Indonesian Air Force

The Indonesian Air Force (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU), literally "Indonesian National Military-Air Force") is the aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Indonesian Air Force is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia and is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (Kepala Staf Angkatan Udara – KSAU or KASAU). Its order of battle is split into three Air Force Operational Commands (Komando Operasi TNI Angkatan Udara /KOOPSAU). Most of its airbases are located on the island of Java.[3] The Indonesian Air Force also has its ground force unit, called Air Force Special Forces Corps (Paskhas). The corps is also known as the "Orange Berets" (Indonesian: Baret Jingga) due to their distinctive color of their service headgear. In addition, while not part of the Air Force, most of the personnel of the Indonesian National Air Defense Forces Command (Kohanudnas) are picked from the Air Force, and its commander is always an Air Force two-star Marshal.

Indonesian Air Force
Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Udara
TNI-AU
Founded9 April 1946 (1946-04-09)
Country Indonesia
Allegiance President of Indonesia
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size37,850 personnel
224 aircraft[1]
Part of Indonesian National Armed Forces
Motto(s)Swa Bhuwana Paksa
(Sanskrit, "Wings of the Motherland")
Colors  Sky blue
MarchMars Swa Bhuwana Paksa
Anniversaries9 April 1946 (foundation)
29 July 1947 Dakota's Incident[2]
Engagements
Websitewww.tni-au.mil.id
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Joko Widodo
Chief of StaffACM Fadjar Prasetyo
Vice Chief of StaffAM Fahru Zaini Isnanto
Insignia
Flag
Roundel
Fin flash
Roundel 1946-1949
Aircraft flown
AttackSu-30MKK, Hawk Mk. 209, EMB 314 Super Tucano
FighterF-16 Block 32+, Su-30MKK, Su-27SKM
HelicopterAS332, SA330, MBB Bo 105
InterceptorSu-27SKM, F-16 Block 32+
Patrol737-2X9 Surveiller, CN235-220MPA
ReconnaissanceCASC Rainbow, Wulung
TrainerKT-1, Hawk Mk.53/Mk.109, T-34, TA-4H/J, AS/SA-202, SF.260
TransportC-130, CN-235, F-28, NC-295, NC-212, 737-2Q8, Boeing 737 Classic

The Indonesian Air Force has 37,850 personnel and equipped with 110 combat aircraft. The inventory includes five Su-27 and eleven Su-30 as the main fighters (from Russia) supplemented by 33 F-16 Fighting Falcons (from the US), Hawk 200, KAI T-50 and Embraer EMB314.[4] The Indonesian Air Force intends to purchase 11 Sukhoi Su-35[5] and around 50 KF-X[6] as a replacement for the already-aging US Northrop F-5 Tiger light fighters in its inventory[7][8] but delivery contracts for the Su-35 and KF-X has yet to be signed, and there is no delivery of either aircraft to Indonesia, as at February 2020.

History

Before Indonesian independence (1941–1945)

After World War II ended, Indonesia became the second country (after Thailand) in Southeast Asia to acquire an air force. Indonesian pilots fought against the colonial forces of the Netherlands during 1945–1949 with former Japanese aircraft abandoned at the end of World War II, as well as aircraft of the Netherlands East Indies Air Force (including Curtiss P-36 Hawk (P-36 Mohawk), Brewster F2A Buffalo and Fokker D.XXI fighters; Martin B-10 bombers; Fokker C.X reconnaissance floatplanes) left before the Japanese occupation in 1941.

Indonesian War of Independence / Netherlands 'Police Action' (1945–1949)
Captured Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar used by the Indonesians in the War of Independence. Note the early roundel version.

After the Japanese announced their surrender at the end of WWII, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945. Several days later, the Indonesian People's Security Bureau (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was formed to undertake security duties. The Air Division of this force was also formed, using ex-Japanese planes scattered everywhere, especially in the island of Java, including Bugis Air Base in Malang (Established on 18 September 1945). The most numerous of these aeroplanes were the Yokosuka K5Y1 Willow (Cureng) trainers, which were hastily used to train newly recruited cadets. At the time of the founding, there was only one Indonesian holding a multi-engine pilot license from the pre-war Dutch Flying School, Flying Officer Agustinus Adisucipto (but did not have an opportunity to fly during the 3.5-year Japanese occupation). He was assisted by a few Japanese pilots who decided to stay in the newly born country. The new roundel was created simply by painting white on the lower part of the Japanese Hinomaru, reflecting the red and white of the Indonesian flag. The People's Security Bureau was then, in October, re-organized to form the nascent formal armed forces. This marked the birth of the Indonesian Air Force on 9 April 1946. However, tensions rose as the Dutch tried to re-claim their former colony and launched an assault on 21 July 1947, destroying most of the planes on the ground. Some planes survived though and were hidden in remote bases.

