[49] Close to $1 million for additional improvements to the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk was allocated in 1967,[52] and additional funds were disbursed under the Public Works Employment Act of 1977.[53]

Decline
Bike lane

The boardwalk started to decline in the 1950s because of issues such as water pollution,[54] caused by sewage outflows from Manhattan and New Jersey flowing into the bay. By the 1960s, even some lifeguards were refusing to swim in the water near the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk.[55] Another issue was the withdrawal of Staten Island Railway services from South Beach in the mid-1950s, basically isolating the boardwalk from all except residents of nearby areas.[56] The 1970s saw several arson attempts as well as a high concentration of drug users and prostitutes.[54] In 1971, the city studied replacing the city's boardwalks with plastic to make them easier to maintain, though this did not come to fruition.[57]

The beaches along the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk remained polluted, and in 1983, New York City Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin rated the boardwalk's quality as "poor" due to polluted waters and badly maintained boardwalks. At the time, the beach only saw 1,200 visitors on a busy day.[58] In 1985, a small part of the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk, as well as three other city beaches and Central Park's Sheep Meadow, were designated as "quiet zones" where loud radio-playing was prohibited.[59][60] In the mid-1980s, the NYC Parks budget increased greatly, allowing the agency to renovate two ballfields at the boardwalk in 1986,[61] as well as install new benches.[62] Meanwhile, the water pollution near the boardwalk became so bad that the city stopped placing lifeguards in 1990. The beach and boardwalk continued to be affected by vandalism, pollution, and general neglect.[63]

Revival

The beachfront received a major overhaul during the 1990s.[64] In May 1994, following an accidental fire that destroyed 200 feet (61 m) of the boardwalk, then-borough president Guy Molinari announced that the damaged section of boardwalk would receive a $650,000 renovation.[65] Several million dollars of funds were allocated for multiple related projects. These included the conversion of parking lots into South Beach Park, which opened in June 1996; reconstruction of the fire-damaged section of boardwalk; and renovation of a playground. NYC Parks also started looking for concessionaires for a pavilion at Sand Lane, which had previously been damaged in a fire.[66] New recreation facilities for senior citizens and a program of concerts were also added.[67] The renovation of the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk came with a cleanup of the waterfront, as well as full funding for lifeguards, who started working at South Beach again in July 1997.[63] The rebuilt boardwalk opened in October 1997.[68]

Other improvements to the boardwalk were made under the administration of Molinari and his successor, James Molinaro. The improvements included the addition of a Dolphin Fountain at the boardwalk's northern end and a veterans' monument called Freedom Circle at its southern end.[69] New parking lots, a $1.8 million pavilion, and new lighting were also installed.[54] The Ocean Breeze Fishing Pier, a steel and concrete recreational pier, opened in September 2003. At 835 feet (255 m), it is the largest oceanfront recreational pier built in the New York metropolitan area in over a century.[69][70] According to one estimate, some $20 million had been allocated to the improvement of South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk since 1995.[69]

The beaches continued to suffer from pollution. A New York City Council report in 2004 designated South Beach and Boardwalk as the dirtiest of the city's seven beaches.[71] A separate, independent survey in 2007 rated South Beach as being "challenged", though Midland Beach was in much better condition.[72] In a 2009 survey, South Beach's boardwalk, facilities, and beach had been rated as being poorly maintained, but by 2011, it was rated as the best-maintained beach in the city, in even better condition than Midland Beach.[73]

Wi-Fi service from AT&T was enabled along the boardwalk in 2012, making it one of several Wi-Fi hotspots around the city.[74] That October, the South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk was damaged by Hurricane Sandy. Over a period of nine months, portions of the boardwalk were gradually repaired and reopened, and NYC Parks workers from other boroughs were sent to Staten Island to repair the boardwalk quickly.[75] One damaged portion of the boardwalk, an ADA-accessible ramp to the beach, was not repaired until 2018.[76]

Features
Monument to Vincent Capadanno, at the corner of Sand Lane and Father Capodanno Boulevard

Recreational areas

The South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk is composed of two main beaches: South Beach to the north of Sea View Avenue and Midland Beach to the south. The beaches contain facilities for baseball, handball, shuffleboard, bocce, checkers, volleyball, and roller hockey, as well as the Ben Soto Skate Park and the Ocean Breeze Fishing Pier.[7][77]

