Myanmar Army

The Myanmar Army (Burmese: တပ်မတော်(ကြည်း), pronounced [taʔmədɔ̀ tɕí]) is the largest branch of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar (Burma) and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. The Myanmar Army maintains the second largest active force in Southeast Asia after the People's Army of Vietnam.

Myanmar Army
တပ်မတော်(ကြည်း)
The Myanmar Army's flag
Founded	1945 (1945)
Country	Myanmar (Burma)
Type	Ground army
Size	507,000[1] Reserve:Border Guard Force BGF (23 battalions)[2],People's Militia Group PMG (46 groups)[3],University Training Corp UTC ( 5 corps)[4]
Part of	Myanmar Armed Forces
Nickname(s)	Tatmadaw
Anniversaries	27 March 1945
Engagements	Internal conflict in Myanmar
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	Vice Senior General Soe Win
Notable commanders	Major General Aung San General Ne Win Senior General Than Shwe Vice-Senior General Maung Aye

The Myanmar Army had a troop strength of around 350,000 as of 2006.[5] The army has extensive combat experience in fighting insurgents in rough terrains, considering it has been conducting non-stop counter-insurgency operations against ethnic and political insurgents since its inception in 1948.

The force is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Army(ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်(ကြည်း)), currently Vice-Senior General Soe Win, concurrently Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services, with Senior General Min Aung Hlaing as the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services (တပ်မတော်ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်). The highest rank in the Myanmar Army is Senior General, equivalent to Field Marshal position in Western Armies and is currently held by Min Aung Hlaing after being promoted from Vice-Senior General.

In 2011, following transition from military junta government to civilian parliamentary government, the Myanmar Army enacted a military draft for all citizens; all males from the age 18 to 35 and all females age between 18 and 27 years of age can be drafted into military service for two years as enlisted personnel in time of national emergency. The ages for professionals are up to 45 for men and 35 for women for three years service as commissioned and non-commissioned officers.

An official publication has revealed that almost one-quarter of Myanmar's new national budget will be allocated to defence. The Government Gazette reports that 1.8 trillion kyat (about $2 billion at free market rates of exchange), or 23.6 percent of the 2011 budget will go to defence.[6]

Brief history

Post Independence era

Myanmar Army Honour Guards saluting the arrival of Thai delegation in October 2010.

At the time of Myanmar's independence in 1948, the Tatmadaw was weak, small and disunited. Cracks appeared along the lines of ethnic background, political affiliation, organisational origin and different services. Its unity and operational efficiency was further weakened by the interference of civilians and politicians in military affairs, and the perception gap between the staff officers and field commanders. The most serious problem was the tension between ethnic Karen Officers, coming from the British Burma Army and Bamar officers, coming from the Patriotic Burmese Forces (PBF).[7]

In accordance with agreement reached at Kandy Conference in September 1945, the Tatmadaw was reorganised by incorporating the British Burma Army and the Patriotic Burmese Forces. The officer corps shared by ex-PBF officers and officers from British Burma Army and Army of Burma Reserve Organisation (ARBO). The British also decided to form what were known as "Class Battalions" based on ethnicity. There were a total of 15 rifle battalions at the time of independence and four of them were made up of former members of PBF. All influential positions within the War Office and commands were manned with non-former PBF Officers. All services including military engineers, supply and transport, ordnance and medical services, Navy and Air Force were all commanded by former Officers from ABRO and British Burma Army.[7]

Ethnic and Army Composition of Tatmadaw in 1948

Battalion	Ethnic/Army Composition
No. 1 Burma Rifles	Bamar (Burma Military Police)
No. 2 Burma Rifles	Karen majority + Other Non-Bamar Nationalities [commanded by then Lieutenant Colonel Saw Chit Khin [Karen officer from British Burma Army])
No. 3 Burma Rifles	Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Forces
No. 4 Burma Rifles	Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by the then Lieutenant Colonel Ne Win
No. 5 Burma Rifles	Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force
No. 6 Burma Rifles	Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force
No. 1 Karen Rifles	Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 2 Karen Rifles	Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 3 Karen Rifles	Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 1 Kachin Rifles	Kachin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 2 Kachin Rifles	Kachin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 1 Chin Rifles	Chin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 2 Chin Rifles	Chin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO
No. 4 Burma Regiment	Gurkha
Chin Hill Battalion	Chin

Formation and structure

The Army has always been by far the largest service in Myanmar and has always received the lion's share of the defence budget.[8][9] It has played the most prominent part in Myanmar's struggle against the 40 or more insurgent groups since 1948 and acquired a reputation as a tough and resourceful military force. In 1981, it was described as 'probably the best army in Southeast Asia, apart from Vietnam's'.[10] The judgement was echoed in 1983, when another observer noted that "Myanmar's infantry is generally rated as one of the toughest, most combat seasoned in Southeast Asia".[11] In 1985, a foreign journalist with the rare experience of seeing Burmese soldiers in action against ethnic insurgents and narco-armies was 'thoroughly impressed by their fighting skills, endurance and discipline'.[12] Other commentators throughout that time characterised the Myanmar Army as 'the toughest, most effective light infantry jungle force now operating in Southeast Asia'.[13] Even the Thai people, not known to praise the Burmese lightly, have described the Myanmar Army as 'skilled in the art of jungle warfare'.[14]

