Coney Island Cyclone

The Coney Island Cyclone (also known as the Cyclone) is a wooden roller coaster at Luna Park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. Designed by Vernon Keenan, it opened to the public on June 26, 1927. The coaster is on a plot of land at the intersection of Surf Avenue and West 10th Street. The Cyclone reaches a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and has a total track length of 2,640 feet (800 m), with a maximum height of 85 feet (26 m).

"Cyclone (roller coaster)" redirects here. For other roller coasters named "Cyclone", see Cyclone (disambiguation) § Roller coasters.

Coney Island Cyclone
Seen from Surf Avenue in 2013
Coney Island
LocationConey Island
Coordinates40°34′27″N 73°58′40″W
StatusOperating
Opening dateJune 26, 1927
Cost$175,000
ReplacedGiant Racer
DesignatedJune 25, 1991[1]
Reference no.91000907
New York City Landmark
DesignatedJune 12, 1988[2]
Reference no.1636
General statistics
DesignerVernon Keenan
Track layoutCompact Twister
Lift/launch systemChain-lift
Height85 ft (26 m)
Length2,640 ft (800 m)
Speed60 mph (97 km/h)
Inversions0
Duration2:30
Max vertical angle58.1°
Capacity1440 riders per hour
G-force3.75
Height restriction54 in (137 cm)
This is a Pay-Per-Use attraction
Coney Island Cyclone at RCDB
Pictures of Coney Island Cyclone at RCDB

The coaster operated for more than four decades before it began to deteriorate, and by the early 1970s the city planned to scrap the ride. On June 18, 1975, Dewey and Jerome Albert, owners of the adjacent Astroland amusement park, entered into an agreement with New York City to operate the ride. The roller coaster was refurbished in the 1974 off-season, and reopened on July 3, 1975. Astroland Park continued to invest millions of dollars in the upkeep of the Cyclone. After Astroland closed in 2008, Cyclone Coasters president Carol Hill Albert continued to operate it under a lease agreement with the city. In 2011, Luna Park took over operation of the Cyclone.

The coaster was declared a New York City designated landmark on July 12, 1988, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 26, 1991.

History

Early history
South wall of the New York Aquarium, commemorating the Cyclone's 1927 opening

Coney Island was the largest amusement area in the United States from about 1880 to World War II, attracting several million visitors per year. At its height, it contained three amusement parks (Luna Park, Dreamland, and Steeplechase Park) and many independent amusements.[3]:147–150[4]:11[2]:3 The Cyclone site was occupied by the Giant Racer from 1911 to 1926.[5][6]

The success of 1925's Thunderbolt coaster and 1926's Tornado led Irving and Jack Rosenthal to buy land at the intersection of Surf Avenue and West 10th Street for a coaster of their own. With a $100,000 investment, they hired leading coaster designer Vernon Keenan to design a new ride. Harry C. Baker supervised the construction, which was done by area companies including the National Bridge Company (which supplied the steel) and Cross, Austin, & Ireland (which supplied the lumber). Its final cost was reportedly $146,000 to $175,000. When the Cyclone opened on June 26, 1927, a ride cost 25 cents (equivalent to $3.68 in 2019[7]); the present-day ticket price is $10.[8][2]:5

In 1935, the Rosenthals took over the management of New Jersey's Palisades Park. The Cyclone was placed under the supervision of Christopher Feucht, a Coney Island entrepreneur who had built a ride called Drop the Dip in 1907 and performed minor retracking work on the coaster.[2]:6 The ride's first drop was reduced by 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1939,[9]:2 and it continued to be extremely popular.[2]:6 A midget would originally zap disembarking riders with an electric paddle, a practice which ended during the 1950s.[10]

Decline

By the 1960s, attendance at Coney Island had declined.[10] Increased crime, insufficient parking, poor weather, and the post-World War II automotive boom were all cited as contributing factors in the decline.[11] Coney Island's last remaining large theme park, Steeplechase Park, was closed in 1964 and subsequently demolished.[12][13]:172[14] The Cyclone was sold to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) in 1965.[10]

A new building housing the New York Aquarium had been constructed west of the Cyclone in 1954.[15] New York City decided that an extension to the New York Aquarium would be a better use of the Cyclone property in 1967, and the city began procedures to claim the property by eminent domain. Its owners, East Coaster Corporation, unsuccessfully fought the city; they did minimal long-term maintenance, enough to keep the ride operating safely.[16] The city bought the Cyclone for $1.2 million in 1969.[14]