29 July 1947 was date of the first air operation by the newborn air force as three surviving aircraft, comprising two Yokosuka K5Y1 Willow (Cureng) and a Mitsubishi Ki-51 Sonia (the fourth aircraft, a Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar (Hayabusa) flown by Air Cadet Bambang Saptoadji, should also have been involved in the raid as an escort, but as of when it was launched, the aircraft was not airworthy due to engine troubles)[9] conducted air raids at dawn on the Dutch Army barracks in Semarang, Salatiga and Ambarawa, dropping incendiary bombs. Tactically, these raids did not have any effect on the Dutch positions, but psychologically, it was a great success as it proved that the Indonesian Air Force still existed. The Dutch had previously claimed the destruction of Indonesian Air Force in their assault before and they never expected any attack from the sky. Dutch Curtiss P-40E Warhawks tried to find all the guerrillas' planes, but they were too late to find those "ghost" aircraft which landed quickly in Maguwo Air Base, near Yogyakarta (now, Adisucipto International Airport). Indonesian pro-independence guerrillas tried to save captured aircraft in a number of remote areas, including examples of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero-Sen "Zeke", Aichi D3A "Val", and Mitsubishi G4M "Betty".

Under pressure from the United Nations, the Dutch finally agreed to acknowledge Indonesian independence. Following the 1949 Round Table Conference, sovereignty was officially transferred to the United States of Indonesia. The Dutch armed forces left (but remained in West Papua until 1963) and the aeroplanes were handed over to the Indonesians. These comprised, among others, North American P-51 Mustang, North American B-25 Mitchell, North American T-6 Texan, Douglas A-26 Invader, Douglas C-47 Dakota and Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina, which served as the main forces of the Indonesian Air Force for the following decade. During this era, Indonesia received its first jet aircraft; De Havilland DH-115 Vampire. It was also during this era that the national roundels were changed to the red and white pentagon (which was supposed to signify Indonesia's national ideology of "Panca Sila", or the "Five Principles", created by Sukarno in 1945).

Action against rebellions (1950–1961)
B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s

Political instability meant that the Indonesian Air Force saw action against several regional rebellions in Indonesia such as PRRI, Permesta, Darul Islam-Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI/TII) and the Republic of South Maluku separatists.

Several Indonesian pilots scored their first kills, including Captain Ignatius Dewanto with his North American P-51 Mustang, who in 1958 shot down a Permesta Douglas B-26 Invader over Ambon. Its pilot, Allen Pope, an American CIA agent, was captured and tried in Jakarta, thus revealing the significant involvement of the CIA's "Operation Haik" in the rebellion.

The most famous Indonesian fighter pilot in this era was Rusmin Nurjadin, who became Chief of Staff of the Air Force from 1966–69. Nurjadin commanded MiG-21 squadrons in 1962–65 and founded an acrobatic team in 1962 that flew the MiG-17F/PF Fresco over some cities in Indonesia. Small numbers of Indonesian Air Force pilots gained their reputation as aces in this era.

Soviet influence (1962–1965)
Indonesian Air Force MiG-21 in the Yogyakarta Air Force Museum

The need to prop up to what became Operation Trikora in Dutch Papua and the rise of the communist party in Indonesia (Communist Party of Indonesia) drew Indonesia closer to the Eastern Bloc. Several Soviet-built aircraft began to arrive in the early 1960s including the MiG-15UTI from Czechoslovakia, MiG-17F/PF, MiG-19S and MiG-21F-13, in addition to Ilyushin Il-28, Mil Mi-4, Mil Mi-6, Antonov An-12 and Avia 14 also from Czechoslovakia. Indonesia also received Lavochkin La-11. Some Tupolev Tu-2 from China also arrived, intended to replace the B-25, but they never reached operational status. These aircraft served along with the remaining American aircraft such as North American B-25 Mitchell, Douglas A-26 Invader, Douglas C-47 Dakota, and North American P-51 Mustang. It was during this period that the Indonesian Air Force became the first Air Force in Southeast Asia which acquired the capability of strategic bombing by acquiring the new Tupolev Tu-16 in 1961, before the acquisition of Ilyushin Il-28 by Vietnam People's Air Force. Around 25 Tu-16KS were delivered complete with AS-1 air-surface missiles. One crashed at the end of 1962.[10][11]

This era also marked the last confrontation with the Dutch in Papua, before the Dutch, again under pressure of the United Nations, left in 1963. Several missions of Taiwan-based Lockheed U-2s from 35th Squadron flew over Maluku (Mollucas) and reported to Dutch military that there was a strong possibility that Dutch would lose their air superiority over Papua if they continued the war.[12][13] During Operation Trikora, the air force was deployed as follows:

