Fraxinus americana

Fraxinus americana, the white ash or American ash, is a species of ash tree native to eastern and central North America. It is found in mesophytic hardwood forests from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south to northern Florida, and southwest to eastern Texas. Isolated populations have also been found in western Texas, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the species is reportedly naturalized in Hawaii.[4][5][6]

Fraxinus americana

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Fraxinus
Section: Fraxinus sect. Melioides
Species:
F. americana
Binomial name
Fraxinus americana
Natural range of Fraxinus americana
Synonyms[3]

There are an estimated 8 billion ash trees – the majority being the white ash trees and the green ash trees.[7][8][9][10]

Characteristics
Autumn foliage

The name white ash derives from the glaucous undersides of the leaves. It is similar in appearance to the green ash, making identification difficult. The lower sides of the leaves of white ash are lighter in color than their upper sides, and the outer surface of the twigs of white ash may be flaky or peeling. Green ash leaves are similar in color on upper and lower sides, and twigs are smoother. White Ash leaves turn yellow or red in Autumn. Despite some overlap, the two species tend to grow in different locations as well; white ash is a forest tree that commonly occurs alongside sugar maple while green ash is a pioneer species that inhabits riparian zones and disturbed areas.[11][12] The White Ash's compound leaves usually have 7 leaflets per leaf whereas other ash trees are usually more diverse.[13]

Detail of Fraxinus americana twig. The C-shaped leaf scars of white ash are useful in distinguishing this species from the closely related green ash (F. pennsylvanica). The lateral buds of F. pennsylvanica share a less curved margin with their corresponding leaf scars, imparting an overall D-shape to the latter.[14]
Fall, Russell County, Virginia

Cultivation and uses

White ash is one of the most used trees for everyday purposes and, to keep up with high demand, is cultivated almost everywhere possible. The wood is white and quite dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m3),[15] strong, and straight-grained. Its species produces an ideal, Apical dominant Excurrent structured crown. It is a traditional timber of choice for production of baseball bats and tool handles. The wood is also favorable for furniture and flooring. Woodworkers use the timber mainly for interior uses due to high perishability in contact with ground soil.[15] It is also used to make lobster traps. Since the 1950s, it has also become a popular choice for solid electric guitar bodies.[16] It makes a serviceable longbow if properly worked. The wood was used in ceiling fan blades from the 1970s through the mid-1980s, though cane was sometimes simulated with plastic then. It is no longer used for ceiling fan blades in most countries.

White ash is not seen in cultivation as often as green ash due to its preference for undisturbed forest sites away from urban pollution and soil compaction, but sometimes has been planted for its consistently reliable autumn colors, which typically are bright orange and red hues as opposed to other species of ash that produce a uniform yellow color.

Cultivation of White Ash differs across North American continent. For example, within City of Chicago region. 2010 Statistics show most common street tree species is White Ash at 6.2%. Along with third ranked Green type at 4.9%, Ashes combine to make up 11% percent of cities street trees. Along with overall population of 13,648,044 Million standing Ashes within Cook county alone. [17]

Autumn Purple, or Junginger. A wild Variety of American White Ash selected for its Purple leaf color. Had been discovered by University of Wisconsin Horticulturist Karl Junginger of McKay nursery, Waterloo, Iowa. And after its introduction in 1956, it quickly became the Most popular and most expensive landscape selection. Surpassing the high priced Ginkgo, London Plane & White/Burr Oak. [18]

A related species, Biltmore ash, is sometimes treated as a variety of white ash. Other taxonomists argue that Biltmore ash is its own species (Fraxinus biltmoreana).[19][20]

North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources.[21] Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash, due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes.[21] The lack of tannins in the American ash variety makes them a good food source for frogs, but not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels.[21] Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.[22]

Emerald ash borer
Main article: Emerald ash borer

The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), also commonly known by the acronym EAB, is a green beetle native to Asia.