The Cyclone was then operated under contract by East Coaster Corporation while the city worked with the New York Aquarium on plans to redevelop the site. There was a lack of long-term maintenance by the city, and the coaster soon received 101 safety violations.[16] In 1972, when plans to expand the aquarium were announced, a "Save the Cyclone" campaign began to oppose the proposed demolition of Coney Island's last wooden roller coaster.[17] This created a conflict between the aquarium (which supported the Cyclone's demolition) and the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce, which opposed it.[18] The owners of the AstroWorld theme park in Houston were considering buying the Coney Island Cyclone and moving it to Houston. This was eventually rejected as being too expensive, however, and AstroWorld's owners instead built a replica, which they branded as the Texas Cyclone.[19][20]

By 1974, city officials doubted their decision to purchase the Cyclone and considered leasing the coaster to a private operator.[21][22] The proposed demolition of the Cyclone was seen as potentially disastrous to Coney Island's economy.[14] The city changed its plans to dismantle the coaster and, in April 1975, invited sealed bids to lease operation of the ride.[16] The owners of the Astroland amusement park won the lease, with a bid of $57,000 per year.[23] After Astroland spent $60,000 to refurbish the Cyclone, the coaster reopened on July 3, 1975.[16][2]:6–7

Preservation
The Cyclone in 2010

During the 1986 season, insurance disputes forced the Cyclone to stay closed until July.[24] The Cyclone remained in operation as a separate enterprise following the 2008 closure of Astroland[25][26] and during the single operating season of Dreamland in 2009.[27] The adjacent Luna Park took over management of the Cyclone in 2011,[28][29] and began a major refurbishment of the coaster during the off-season.[30] The refurbishment, by Great Coasters International,[31] was completed in 2016.[32][33]

Current use

The ride covers 75 feet (23 m) at 834 Surf Avenue and 500 feet (150 m) on West 10th Street,[2]:12 which is owned by NYC Parks.[14] The former concession stands (built into the coaster's structure) were home to the Coney Island History Project,[34] which was moved to a space near the Wonder Wheel.[35] A souvenir stand selling Cyclone-based shirts, hats, and on-ride photos remains.[34]

Each ride in Luna Park charges a number of credits for admission, with each credit typically costing $1.[36] As of July 2019, each ride on the Cyclone costs 10 credits ($10); free and reduced-price re-rides have been eliminated. Ride admission is also included in Luna Park's fixed-date and any-date passes.[37] "Bonus credits" accumulated by the purchase of ride credits cannot be used for the coaster.[36] The Cyclone is considered an "irreplaceable" structure, since timber-supported coasters can no longer be built under modern New York City building codes.[38]

Ride

Layout
Seen from the west

The train leaves the station heading north and immediately turns right at an almost 180-degree angle, which leads to an 85-foot (26 m) lift hill. It then moves over the first 58.1-degree drop; as the train reaches the bottom of the drop, it comes close to the track above for a headchopper effect. The train then ascends into the first high-speed U-turn to the left, descending again beneath the lift hill and rising to the second 70-foot-tall (21 m) U-turn to the right. It descends parallel to the lift hill, enters a camelback hill and rises to a smaller banked right U-turn, where it dives under the first high-speed curve. After the third U-turn, the train enters a second camelback hill with a fan turn and a smaller airtime section as it approaches a fourth U-turn to the right. The train hops several times more, paralleling the second drop, before entering a final right curve. It drops slightly, ascends into a tunnel with a small left fan turn, and enters a brake run just before re-entering the station.[39][40]

Track

The track is 2,640 feet (800 m) long, including six fan turns and twelve drops. The ride's top speed is 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), and each ride takes about one minute and fifty seconds. The brown wooden track has red wood fencing alongside it and has a white structural framework, giving it a distinctive appearance.[39][40][41] "Cyclone" appears in large, red, incandescent letters on the east and west sides of the lift hill.[9]:3[2]:6 The coaster is surrounded by a fence.[9]:3

Before 2000, the Cyclone's 58.1-degree initial drop was the third-steepest drop of any wooden coaster in the world. As of 2014, it has the ninth-steepest drop of any wood coaster worldwide.[42]

Trains

The Cyclone has three three-car trains, and one train can run at a time. Riders are arranged two across in four rows, for a total of 24 riders per train. The trains have bench seating (rather than individual seats for each passenger), and a single-position lap-bar restraint system which drops across the entire row. The seats do not have headrests.[39][41][2]:6