  • 7 P-51Ds based at Laha airbase, Ambon. One aircraft piloted by Second Air Lieutenant Prasetyo lost due to engine failure during the ferry flight from Makassar to Ambon. The pilot, Second Air Lieutenant Prasetyo, died after bailing out from the aircraft and landed in a high-tide seas and couldn't be rescued by the Air Forces' PBY-5 Catalina due to the extreme weather after Prasetyo's accident[13]
  • 40 MiG-17F/PF aircraft on three airfields: Morotai (in northern Maluku), Amahai (in Seram) and Letfuan (in Banda islands, located in the southwest of Papua). The aircraft had been stationed at Morotai before Operation Trikora for actions against PRRI-PERMESTA and the Republic of South Maluku separatists. The primary role of these aircraft were to provide air cover for the airlift and logistics aircraft during the early infiltration to Papua.[14] If the war broke out, these MiG-17F/PF would provide the air cover for Tu-16 anti-shipping missions and Il-28 bombing missions,[15] also for intercepting Netherlands' Hawker Hunters based in Numfor, Biak.[16]
Indonesian Air Force B-25 Mitchell at the Jakarta Armed Forces Museum
  • 4 B-25 Mitchells and two A-26 Invaders at Letfuan airbase. Their primary role was for transport and providing air cover for the airlift, until this role was assumed by the P-51Ds and MiG-17F/PFs.[14] Dutch Lockheed PV-2 Neptunes were known as the strongest rival for these Letfuan-based units.[17]
  • 18 Il-28s stationed first at Laha airbase, but then moved to Amahai airbase, due to the shortness of runway at Laha for the landing of the aircraft.[18]
  • 26 Tu-16s stationed in Iswahyudi airbase near Ngawi, Jawa Timur in 41st and 42nd Squadron. Six aircraft were scrambled to Morotai airbase for the operation. These units were to threaten the Dutch naval fleet in Papua including HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81), the only aircraft carrier of the Dutch naval fleet.
  • 24 Douglas C-47 Dakotas stationed at three airfields; Laha, Amahai and Letfuan. One aircraft piloted by Air Captain Djalaludin Tantu and co-pilot Second Air Lieutenant Sukandar, was downed by a Dutch PV-2.[14] All crews bailed out safely from the aircraft, but were soon captured by the Dutch forces after hiding in Papua[17]
  • 10 Lockheed C-130 Herculess stationed at Halim Perdanakusumah airbase at Jakarta. Despite the warning from United States to not use the aircraft for the operation, it soon scrambled over the Papua for the airlift mission, due to the loss of C-47s, to Dutch Hawker Hunters and PV-2s. The C-130's high altitude flying capability made it less vulnerable to interception.[14]
  • 6 Douglas DC-3s and one Convair 240, under Wing Garuda 011. The aircraft were modified from civilian use for airlift operations.[18]
  • 6 anti-submarine Fairey Gannet AS.4s, several PBY-5 Catalinas and two Grumman HU-16 Albatross (UF-1 variant). These aircraft belonged to the Indonesian Naval Air Force, but supporting the air forces for the Operation. Aircraft were stationed in Liang airbase at Seram, then moved to Morotai airbase. One Gannet AS.4 was lost due to an accident when it crashed into a mountain in Seram island, killing three crew members.[18]
  • Several Bell 47s, Mil Mi-4 and Mil Mi-6 helicopters were planned to be used for the operation, but were not ready during the early phase of infiltration of the operation.[18]

Indonesian MiG pilots received training to fly their fighter aircraft in Egypt before the infiltration campaign.[19] During the infiltration of the airlift campaign, the air forces' special forces, Pasukan Gerak Tjepat (PGT) (now known as Paskhas) landed in Klamono-Sorong, Papua.[20]

Also during this period, the Indonesian Air Force also took part in the confrontation with the Malaysian Federation (which was backed by the United Kingdom) along the border of Kalimantan, the Malacca Strait and near the Singapore Border.

30 September movement and the overthrow of Sukarno (1966–1970)

The coup attempt led by the 30 September Movement in 1965 changed everything and a new anti-communist regime from the Army, led by Major General Suharto, took power. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Air Marshall Omar Dani was removed from his position and court-martialed for his purported involvement in the coup. Ties with the Eastern bloc countries were cut, and thus support and spare parts for the planes became short. By August 1968 the situation was critical, and in early 1970, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Suwoto Sukandar, said that the spare parts situation meant that only 15–20 percent of aircraft were airworthy.[21] The MiG force made its farewell flight with a flypast of Jakarta in 1970. The relatively new MiG-19s were sold to Pakistan. By October 1970, only one Tu-16 was still flying, but after an in-flight engine failure, it too was grounded.[22]

Rebirth (1970–1980)
An Australian-built CAC Sabre, as used by the Indonesian Air Force.

The Air Force began to be re-equipped by receiving former Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) CAC Sabres – an Australian re-design of the F-86 Sabre – to replace the MiG-21s. The Sabre was used by the TNI-AU until 1982. In 1973, the United States supplied military assistance including T33s trainers and UH-34D helicopters in exchange for four old MiG-21F-13s. Pakistan Air Force took over the responsibility to train Indonesian pilots in the Sabre and in logistical aspects of the Air Force. Over the next three years, the US supplied 16 North American Rockwell OV-10 Broncos counter-insurgency aircraft and F-5E/F Tiger II fighters, in exchange for which the Indonesian Air Force handed over the majority of its remaining MiG-21F-13s, which were used to form a US Air Force Aggressor squadron.[23] Indonesia also purchased BAE Hawk Mk 53s from the United Kingdom in the 1970s.