In North America the emerald ash borer is an invasive species, highly destructive to ash trees in its introduced range. The damage of this insect rivals that of chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease.[23] To put its damage in perspective, the number of chestnuts killed by the chestnut blight was around 3.5 billion chestnut trees while there are 3.5 billion ash trees in Ohio alone. Dutch elm disease killed only 200 million elm trees while EAB threatens 7.5 billion ash trees in the United States. The insect threatens the entire North American genus Fraxinus. Since its accidental introduction into the United States and Canada in the 1990s, and its subsequent detection in 2002, it has spread to eleven states and adjacent parts of Canada. It has killed at least 50 million ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the ash trees throughout North America. White ash exhibits a little more resistance to emerald ash borer than green ash, which has nearly no resistance, however this could also possibly be due to white ash not being used in landscaping as extensively and placed in high-stress environments.[24][25][26]

An infested tree can be recognized by premature fall color and leaf senescence observed on affected branches between August and last week of September. Before emerald ash borer was officially identified, such dieback symptoms thought to have been caused by a vascular disease classified as Ash Yellows. Assuming damage caused by Borers taking advantage of weakened tree. Other recognizable signs regularly observed have been upper crown dieback, epicormic shoots or sprouts, bark lesions, frass filled larval galleries, [27]and deformed exit holes ; when the "Flatheaded" beetle has fully developed, it will bore out of the tree, in this instance, with a hole in a deformed "D" shape. In past it had been assumed, once any symptoms had started to show. Or "Once a tree had become Infested", it was likely too late to begin management. Today only on site professionals diagnosing an individual tree can responsibly make such determinations. [28]

Ash fungal disease

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a fungal disease that attacks ash trees. The disease causes leaf loss, crown dieback, and lesions in the bark. This fungus is, for the most part, fatal, both directly and indirectly, by weakening the tree's immune system so that it is more susceptible to attacks from pests or pathogens. Because of this fact, younger trees are affected far worse, and fully matured ash trees are capable of living long enough to reproduce.

The disease has spread over most of Europe and has been confirmed in Britain, however, it has not yet been found in North America.

The scale of the threat is not yet known, but is thought to be able to cause significant damage to the ash landscape of Europe and the UK.[29]

gollark: I'd probably use Rust or something.
gollark: For most things, even.
gollark: Interrupt handlers are basically an assembly-level implementation detail for this sort of thing.
gollark: My stuff like SPUDNET isn't written using object oriented programming and is *way* easier to implement in JS with express and stuff than it would be with assembly and... something?
gollark: You can end up with messy control/data flow between everything if it's all in one giant mess.

References
  1. Jerome, D., Westwood, M., Oldfield, S. & Romero-Severson (2016). "Fraxinus Americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2017.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Fraxinus americana, White Ash". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  3. "Fraxinus americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List.
  4. "Fraxinus americana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  5. "Fraxinus americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  6. "Fraxinus americana". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  7. "The most common Ash species in the United States". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  8. Griffith, Randy Scott (1991). "Fraxinus americana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/.
  9. "Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  10. Gucker, Corey L. (2005). "Fraxinus pennsylvanica". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/.
  11. Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Fraxinus americana
  12. New Brunswick tree and shrub: Fraxinus americana Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  13. "White Ash (Fraxinus americana)". www.devostree.ca. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  14. "Fraxinus comparison chart". www.uwgb.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  15. White Ash, Niche Timbers. Retrieved on 2009-07-24.
  16. "Ash vs. Alder: What's the Diff?". www.fender.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  17. https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/rb/rb_nrs84.pdf
  18. "Patriotically Protecting American Ash from Species Modern Day Extinction". 29 April 2017.
  19. Nesom, G.L. (2010) "Fraxinus biltmoreana and Fraxinus smallii (Oleaceae): forest trees of the eastern United States". Phytoneuron 2010-51: 1-30
  20. Weakley (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill, NC
  21. Stephens, Jeffrey; Bervan, Keith; Tiegs, Scott (3 May 2013). "Anthropogenic changes to leaf litter input affect the fitness of a larval amphibian". Freshwater Biology. 58 (8): 1631–1646. doi:10.1111/fwb.12155.
  22. "Black Ash". Illinois Wildflowers. Dr. John Hilty. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  23. Bruce Schlink (2012). Americans Held Hostage by the Environmentalist Movement. Dorrance Publishing. p. 494. ISBN 978-1-4349-7536-2.
  24. Robinett, Molly A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (2019). "White ash (Fraxinus americana) survival in the core of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) invasion". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 49 (5): 510–520. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0320.
  25. Andrea C. Anulewicz, Deborah G. McCullough, and David L. Cappaert. 2007. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(5):338–349.
  26. Emerald Ash Borer, United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service Forest Service and Michigan State University
  27. "Insect galleries in Ash trees". Minnesota State.
  28. "Emerald ash borer - Tree pests and diseases not present in UK". www.forestry.gov.uk. GB Forestry Commission. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  29. GB, Forestry Commission. "Chalara dieback of ash - tree pests and diseases". www.forestry.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
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