Station

The station is accessed from the ticket booth on West 10th Street. It consists of two wooden platforms, one on each side of the track; the outer (western) platform is for riders who are boarding, and the inner (eastern) platform is for exiting riders. The station is under a gable roof canopy supported by a steel arch frame, and has segmented arcades along its sides. A mechanical room is partly underneath, and next to, the platform. A vertical sign with incandescent letters spelling "CYCLONE" is outside the station.[9]:3

Incidents

Deaths
As seen from West 10th Street

At least three people have died after riding the Cyclone. On May 26, 1985, a 29-year-old man was killed when he stood up and hit his head on a crossbeam.[43]

On August 23, 1988, a 26-year-old man was killed after falling from the coaster. The man, a maintenance worker, was the only passenger and was riding in the back seat during his lunch break. Apparently avoiding the safety bar, he was seen standing up as the train began its descent down the first hill. He fell 30 feet (9.1 m), landed on a crossbeam of a lower section of track and died instantly. The ride was closed after the incident, but was reopened a day later after safety inspectors concluded that it was safe.[44]

A 53-year-old man suffered several crushed vertebrae in his neck while riding the Cyclone on July 31, 2007. He died four days later due to complications during surgery.[45][46]

Other incidents

On June 12, 2008, a woman rode the Cyclone and later claimed that she had been seriously injured due to the ride. She was awarded $1.5 million in damages in 2015, despite being found partly at fault.[47] In March 2018, a man claimed to have been struck by a metal bolt while waiting in the ride queue.[48]

The Cyclone has been evacuated several times due to mechanical problems. On March 28, 2015, a mechanical failure caused a train to be stuck at the top of the lift hill; no one was injured.[49][50] On June 13 of that year, a mechanical issue caused the ride to stop completely.[51] The Cyclone stalled again on July 28, 2018, after it lost power.[52]

Notable riders and records

Aviator Charles Lindbergh was said to have ridden the Cyclone two years after it opened,[53] and reportedly called the experience "greater than flying an airplane at top speed".[54][38] Emilio Franco, a mute coal miner with aphonia, visited Coney Island in 1948 and reportedly screamed while going down the Cyclone's first drop. Franco also reportedly said, "I feel sick" as his train returned to the station. According to multiple accounts, he fainted after realizing that he had spoken.[2]:6[10][55] Although one version of the story reported that Franco had been mute since birth,[54] a contemporary New York Times story said that he had been mute for five years.[55]

Michael Boodley set a record in 1975 for the most consecutive trips on the Cyclone, riding it 1,001 times over a 45-hour period.[56] Nineteen-year-old Richard Rodriguez broke the record from August 18 to 22, 1977, riding the coaster for 104 hours. He took short bathroom breaks between rides, eating hot dogs and M&Ms and drinking shakes during the ride itself. Rodriguez broke his own record for the longest roller-coaster marathon in 2007, riding for 405 hours and 40 minutes at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom.[56] In 2009, Howie Lipstein was recognized by the Coney Island History Project as having ridden the Cyclone for fifty consecutive years.[57][58] In 2019, Luna Park honored him for riding for sixty consecutive years.[59]

Replicas
American Coaster Enthusiasts plaque

The popularity of the Cyclone has inspired seven replica coasters that share (or mirror) a similar layout.[10][60] Four replicas of the Cyclone were built at Six Flags parks: Viper at Six Flags Great America;[61][60] Psyclone at Six Flags Magic Mountain;[62][63][60] the Texas Cyclone at Six Flags AstroWorld;[64][65][60] and the Georgia Cyclone at Six Flags Over Georgia.[66][60] Of these, only Viper is still operational in its original state.[60][lower-alpha 1] International replicas include Bandit at Movie Park Germany; the defunct White Canyon at Yomiuriland in Japan, and the defunct Aska at Japan's Nara Dreamland.[71][60]

Awards

Designations and recognition

The Cyclone was named a city landmark in 1988,[2] and a National Historic Landmark in 1991.[72] An ACE Coaster Classic and Coaster Landmark,[73][74] it inspired the name of the Brooklyn Cyclones baseball team, which plays at nearby MCU Park.[75]

Rankings
Golden Ticket Awards: Top wood Roller Coasters
Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019
Ranking 7[76]8[77]11[78]11[79]13[80]16[81]16[82]14[83]16[84]14[85]16[86]14[87]13[88]15[89]14[90]19[91]22[92]16[93]27[94]22[95]29[96]28[97]

Notes
  1. The Texas Cyclone was demolished with AstroWorld's closure in 2005,[67] Psyclone was demolished in 2007,[68] and the Georgia Cyclone was converted by Rocky Mountain Construction into Twisted Cyclone in 2018.[69][70]
gollark: Done.
gollark: How come gollark irl isn't here?
gollark: Can you ever have *enough* alts?
gollark: * into
gollark: Am I to generate *additional* alts?