The Indonesian Air Force took part in the 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor.

Influence of American and allied products (1980–1998)
A-4E Skyhawk of the Indonesian Air Force

In the early 1980s, the Air Force, needing modern strike aircraft, organised Operation Alpha to clandestinely acquire ex-Israeli Air Force A-4 Skyhawks. Air Force personnel were sent in secret by different routes and eventually Indonesia received 32 aircraft.[24]

In 1982, Indonesia purchased 16 Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II from the United States to replace their Sabres. These were upgraded in Belgium from 1995.

During 1986–88, there was a competition for the contract to provide a new fighter bomber, between the General Dynamics F-16 and Dassault Mirage 2000. Indonesia eventually ordered 12 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Block 15 OCU as a new fighter in 1989. The Indonesian Air Force had originally planned to acquire 60 F-16s to cover and defend its 12 million square kilometres of territory.[25] A total of 10 F-16A and F-16B are still in service with Indonesian Air Force: 2 planes crashed in two different accidents. A follow-up order for 9 more F-16A Block-15 OCU was cancelled in favour of 24 Su-30 MKK,[26] but this order was also cancelled due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.

The Indonesian Air Force ordered eight BAE Hawk Mk 109s and 32 Mk 209s in 1993. The last of these was delivered by January 1997.

1998–2006 embargoes
An Indonesian Air Force Lockheed C-130H-30 at Adisucipto International Airport

In 1999, the Indonesian Military staged a military intervention following the East Timor's referendum. The result was that more than 1,500 were civilians killed and 70 percent of Dili's infrastructure razed. In response, the United States and the European Union both imposed arms embargoes. Although the European Union chose not to renew its ban in 2000, the United States did not lift its embargo until November 2005. During this embargo the Indonesian government turned to Russia to supply them with arms including fighters, helicopters, missiles, radars and other equipment.

In 2002, the Indonesian Air Force conducted operations against separatists, such as the Free Aceh Movement ("Gerakan Aceh Merdeka", GAM) and Free Papua Movement (Organisasi Papua Merdeka, OPM). In the conflict with GAM in Aceh, the Indonesian Air Force utilised OV-10Fs for counter-insurgency actions along with BAe Hawk 53 and 209.

In that same year, the Air Force received two Sukhoi Su-27s and two Sukhoi Su-30s from Russia. The fighters were partly paid for in Indonesian palm oil. The purchase, however, did not include any weaponry. Seven KT-1B Korean basic trainers were also purchased.

By 2005 the Air Force was experiencing a logistical crisis. The F-16s and A-4s, which accounted for 80% of its air combat assets, were at the minimum or nil level of combat readiness. To respond to the crisis, in 2006, the Indonesian Air Force ordered three Sukhoi Su-27SKM and three Su-30MK2 to complete a full squadron. It was also made public that the four aircraft procured in 2003 were inactive and awaiting an upgrade of their communication systems, as they were incompatible with the Indonesian systems in use. The additional aircraft were ordered with systems complying with the Indonesian and international standards and would also include new weaponry for all variants.[26] A further 12 KT-1b Korean basic trainers were also ordered in 2006.

Until 2008, the Indonesian Air Force had only purchased four types of missiles: KS-1 Komet, Vympel K-13, AIM-9 Sidewinder and AGM-65 Maverick. Starting from 2008, it started receiving more advanced Russian made Vympel R-73 and Vympel R-77 air-to-air missiles for its new Su-27 and Su-30 fighters. Also a limited number of Kh-29, Kh-31 and Kh-59 air-to-ground missiles were delivered for Su-30 strike fighters.[27]

Local weapons are being developed such as P-100 air-to-ground bomb manufactured by CV Sari Bahari Malang, East Java. P-100 has been successfully tested in Su-27 and Su-30 for ground attack missions. Large-scale production is subject to approval from Ministry of Defence.

Minimum Essential Force (MEF) 2010–present

During the visit of US President Barack Obama on 9–10 November 2010 in Jakarta, the TNI-AU Force was offered 24 ex-USAF F-16 Block 25 aircraft as part of the Peace Bima-Sena II agreement.[28][29] In October 2011, the House of Representatives approved the grant. The jets will be upgraded similar to the latest Block 50/52 variant with payment.[30] The TNI-AU is also progressing with the reactivation of all 10 units of F-16 Block 15 OCU, which resulted in the reactivation of TS-1606, TS-1609 and TS-1612 recently.[31] To replace the Fokker F-27s, the TNI-AU has ordered nine Spanish CASA C-295 in joint production with PT. Dirgantara Indonesia. New unmanned aerial vehicles will also be purchased to strengthen TNI-AU aerial observation and will be based at Supadio Air Force Base, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat.