The boardwalk contains eight baseball fields along its length: five adjacent to Midland Beach and three adjacent to South Beach. Two of the baseball fields in Midland Beach are also shared with a rugby pitch.[78] There is also a basketball court near the south end of the boardwalk, at Greeley Avenue.[79] The Detective Russel Timoshenko Soccer Field, named after a police officer killed in 2007, is located further north on the beach at Slater Boulevard.[80] The northern end contains three bocce boards near Drury Avenue[81] and two volleyball courts near Doty Avenue.[82] Three children's playgrounds exist along the route of the boardwalk. From north to south, they are Playland at Sand Lane; Midland Playground at Graham Avenue; and Midland Beach Playground at Greeley Avenue.[83]

Statues and monuments

Fountain of the Dolphins is a statue at South Beach by sculptor Steven Dickey. It was donated in 1998 by the Staten Island borough president and consists of six bronze depictions of dolphins, attached to poles with multicolored water jets.[7]

The Capodanno Memorial was named after Father Vincent R. Capodanno, a local resident who was a chaplain in the United States Navy and was killed in 1967 during the Vietnam War. A granite monument on the boardwalk was dedicated to him in 1976,[84] and Seaside Boulevard was renamed after Capodanno the same year.[85] Located at Sand Lane and Fr. Capodanno Boulevard, the memorial consists of a bronze and steel tablet recessed in a granite stele.[86]

The Midland Beach War Memorial is located near Fr. Capodanno Boulevard and Midland Avenue. It is composed of a three-paneled upright slab of Barre granite. An eagle figure is inscribed atop the pedestal.[87]

Ben Soto Skate Park
See also: Skateparks in New York City

The Ben Soto Skate Park is a skateboarding and BMX biking park located at the Midland Beach Playground. The skate park is composed of concrete and metal.[88] It was opened in 2005 and named in honor of a local Marine who died four years prior.[89][90] By 2010, the skate park had deteriorated and the soon-to-be U.S. Representative for Staten Island, Michael Grimm, had promised to fix it.[91] Since being renovated in 2011, the skate park has been criticized by local skateboarders and bikers who state that it lacks a variety of traditional skatepark features such as ramps.[92]

gollark: ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ
gollark: > also I don't care if osdev wiki cripples someone's osdev abilities> because my osdev abilities are fineThis is a somewhat triangular view.
gollark: Solution: make a competing BetterOSDev wiki?
gollark: Or use emacs, which I have been told is a popular OS.
gollark: Why even use an OS? Just write your code on bare metal!