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  2. "The Cyclone" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 12, 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  3. DeSena, Judith N.; Shortell, Timothy (2012). The World in Brooklyn: Gentrification, Immigration, and Ethnic Politics in a Global City. Lexington Books. pp. 147–176. ISBN 978-0-7391-6670-3. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  4. Parascandola, L.J. (2014). A Coney Island Reader: Through Dizzy Gates of Illusion. Columbia University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-231-53819-0. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  5. "Ride America's Most Historic Roller Coasters". www.smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  6. Marden, Duane. "Giant Racer  (Luna Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  7. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  8. "Cyclone 101". The Washington Post. August 4, 2002. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  9. "Historic Structures Report: Coney Island Cyclone" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. June 25, 1991.
  10. Osterhout, Jacob E. "8 questions for Coney Island's Cyclone roller coaster master, Jerry Menditto". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  11. "Coney Island Slump Grows Worse; Decline in Business Since the War Years Has Been Steady". The New York Times. July 2, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  12. Chan, Sewell (July 21, 2005). "Leaps of Imagination for the Parachute Jump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  13. Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: the people's playground (illustrated ed.). Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3138-0. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  14. "The Cyclone Highlights : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  15. Salerno, Al (October 24, 1954). "Break Ground for World's Greatest Aquarium at Coney Island". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. pp. 1, 21. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  16. Futrell, J. (2006). Amusement Parks of New York. Amusement Parks Series. Stackpole Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8117-3262-8. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  17. John T. McQuiston (March 5, 1972). "Aquarium is Getting a Piece of Old Long Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  18. "Aquarium Urges Razing Of Coney Island Cyclone". The New York Times. May 27, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  19. Marden, Duane. "Texas Cyclone  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  20. Rouner, Jef (March 18, 2015). "Where Are AstroWorld's Roller Coasters Now?". Houston Press. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  21. Lichtenstein, Grace (December 20, 1974). "City Is Leaning to Keeping Steeplechase a Fun Place". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  22. "Coney Showdown: Thriller vs. Killer". New York Daily News. July 30, 1974. p. 35. Retrieved July 9, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  23. "This Ride's Dips Are a Real Up". New York Daily News. June 27, 1977. p. 282. Retrieved July 9, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  24. Blau, Eleanor (July 11, 1986). "Cyclone at Coney Island Rolls Again at Last". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  25. Chatelain, Ryan (September 5, 2008). "End of an ara at Coney Island" (PDF). AM New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  26. Calder, Rich (May 29, 2007). "B'klyn Big Top". The New York Post. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  27. Sederstrom, Jotham. "Dreamland amusement park to take place of Astroland at Coney Island". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  28. Kaminer, Ariel (April 2, 2010). "Thrilling Reminder of Old Coney Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  29. "Brooklyn's Cyclone set to re-open". UPI.com. March 31, 2009. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  30. "Is this the most dangerous roller coaster in America?". New York Post. July 18, 2015. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  31. "How Coaster Refurbishment Works with Great Coasters International". Coaster101. October 27, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  32. Eisinger, Dale W.; McShane, Larry. "Coney Island's refurbished Cyclone coaster debuts as spring rolls into Brooklyn". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  33. "Elected Officials Christen Refurbished Cyclone At Luna Park Spring Opening". bklyner.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  34. Newman, Andy (May 29, 2007). "Beneath the Speeding Cyclone, a Look Back in Time". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  35. "Coney Island History Project – Museums & Galleries". NYCgo.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  36. "Park Prices". Luna Park Coney Island. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  37. "Coney Island Cyclone". Luna Park Coney Island. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  38. Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2011), The Landmarks of New York, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, p. 583, ISBN 978-1-4384-3769-9
  39. "Cyclone at Luna Park". COASTER-net. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  40. "Cyclone front seat on-ride HD POV Luna Park, Coney Island". CoasterForce. June 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019 – via YouTube.