Starting in 2010,[32] Minister of Defence Purnomo Yusgiantoro stated that TNI-AU will gradually purchase a total of 180 Su-27s and Su-30s to complete the needs of 10 squadrons.[33] India also offered TNI-AU Indian-Russian made BrahMos missiles to equip its Su-27s and Su-30s.[34]

TNI-AU Boeing 737-2X9 in 2011

Indonesia signed a memorandum of understanding to participate in the South Korean KF-X programme in July 2010 and the terms of agreement was signed in 2011. Indonesia will finance 20 percent of the project and will receive 50 jets in return, while South Korea will get 200 jets. A Defence ministry spokesman claimed that the jet would be more capable than the F-16 but less capable that the F-35. The project was started in 2009 and the first prototype is expected to roll out in the second half of 2020.[35] But payment problems and technical difficulties had caused several delays and postponement of the KAI KF-X project.[35] Indonesia has also signed an MOU with China to produce C-705 missiles which will arm the Sukhoi jets.[36]

In April 2011,[37] Indonesia confirmed that it will buy 16 supersonic KAI T-50 Golden Eagle trainer jets from South Korea for up to $400 million after an evaluation of the Yakovlev Yak-130, Guizhou JL-9/FTC-2000 Mountain Eagle and Aero L-159 Alca. The T-50 would replace the BAE Hawk MK-53 trainer jets. Deliveries were completed by January 2014 and were commissioned on 13 February 2014.[38]

In June 2011, Indonesia signed the final contract for 8 Super Tucano as the replacement for the OV-10 Bronco in the counter-insurgency role [39] with a second contract for a further 8 aircraft in July 2012.[40] The first four units arrived in March 2012 with deliveries to complete by 2014.[41]

In August 2011,[42] Indonesia announced that it would acquire 18 Grob G120TP for its basic trainer requirements which would likely replace the FFA AS-202 Bravo and Beechcraft T-34 Mentor trainers.

On 29 December 2011 Indonesia committed to purchase 6 Su-30MK2 jet fighters in a $470 million procurement contract signed by the Defence Ministry and Russia's JSC Rosoboronexport.[43] Deliveries will reportedly start after 2013.[44]

TNI-AU Su-30 on takeoff

In January 2012, the Australian and Indonesian governments agreed to the transfer of four used C-130H Hercules aircraft from the Royal Australian Air Force to the Indonesian Air Force in 2012, which was approved by the US as the Hercules' producer.[45]

In January 2014, Defence Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro said that he hoped to start the replacement of the F-5 fighters under the upcoming 2015 to 2020 strategic plan. The Indonesian Air Force shortlisted five candidates for the replacement, comprising the Sukhoi Su-35S, Saab JAS 39 Gripen, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, and F-16C/D Block 60.[46]

In September 2014, Head of Indonesian National Armed Forces Public Relations and Media Office (Kapuspen TNI), Major General (TNI) Mochamad Fuad Basya explained the Minimum Essential Forces (MEF) Plan of TNI-AU consist of: 11 Fighter Squadrons, 6 Transport Squadrons, 2 VIP/VVIP Squadrons, 2 Patrol Squadrons, 4 Helicopter Squadrons, 2 Training Squadrons and 2 UAV Squadrons.[47]

In September 2015, Defence Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu said Indonesian had chosen the Su-35 Flanker-E to replace the F-5 Tiger II. Although in recent times, the deal to purchase Su-35 is in limbo due to Russia's refusal to give transfer of technology to Indonesia owing its small number of orders in addition to Indonesian concerns over price.[7]

In January 2017, Indonesia approved for the acquisition of 5 Airbus A400M Atlas multi-role aircraft worth US$2 billion, as part of the plans to boost the country's military capabilities. They are to be acquired in both transport and utility configurations and will be operated by the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) Aviation Squadrons 31 and 32.[48]

In 12 May 2017, Defence Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu confirm that Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) will sign contract to buy 10 units Su-35. Russia will open the factory for Sukhoi Spare Part in Indonesia as part in the contract.[49]

In 28 November 2017, Defence Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu confirm that Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) have completed procurement process of 11 units Su-35.[50]

In 14 February 2018, Defence Ministry have signed purchase agreement of 11 units of Su-35 fighters with Rostec, which will replace the F-5s.[51]

In October 2019 the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Yuyu Sutisna said the Indonesian Air Force will purchase at least 2 Squadrons (32 aircraft) of F-16V Block 70/72 for the last phase of the 'Minimum Essential Force' program (MEF Fase 3 2020-2024). Possibly to replace the older BAE Systems Hawk.[52][53] Since 2017 the Indonesian Air Force with Lockheed Martin and Indonesian Aerospace is also upgrading their existing F-16A/B with the Falcon Star eMLU upgrade program that include new avionics, new armament capability that could carry AMRAAM, and JDAM, new aircraft airframe that will last longer, Sniper ATP, LITENING, and Bird Slicer IFF. The upgrade is being carried out by Indonesian companies supervised by Lockheed Martin in Skadron Teknik 042.[54][55][56][57]