References
  1. Kadet, Anne (June 19, 2018). "The New York City Beach That Doesn't Make Waves". WSJ. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  2. Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1214. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
  3. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Arrochar; A 'Brigadoon' at the Verrazano Bridge". The New York Times. May 7, 1995. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  4. "Living in South Beach, Staten Island". The New York Times. July 23, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  5. "P. W. A. to Fund Boardwalk on Staten Island: ​2 7⁄8-Mile Structure With Bathing Beach Facing Bay to Cost $2,210,000 Will Employ 2,000 Men Rehabilitation of Several Communities Expected". New York Daily Herald. July 21, 1935. p. H1. ProQuest 1221752844.
  6. "NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Transportation. 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  7. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Highlights". South Beach : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  8. Schulz, Dana (August 21, 2014). "Uncovering the Past of Staten Island's South Beach". 6sqft. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  9. National Park Service 1979, p. 112.
  10. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 33.
  11. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, pp. 34–35.
  12. "Disturbed By The Rain; Li Hung Chang Gives Up His Visit To Washington's Tomb". The New York Times. September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  13. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, pp. 36–37.
  14. "'Happyland' Is Open; Free The First Day". The New York Times. June 1, 1906. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  15. Sherry, Virginia N. (November 9, 2014). "13 things to know about Midland Beach, once one of the NY metro's 'finest summer resorts'". silive. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  16. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 43.
  17. "Miniature locomotives for street railway parks". The Street Railway Journal. XXI (14): 538. April 4, 1903. Retrieved September 18, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  18. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 47.
  19. "Midland Beach Is Mecca Of Brooklyn Motorists". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 1, 1913. p. 25. Retrieved August 28, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
  20. National Park Service 1979, p. 113.
  21. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 49.
  22. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, pp. 40–41.
  23. "Woman dies as flames sweep S.I. resort". Brooklyn Citizen. May 5, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved September 18, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  24. "Woman Loses Life In Happyland Fire; Mrs. Mary Autenreith Is Burned to Death in Trying to Recover Belongings". The New York Times. May 6, 1919. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  25. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 50.
  26. "Sand Diggers Win; Court Holds Board of Estimate Prohibition Invalid". The New York Times. August 8, 1924. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  27. "Midland Beach Fire Wipes Out Resort, 4 Hotels, 15 Homes; Wind-Driven Blaze Sweeps a Mile Back, Menacing Colony of 5,000 Houses". The New York Times. September 27, 1924. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  28. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 51.
  29. "Suspicious Fire Burns South Beach Hotel; Blaze Starting Under Boardwalk Marks Fifth Consecutive Outbreak on Sunday Afternoons". The New York Times. June 10, 1929. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  30. "For Sale: 16 Rides, and a Fading Outpost of Summers Past". The New York Times. July 4, 1998. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  31. Newman, Andy (June 3, 2006). "Summer Already Over for Staten Island Arcade". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  32. "Money for Staten Island; $1,000,000 for Recreation Beaches and Boardwalk". The New York Times. June 15, 1930. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  33. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 52.
  34. "Boardwalk Plans in Richmond Ready; 2 1/2-Mile Development on the South Shore to Begin in 10 Days as WPA Project". The New York Times. September 8, 1935. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  35. "To Start Boardwalk; Palma Expects No Labor Trouble on $2,000,000 Richmond Project". The New York Times. August 10, 1935. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  36. "Ground is broken for boardwalk on Staten Island". Brooklyn Times-Union. August 11, 1935. p. 24. Retrieved September 18, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  37. "Boardwalk Begun On Staten Island; 10,000 Attend Three Ground-Breaking Ceremonies on the South Shore". The New York Times. August 11, 1935. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  38. "12,000 See Boardwalk Started on Staten Island: Palma Breaks Ground for $2,210,000 Project". New York Daily Herald. August 11, 1935. p. 25D. ProQuest 1287076991.
  39. "Staten Island Boardwalk Is Half Completed: One Mile of ​2 1⁄2-Mile Project Is Finished and Work Begun on Jetties". New York Herald Tribune. December 27, 1936. ProQuest 1222207442.
  40. "WPA Boardwalk Slowed by Tides; $1,500,000 Project on Staten Island Is Being 'Built Backwards,' Palma Says". The New York Times. July 24, 1936. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  41. "Boardwalk Job Rushed; One Section on Staten Island to Be Ready by End of Year". The New York Times. October 1, 1936. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  42. "Staten Island Plans Fete For Boardwalk; Opening Saturday of $2,000,000 WPA Structure to Be Marked by 8-Hour Program". The New York Times. June 30, 1937. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  43. "$2,000,000 Beach is Opened by City; Roosevelt Boardwalk on the South Shore of Staten Island Dedicated by the Mayor". The New York Times. July 4, 1937. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  44. "Mayor Opens New Boardwalk At South Beach: $2,000,000 Shore Project Named for Roosevelt Has 22,000 at Ceremonies". New York Daily Herald. July 4, 1937. p. 13A. ProQuest 1250044861.