Organisation

The Myanmar Army had reached some 370,000 active troops in all ranks in the year 2000. There were 337 infantry battalions, including 266 light infantry battalions. Although the Myanmar Army's organisational structure was based upon the regimental system, the basic manoeuvre and fighting unit is the battalion, known as Tat Yinn ((တပ်ရင်း)) in Burmese. This comprised a headquarters unit; five rifle companies Tat Khwe ((တပ်ခွဲ)) with three rifle platoons Tat Su ((တပ်စု)) each; an administration company with medical, transport, logistics and signals units; a heavy weapons company including mortar, machine gun and recoilless gun platoons. Each battalion is commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel Du Ti Ya Bo Hmu Gyi or Du Bo Hmu Gyi with a Major (bo hmu) as 2IC (Second in Command), with a total establishment strength of 27 officers and 723 other ranks. Light infantry battalions in the Myanmar Army have much lower establishment strength of around 500; this often leads to these units being mistakenly identified by the observers and reporters as under strength infantry battalions.

With its significantly increased personnel numbers, weaponry and mobility, today's Tatmadaw Kyee (တပ်မတော်(ကြည်း)) is a formidable conventional defence force for the Union of Myanmar. Troops ready for combat duty have at least doubled since 1988. Logistics infrastructure and Artillery Fire Support has been greatly increased. Its newly acquired military might was apparent in the Tatmadaw's dry season operations against Karen National Union (KNU) strongholds in Manerplaw and Kawmura. Most of the casualties at these battles were the result of intense and heavy bombardment by the Tatmadaw Kyee. The Tatmadaw Kyee is now much larger than it was before 1988, it is more mobile and has greatly improved armour, artillery and air defence inventories. Its C3I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence) systems have been expanded and refined. It is developing larger and more integrated, self-sustained formations to better coordinated action by different combat arms. The army may still have relatively modest weaponry compared to its larger neighbours, but it is now in a much better position to deter external aggression and respond to such a threat should it ever arise, although child soldiers may not perform very well in combating with enemies.[15]

Expansion

The first army division to be formed after the 1988 military coup was the 11th Light Infantry Division (LID) in December 1988 with Colonel Win Myint as commander of the division. In March 1990, a new regional military command was opened in Monywa with Brigadier Kyaw Min as commander and named North-Western Regional Military Command. A year later 101st LID was formed in Pakokku with Colonel Saw Tun as commander. Two Regional Operations Commands (ROC) were formed in Myeik and Loikaw to facilitate command and control. They were commanded respectively by Brigadier Soe Tint and Brigadier Maung Kyi. March 1995 saw a dramatic expansion of the Tatmadaw as it established 11 Military Operations Commands (MOC)s in that month. MOC are similar to Mechanised Infantry Divisions in western armies, each with 10 regular infantry battalions (Chay Hlyin Tatyin), a headquarters, and organic support units including field artillery batteries. Then in 1996, two new RMC were opened, Coastal Region RMC was opened in Myeik with Brigadier Sit Maung as commander and Triangle Region RMC in Kengtung with Brigadier Thein Sein as commander. Three new ROCs were opened in Kalay, Bhamo and Mongsat. In late 1998, two new MOCs were opened in Bokepyin and Mongsat.[16]

The most significant expansion after the infantry in the army was in armour and artillery. Beginning in 1990, the Tatmadaw procured 18 T-69II Main battle tanks and 48 T-63 amphibious light tanks from China. Further procurements were made, including several hundred Type 85 and Type 92 Armoured personnel carriers (APC). By the beginning of 1998, Tatmadaw had about 100+ T-69II Main battle tanks, a similar number of T-63 amphibious light tanks and several T-59D tanks. These tanks and armoured personnel carriers were distributed into five armoured infantry battalions and five tank battalions and formed the first Armoured Division of the Tatmadaw under the name of 71st Armoured Operations Command with its headquarters in Pyawbwe.

Bureau of Special Operations (BSO)

Bureau of Special Operations

Regional Military Commands (RMC)

Bureau of Special Operations (ကာကွယ်ရေးဌာန စစ်ဆင်ရေး အထူးအဖွဲ့) in Myanmar Army are high-level field units equivalent to Field Army in Western terms and consist of 2 or more Regional Military Commands (RMC) and commanded by a lieutenant-general and 6 staff officers.

The units were introduced under the General Staff Office on 28 April 1978 and 1 June 1979. In early 1978, the then Chairman of BSPP General Ne Win visited the North Eastern Command Headquarters in Lashio to receive a briefing about Burmese Communist Party (BCP) insurgents and their military operations. He was accompanied by Brigadier General Tun Ye from Ministry of Defence. Brigadier General Tun Ye was the regional commander of Eastern Command for three years and before that he served in North Eastern Command areas as commander of Strategic Operation Command (SOC) and commander for Light Infantry Division for four years. As BCP military operations were spread across three Regional Military Command (RMC) areas (Northern, Eastern and North Eastern), Brigadier General Tun Ye was the most informed commander about the BCP in Myanmar Army at the time. At the briefing, General Ne Win was impressed by Brigadier General Tun Ye and realised that co-ordination among various Regional Military Commands (RMC) was necessary; thus, decided to form a bureau at the Ministry of Defence.

