List of Russian philosophers

Russian philosophy includes a variety of philosophical movements. Authors who developed them are listed below sorted by movement.

Philosophers (1917) by Mikhail Nesterov, depicting Pavel Florensky and Sergei Bulgakov.

While most authors listed below are primarily philosophers, also included here are some Russian fiction writers, such as Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, who are also known as philosophers.

Russian philosophy as a separate entity started its development in the 19th century, defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers, advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles, insisting on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group included Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev, the early founders of eurasianism. The discussion of Russia's place in the world has since become the most characteristic feature of Russian philosophy.

In its further development, Russian philosophy was also marked by deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; cosmos and religion were other notable subjects.

Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyev, Vasily Rozanov, Lev Shestov, Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, Pitirim Sorokin, and Vladimir Vernadsky.

From the early 1920s to late 1980s, Russian philosophy was dominated by Marxism presented as dogma and not grounds for discussion. Stalin's purges, culminating in 1937, delivered a deadly blow to the development of philosophy.

A handful of dissident philosophers survived through the Soviet period, among them Aleksei Losev. Stalin's death in 1953 gave way for new schools of thought to spring up, among them Moscow Logic Circle, and Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School.

Major thinkers

Russian Enlightenment

Slavophiles and pochvennichestvo

Russian symbolists

Westernizers

Russian Schellingians

Russian positivists

Russian Machists

Russian cosmists
The cover of the book "The Will of the Universe. Intellect Unknown. Mind and Passions" by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, 1928
Portrait of Lev Shestov by Leonid Pasternak, 1910

Occultists

Epistemologists, logicians and metaphysicians

Anarchists

Materialists and nihilists
  • N. G. Chernyshevsky (1828–1889)
  • Dimitri Pisarev (1840–1868)
  • Ivan Sechenov (1829–1905)

Socialists and Marxists

Christian philosophers

Pre-Solovyov

Orthodox Christian theologians

Intuitivist-personalists

Existentialists

Aestheticians

Historians of thought

Globalists
gollark: Apparently pirates had the eyepatches to be able to switch to a dark-adapted eye to see belowdecks.
gollark: They totally are. They randomly stop focusing right for some reason. They've apparently got the light sensitive bits and nerves the wrong way round.
gollark: > we probably got fukd because humans have probably been through several genetic bottleneck eventsThat's no excuse for some things like poorly designed eyes which are common to basically all hominids.
gollark: > <@434490079478808587> > > You could say hunger wasn't a thing before food your basically saying the same thing your saying literally nothingNo, they're probably right about the bread thing, it's made from farmed wheat or something.
gollark: We have access to "toothpaste" and "dentistry" technologies.

See also

References
  1. Ilyenkov, Evald. "Cosmology of the Spirit". Stasis. 5 (2).
  2. History of Russian Philosophy p. 59 by N. O. Lossky
  3. History of Russian Philosophy p. 81 by N. O. Lossky

Bibliography
  • History of Russian Philosophy (История российской Философии) (1951) by N. O. Lossky. Publisher: Allen & Unwin, London. International Universities Press Inc NY, NY sponsored by Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary.
  • A History of Philosophy, Volume 10: Russian Philosophy (1986) by Frederick Copleston. Publisher: Continuum, London.
  • A history of Russian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Vasilii Vasilevich Zenkovsky; translator George L. Kline Publisher: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1953).
  • Russian Philosophy. English-Russian Dictionary (ed. Vasily Vanchugov). Moscow, People's Friendship University of Russia, 2005.
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