In January 2020 the Indonesian Minister of Defence Prabowo Subianto during a bilateral meeting in France and met with his French counterpart Florence Parly, it was reported that the Ministry is interested on French military equipments including 48 Dassault Rafale, 4 Scorpène submarines, and 2 Gowind corvettes.[58]

In 12 March 2020 Bloomberg reported that Indonesia canceled the Su-35 deal due to the US pressure. Indonesia is instead looking to negotiate the purchase of F-35 aircraft.[59]

In 20 July 2020, a letter written by Indonesia’s defense minister, Prabowo Subianto, was published by Indonesian news outlets expressing interest in acquiring Austria’s Luftstreitkräfte entire fleet of Eurofighter Typhoon jets.[60][61][62]

It has ambitious plans for a home made future 4.5 generation jet fighter with South Korea KAI and Indonesia IAe KF-X and IF-X, but it is yet to made.

Render of the KF-X and IF-X aircraft.

Administrative and operational organization

The Indonesian Air Force is structured into the following in accordance with Presidential decree No. 66/ 2019:[63]

Leadership Elements

Assistant for Leadership Element
  1. Office of the Inspector General of the Air Force, position held by a two-star air marshal.
  2. Air Force Chief of Staff Advisor, position held by two-star or one-star air marshal
  3. Air Force Planning and Budgeting Advisor
  4. Air Force Intelligence Advisor
  5. Air Force Operations Advisor
  6. Air Force Human Resources Advisor
  7. Air Force Supply Advisor
  8. Air Potency and Resources Advisor
  9. Air Force Communications and Electronics Advisor

Central Executive Agencies under Air Force Headquarters
IDAF Airmen
  1. Air Force Airworthiness, Aviation Safety and Occupational Center (Pusat Kelaikan, Keselamatan Terbang dan Kerja TNI Angkatan Udara)
  2. Air Force Military Police Center (Pusat Polisi Militer TNI Angkatan Udara /POMAU), POMAU also serve as Air Base Security Force and operate K9 brigade
  3. Air Force Materiel Supply Center (Pusat Pembekalan Materiel TNI Angkatan Udara)
  4. Air Force Aerospance Potential Center (Pusat Potensi Kedirgantaraan)
  5. Air Force Finance Department (Dinas Keuangan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  6. Air Force Information and Data Processing Department (Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan Data TNI Angkatan Udara)
  7. Air Force Research and Development Department (Dinas Penelitian dan Pengembangan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  8. Air Force Signal and Security Department (Dinas Pengamanan dan Sandi TNI Angkatan Udara)
  9. Air Force Aerial Survey and Photography Department ( Dinas Survei dan Pemotretan Udara TNI Angkatan Udara)
  10. Air Force Public Relations and Media Department ( Dinas Penerangan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  11. Air Force Operation Development Department ( Dinas Pengembangan Operasi TNI Angkatan Udara)
  12. Air Force Justice Department (Dinas Hukum TNI Angkatan Udara)
  13. Air Force Personnel Administration Department ( Dinas Administrasi Personel TNI Angkatan Udara)
  14. Air Force Education Department (Dinas Pendidikan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  15. Air Force Personnel Maintenance Department (Dinas Perawatan Personel TNI Angkatan Udara)
  16. Air Force Medical Department ( Dinas Kesehatan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  17. Air Force Psychology Department ( Dinas Psikologi TNI Angkatan Udara)
  18. Air Force Materiel Department ( Dinas Materiil TNI Angkatan Udara)
  19. Air Force Aeronautics Services Division ( Dinas Aeronautika TNI Angkatan Udara)
    Air Force Academy cadets (left), Air Force Military Police (center), and Air Force female personnel (right)
  20. Air Force Communications and Electronics Department ( Dinas Komunikasi dan Elektronika TNI Angkatan Udara)
  21. Air Force Construction Department (Dinas Konstruksi TNI Angkatan Udara)
  22. Air Force Fixed Assets Department (Dinas Barang Tidak Bergera TNI Angkatan Udara)
  23. Air Force Procurement Service (Dinas Pengadaan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  24. Air Force Operations and Training Department ( Dinas Operasi dan Latihan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  25. Air Force Chaplaincy Department ( Dinas Operasi dan Latihan TNI Angkatan Udara)
  26. Air Force Space and Aviation Medicine Agency "Saryanto" ( Lembaga Kesehatan Penerbangan dan Ruang Angkasa "Saryanto" (Lakespra "Saryanto"))