  41. Marden, Duane. "Cyclone  (Luna Park (Brooklyn, New York, United States))". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  42. "Wood Coasters". Roller Coaster Records. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  43. Phalen, W.J. (2016). Coney Island: 150 Years of Rides, Fires, Floods, the Rich, the Poor and Finally Robert Moses. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-4766-2373-3. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  44. "Park Employee Dies in Roller-Coaster Fall". The New York Times. August 24, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  45. McLaughlin, Mike. "Cyclone: Joy ride or death ride?". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  46. Zambito, Thomas (October 29, 2008). "Family of Cyclone accident victim is suing New York City". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  47. Marzulli, John. "Exclusive: Woman awarded $1.5 million over claim she was seriously injured riding Cyclone roller coaster in Coney Island". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  48. Balsamini, Dean (March 17, 2019). "Man struck by metal bolt waiting for Coney Island's Cyclone roller coaster: suit". New York Post. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  49. Otterman, Sharon (March 29, 2015). "Cyclone Roller Coaster at Coney Island Gets Stuck at Top of Track". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  50. "Coney Island's famed Cyclone strands riders on season's first run". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  51. "Riders climb down Cyclone after it breaks mid-ride". New York Post. June 13, 2015. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  52. "Coney Island Cyclone Evacuated After Losing Power". July 28, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  53. Clines, Francis X. (June 24, 1977). "50 Years of Ups and Downs for 'Cyclone'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  54. Associated Press. "Coney Island's iconic Cyclone roller coaster to celebrate its 85th anniversary with 25-cent rides on Saturday". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  55. "Roller-Coaster Ride Brings Back Speech To Army Veteran Who Lost Voice in 1943". The New York Times. August 12, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  56. Kilgannon, Corey (June 23, 2017). "Coney Island's Coaster King Takes Another Spin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  57. Monahan, Rachel (April 6, 2009). "A 50-year constant in Coney Island". New York Daily News. Mortimer Zuckerman. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  58. "Howie Lipstein: Devoted Cyclone Rider". Coney Island History Project. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  59. "Cyclone in New York City". 5DGUIDE. June 26, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  60. Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  61. "Six Flags Great America to run Viper and American Eagle coasters backwards during 2013". Theme Park Tourist. May 27, 2013. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  62. Shuster, Fred (February 17, 1991). "Ride a Tribute to Roller Coaster History". OrlandoSentinel.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  63. "Six Flags Magic Mountain". DeseretNews.com. April 30, 1995. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  64. Callahan, Michael (January 15, 2016). "1976: Astroworld coaster construction under way". www.chron.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  65. Communications, Emmis (June 1976). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications.
  66. Greg Bluestein, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. "Six Flags shutters the Georgia Cyclone after one last hoorah". ajc. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  67. Marden, Duane. "Texas Cyclone  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  68. Marden, Duane. "Psyclone  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  69. Marden, Duane. "Georgia Cyclone  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  70. Marden, Duane. "Twisted Cyclone  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  71. Rutherford, Scott, 1961– (2004). The American roller coaster. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks International. ISBN 0760319294. OCLC 56339670.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. Kristen King (August 4, 1995). "Cyclone Honors to Roll". The Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  73. "Coaster Awards". aceonline.org. September 8, 2015. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  74. "Coaster Awards". www.aceonline.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  75. Lipton, Eric (November 28, 2000). "Plus: Baseball; Affiliate Named Brooklyn Cyclones". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  76. "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 1998. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  77. "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  78. "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. August 2000. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  79. "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  80. "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  81. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 10–11B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  82. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 14–15B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  83. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 22–23B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  84. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 30–31B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  85. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 11 (6.2): 42–43. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  86. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 12 (6.2): 42–43. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  87. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 13 (6.2): 38–39. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  88. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 14 (6.2): 38–39. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  89. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 46–47. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  90. "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 46–47. September 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  91. "2013 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 40–41. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  92. "2014 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 18 (6.2): 38–39. September 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  93. "2015 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 19 (6.2): 45–46. September 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  94. "2016 top 50 wooden roller coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  95. "2017 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  96. "2018 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  97. "2019 Top Wood". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
Preceded by
Giant Dipper		 World's Fastest Roller Coaster
June 1927 – April 1976		 Succeeded by
Screamin' Eagle
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.