  45. "300 Bathhouses Burned; Roosevelt Boardwalk Threatened by Blaze at South Beach". The New York Times. September 5, 1937. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  46. "U. S. to Build Dock on Staten Island; Maritime Commission Plans to Erect 500-Foot Structure as Training Terminal". The New York Times. August 4, 1940. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  47. "To Ask Walk Area For Disabled Vets". New York Daily News. July 9, 1945. p. 2. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  48. "Boardwalk Row Over Gi's Settled; Palma Says Wounded Men in Halloran Hospital Will Use Midland Beach Hereafter". The New York Times. July 4, 1945. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  49. "Park Job Begins at South Beach; Staten Island Project Is to Cost $6,460,000 and Take Three Years, Moses Says". The New York Times. March 17, 1955. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  50. "Early Start Due on Beach Project; $6,460,000 Development on Staten Island to Produce 2.5-Mile Playground". The New York Times. May 2, 1954. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  51. "New Road to Open on Staten Island; New Boulevard Leads Way to Richmond Shore Project". The New York Times. October 28, 1957. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  52. "$6.8 Million Sought for 18 Park Projects". New York Daily News. November 12, 1967. p. 2189. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  53. "Public Works Grants Awarded". The New York Times. September 21, 1977. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  54. Dziemianowicz, Joe; Ingrassia, Michele; Young, Dana; Persico, Chrissy (June 15, 2003). "Life is a Beach: At least on NYC's four boardwalks it is Down by the Sea". nydailynews.com. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  55. "Swimmers Wary of S.I. Water; Vacationer Won't Let His Family Bathe-- Others Unbothered". The New York Times. July 11, 1967. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  56. "Seashore Lament". New York Daily News. July 29, 1973. p. 246. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  57. "Wooden Boardwalk at Rockaway May Be Replaced by Plastic". The New York Times. April 25, 1971. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  58. Flynn, Don (August 1, 1983). "Orchard a peach, Coney: F". New York Daily News. p. 15. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  59. Melia, John; Gentile, Don (July 26, 1985). "City Sounds Off; Sets new beach, park 'quiet zones'". New York Daily News. p. 354. Retrieved April 30, 2019 – via Newspapers.com .
  60. Purnick, Joyce (July 26, 1985). "Radios Restricted at Sheep Meadow and 4 Beaches". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  61. Engels, Mary (April 5, 1987). "For parks, Operation Cleanup means a renaissance". New York Daily News. p. 592. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  62. "Summer gets the cold shoulder". New York Daily News. September 7, 1986. p. 806. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  63. Engels, Mary (May 29, 1997). "New reasons to head South on S.I." New York Daily News. p. 747. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  64. Kadet, Anne (June 19, 2018). "The New York City Beach That Doesn't Make Waves". WSJ. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  65. Engels, Mary (May 25, 1994). "Beep puts his money on a shore thing". New York Daily News. p. 1387. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  66. Engels, Mary (January 9, 1997). "New push to revamp South Beach b'walk". New York Daily News. p. 143. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  67. Engels, Mary (June 11, 1996). "S. Beach aid is dune deal". New York Daily News. p. 509. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  68. Engels, Mary (May 25, 1994). "Fixup makes life a South Beach". New York Daily News. p. 220. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  69. Gottlock & Gottlock 2013, p. 42.
  70. "Mayor Michel R. Bloomberg and Staten Island Borough President James Molinaro Open Ocean Breeze Pier" (Press release). New York City Mayor's Office. September 20, 2003. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  71. "About New York; On Dirtiest Beach, Not So Much Filth". The New York Times. August 11, 2004. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  72. Newman, Maria (July 6, 2017). "Report Card for City's Beaches Offers Low Marks". City Room. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  73. Berger, Joseph (August 20, 2011). "City's Municipal Beaches Show 'Vast Improvement,' Report Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  74. Paulsen, Ken (May 2, 2012). "Staten Island's FDR Boardwalk gets free WiFi service". silive. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  75. Paulsen, Ken (August 2, 2013). "9 months after Sandy, entire length of Staten Island's boardwalk is now open". silive. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  76. Knudson, Annalise (May 24, 2018). "ADA-accessible ramp unveiled at South Beach boardwalk". silive. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  77. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Highlights". Midland Beach : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  78. "Field and Court Usage Report for Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  79. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Basketball Courts : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  80. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Soccer Fields : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  81. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Bocce Courts : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  82. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Volleyball Courts : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  83. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Playgrounds : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  84. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Highlights". Capodanno Memorial : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  85. Engels, Mary (June 20, 1976). "On the Isle". New York Daily News. p. 938. Retrieved September 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  86. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Monuments – Father Capodanno Memorial : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  87. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach Monuments". Midland Beach War Memorial : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  88. "Skate Parks : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org.
  89. Slepian, Stephanie (April 19, 2011). "Skate park enthusiasts fume as Parks Department dismantles Staten Island ramps". silive. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  90. Rizzi, Nicholas (July 5, 2012). "City's Only Indoor Skate Park to Open in Staten Island". DNAinfo New York. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  91. Sherry, Virginia N. (December 2, 2010). "Benjamin Soto Skate Park catches Grimm's attention". silive. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  92. Sherry, Virginia N. (June 30, 2011). "New Soto Skate Park: Where's the challenge? say skateboarders and bikers". silive. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.