Principal Commands

Speciality Corps
  1. Pilot Corps (Korps Penerbang, abbrv: (PNB)), such as Fighter Pilot, Transport Pilot, and Helicopter Pilot.
  2. Navigator Corps (Korps Navigator, abbrv: (NAV))
  3. Aviation Engineering Corps (Korps Teknik, abbrv: (TEK)), such as Aircraft Engineer, Armaments Engineer and General Construction Engineering.
  4. Electronics Corps (Korps Elektronika, abbrv: (LEK)), This corps is in charge of Avionics, RADAR, Communication and Air Traffic Control
  5. Administration Corps (Korps Administrasi, abbrv: (ADM)), includes : Personnel Administration, Secretariat Administration and Finance Administration.
  6. Supply Corps (Korps Perbekalan, abbrv: (KAL))
  7. Air Force Military Police Corps (Korps Polisi Militer Angkatan Udara / POMAU, abbrv: (POM))
  8. Medical Service Corps of the Air Force (Korps Kesehatan, abbrv: (KES)), includes: Medical Corps, Psychology and Physical Fitness and Sports Service Bureau.
  9. Special Corps (Korps Dinas Khusus, abbrv: (SUS)), consist of Intelligence, Judge Advocate General's Corps, Military Band Service of the Air Force, Information and Communications Technology, Facility and Instrument, Electronic Data Processing, Foreign Language and Meteorology.
  10. Air Force Infantry Corps (Korps Pasukan, abbrv: (PAS)), dedicated corps for Paskhas.
  11. Air Force Women's Service Corps (Wanita Angkatan Udara, abbrv: (WARA)).

Air Bases
Air Force Operational Command 1[64] Air Force Operational Command 2[65] Air Force Operational Command 3[66]
Type A Halim Perdanakusuma Air Base, Jakarta

Air Wing 1:

  • Air Squadron 2 (transport)
  • Air Squadron 17 (VIP)
  • Air Squadron 31 (transport)
  • Air Squadron 45 (VIP)
 Sultan Hasanuddin Air Base, Makassar

Air Wing 5:

  • Air Squadron 5 (recon)
  • Air Squadron 11 (fighter)
  • Air Squadron 33 (transport)
 Manuhua Air Base, Biak
  • Air Squadron 27 (transport)
Atang Senjaya Air Base, Bogor

Air Wing 4:

  • Air Squadron 6 (helicopter)
  • Air Squadron 8 (helicopter)
 Iswahyudi Air Base, Madiun

Air Wing 3:

  • Air Squadron 3 (fighter)
  • Air Squadron 14 (fighter)
  • Air Squadron 15 (fighter)
 Silas Papare Air Base, Jayapura
Roesmin Nurjadin Air Base, Pekanbaru

Air Wing 6:

  • Air Squadron 12 (fighter)
  • Air Squadron 16 (fighter)
 Abdul Rachman Saleh Air Base, Malang

Air Wing 2:

  • Air Squadron 4 (transport)
  • Air Squadron 21 (close air support)
  • Air Squadron 32 (transport)
 El Tari Air Base, Kupang
Supadio Air Base, Pontianak

Air Wing 7:

  • Air Squadron 1 (fighter)
  • Air Squadron 51 (UAV)
 I Gusti Ngurah Rai Air Base, Denpasar
Suyadarma Air Base, Subang

Air Wing 8:

  • Air Squadron 7 (helicopter)
Type B Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Base, Banda Aceh Dhomber Air Base, Balikpapan Johannes Abraham Dimara Air Base, Merauke
Soewondo Air Base, Medan Sam Ratulangi Air Base, Manado Pattimura Air Base, Ambon
Husein Sastranegara Air Base, Bandung Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid Air Base, Mataram
Sutan Sjahrir Air Base, Padang Anang Busra Air Base, Tarakan
Sri Mulyono Herlambang Air Base, Palembang Syamsuddin Noor Air Base, Banjarmasin
Raden Sadjad Air Base, Natuna
Maimun Saleh Air Base, Sabang
Raja Haji Fisabilillah Air Base, Tanjungpinang
Type C Hang Nadim Air Base,[67] Batam Iskandar Air Base, Pangkalan Bun Leo Wattimena Air Base, Morotai
Pangeran M. Bunyamin Air Base, Lampung Haluoleo Air Base, Kendari Dumatubin Air Base, Tual
Haji Abdullah Sanusi Hanandjoeddin Air Base, Belitung Yohanis Kapiyau Air Base, Timika
Wiriadinata Air Base, Tasikmalaya
Sugiri Sukani Air Base (id), Cirebon
General Soedirman Air Base, Purbalingga
Harry Hadisoemantri Air Base (id), Bengkayang

Equipment of the Air Force
Main article: Equipment of the Indonesian Air Force

Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Main article: Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force

Rank Structure
Main article: Indonesian military ranks

In the Air Force, as well as in other armed forces branches in Indonesia, the rank consists of officer known as in Indonesian: "Perwira", NCO "Bintara" and enlisted "Tamtama".

The proper title to address of rank on official document are as follows, all high-ranking officers (Marshal) use their rank followed by "(TNI)", while other officers use their rank followed by respective branch/corps abbreviation. For example, an Air Force colonel from Flying Corps use the title "Kolonel (PNB)", while an Air Force Marshal from Flying Corps use the title "Marsekal (TNI)". Enlisted airmen are not required to put their respective branch/corps specialty.[68]

Note: Indonesia is not a member of NATO, so there is not an official equivalence between the Indonesian military ranks and those defined by NATO. The displayed parallel is approximate and for illustration purposes only.

Officers
Equivalent
NATO Code		OF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D) and student officer
Indonesia
(Edit)
Marsekal Besar Marsekal Marsekal Madya Marsekal Muda Marsekal Pertama Kolonel Letnan Kolonel Mayor Kapten Letnan Satu Letnan Dua
Marshal of the Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice Marshal Air Commodore Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant

Enlisted personnel
Equivalent
NATO Code		OR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Indonesia
(Edit)
Pembantu Letnan Satu Pembantu Letnan Dua Sersan Mayor Sersan Kepala Sersan Satu Sersan Dua Kopral Kepala Kopral Satu Kopral Dua Prajurit Kepala Prajurit Satu Prajurit Dua
Chief Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Sergeant Major Master Sergeant Staff Sergeant Sergeant Master Corporal Corporal Lance Corporal Senior Airman Airman First Class Airman

Notable incidents
  • A Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules crashed on 20 November 1985, killing all 10 crew on board. The aircraft crashed into Mount Sibayak. The aircraft was conducting routine air patrol over Sumatra.
  • A Lockheed C-130 Hercules crashed in Jakarta on 5 October 1991, killing 132 people comprising 119 passengers, 11 crew, and 2 people on ground. Only 1 survivor.
  • An F-16 TS-1604, crashed in Tulungagung on 15 June 1992, but the pilot ejected safely[69][70]
  • An F-16 TS-1607, crashed at Halim Perdana Kusuma AB , on 10 March 1997, killing the pilot Cpt Dwi Sasongko, who was with the "Elang Biru"[71] acrobatic team, due to ejection seat failure.[69][72]
  • A Hawk Mk 53 T-5311 piloted by Maj Syahbudin Nur Hutasuhut and Cpt Masrial and another Hawk T-5310 piloted by Cpt Andis Solichin and Cpt Weko Nartomo from the 15 Air Squadron crashed in a mid-air colission during an acrobatic exercise at the Iswahjudi Air Base on March 28, 2002. All four pilots were killed.[73]
  • A Fokker F-27 crashed on 6 April 2009, killing all 24 occupants comprising 6 crew, an instructor and 17 special forces trainees on board.[74]
  • A Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules, Model 382G-57C, A-1325, c/n 4917[75][76] crashed on 20 May 2009, killing at least 97 people and injuring 15 others, including some on the ground.[76][77] The aeroplane was carrying 98 passengers and 14 crew at the time[78] and was travelling from Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport in Jakarta to West Papua via Sulawesi.[77] Officials have stated that the plane crashed at about 6:30 a.m. around 5–7 kilometres from Iswahyudi Air Force Base.[77] An official statement has not been released.[76]
  • A Fokker 27 crashed on 21 June 2012, 10 people were killed including all 7 crew on board the aircraft and 3 people on the ground. The aircraft crashed into a complex of military housing, and eight buildings were damaged or destroyed. The aircraft was conducting a routine training exercise.
  • An F-16 TS-1643, was destroyed on 16 April 2015 when hydraulic brake failure caused the plane to catch fire and burnt the jet completely at Halim Perdana Kusuma AB. The pilot Ltc Firman Dwi Cahyono escaped with burns.[69][70]
  • An F-16 TS-1609 crashed on 24 June 2015 when its nose landing gear collapsed upon landing at Iswahyudi AB, Madiun, East Java.[69]
  • On 30 June 2015, a Lockheed C-130 Hercules crashed near a residential neighbourhood with 12 crew and 109 passengers on board shortly after taking off from Medan, killing all aboard, along with 22 people on the ground.
  • 20 December 2015: An Indonesian Airforce T-50i Golden Eagle fighter plane had crashed in a flight demonstration during airshow in Adisutjipto Air Force Base in Yogyakarta, killing its two pilots Ltc Sarjono and Cpt Dwi Cahyadi.[79]
  • On 18 December 2016 a Lockheed C-130 crashed while landing at Wamena Airport, killing all 13 passengers and crew aboard.
  • An F-16 TS-1603 skidded off the runway in during landing at the Roesmin Nurjadin Airbase, Pekanbaru, Sumatra on 14 March 2017 and slammed into the tarmac, the two pilots Major Andri Setiawan and First Let. Marko Henderson escaped injury.[69][80]
  • A Hawk 200 registered as TT-0209, crashed on 15 June 2020 around 5 kilometres from Roesmin Nurjadin Airbase, Pekanbaru. No casualties reported on this incident yet.[81]
gollark: There will be increases, but spread out.
gollark: *slowed
gollark: Then the rest of the initial wave will be sloewd.
gollark: First purchasers put it up 100 shards.
gollark: It's self-correcting, I just realised, ish.

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Bibliography

Further reading
  • Carlo Kopp, 'Indonesia's Air Capacity of Critical Concern to Australia,' Australian Aviation magazine, April 1993, pages 32–41
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