Originally, the bureau was for "special operations", wherever they were, that needed co-ordination among various Regional Military Commands (RMC). Later, with introduction of another bureau, there was a division of command areas. The BSO-1 was to oversee the operations under the Northern Command, North Eastern Command, the Eastern Command, and the North Western Command. BSO-2 was to oversee operations under the South Eastern Command, South Western Command, Western Command and Central Command.

Initially, the chief of the BSO had the rank of brigadier general. The rank was upgraded to major general on 23 April 1979. in 1990, it was further upgraded to lieutenant general. Between 1995 and 2002, Chief of Staff (Army) jointly held the position of Chief of BSO. However, in early 2002, two more BSO were added to the General Staff Office; therefore there were altogether four BSOs. The fifth BSO was established in 2005 and the sixth in 2007.

Currently there are Six Bureaus of Special Operations in Myanmar order of Battle.[17]

Bureau of Special Operations	Regional Military Commands (RMC)	Chief of Bureau of Special Operations	Notes
Bureau of Special Operations 1	Central Command North Western Command Northern Command	Lt.Gen. Htun Htun Naung
Bureau of Special Operations 2	North Eastern Command Eastern Command Triangle Region Command Eastern Central Command	Lt.Gen. Than Tun Oo
Bureau of Special Operations 3	South Western Command Southern Command Western Command	Lt.Gen. Win Bo Shein
Bureau of Special Operations 4	Coastal Command South Eastern Command	Lt.Gen. Aung Soe
Bureau of Special Operations 5	Yangon Command	Lt.Gen. Thet Pone
Bureau of Special Operations 6	Naypyidaw Command	Lt.Gen. Moe Myint Tun

Regional Military Commands (RMC)

For better command and communication, the Tatmadaw formed Regional Military Commands (တိုင်း စစ်ဌာနချုပ်) structure in 1958. Until 1961, there were only two regional commands, they were supported by 13 Infantry brigades and an infantry division. In October 1961, new regional military commands were opened and leaving only two independent infantry brigades. In June 1963, the Naypyidaw Command was temporarily formed in Yangon with the deputy commander and some staff officers drawn from Central Command. It was reorganised and renamed as Yangon Command on 1 June 1965.[17]

A total of 337 infantry and light infantry battalions organised in Tactical Operations Commands, 37 independent field artillery regiments supported by affiliated support units including armoured reconnaissance and tank battalions. RMCs are similar to corps formations in Western armies. The RMCs, commanded by major general rank officer, are managed through a framework of Bureau of Special Operations (BSOs), which are equivalent to Field Army Group in Western terms.[17]

Regional Military Command (RMC)	Badge	States & Divisions	Headquarters	Strength
Northern Command (မြောက်ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Kachin State	Myitkyina	32 Infantry Battalions
North Eastern Command (အရှေ့မြောက်ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Northern Shan State	Lashio	30 Infantry Battalions
Eastern Command (အရှေ့ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Southern Shan State and Kayah State	Taunggyi	42 Infantry Battalions including 16× Light Infantry Battalions under Regional Operation Command (ROC) Headquarters at Loikaw
South Eastern Command (အရှေ့တောင်တိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Mon State and Kayin State	Mawlamyine	40 × Infantry Battalions
Southern Command (တောင်ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Bago and Magwe Divisions	Toungoo	27 × Infantry Battalions
Western Command (အနောက်ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Rakhine State and Chin State	Ann	31 × Infantry Battalions
South Western Command (အနောက်တောင်တိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Ayeyarwady Division (Irrawaddy Division)	Pathein (Bassein)	11 × Infantry Battalions
North Western Command (အနောက်မြောက်တိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Sagaing Division	Monywa	25 × Infantry Battalions
Yangon Command (ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Yangon Division	Mayangone Township-Kone-Myint-Thar	11 × Infantry Battalions
Coastal Region Command (ကမ်းရိုးတန်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Tanintharyi Division (Tenassarim Division)	Myeik (Mergui)	43 Infantry Battalions including battalions under 2 MOC based at Tavoy
Triangle Region Command (တြိဂံတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Eastern Shan State	Kyaingtong (Kengtung)	23 Infantry Battalions
Central Command (အလယ်ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Mandalay Division	Mandalay	31 Infantry Battalions
Naypyidaw Command (နေပြည်တော်တိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Naypyidaw	Pyinmana	Formed in 2006 – ? × Infantry Battalions
Eastern Central Command (အရှေ့အလယ်ပိုင်းတိုင်းစစ်ဌာနချုပ်)		Middle Shan State	Kho Lam	Formed in 2011 – 7 × Infantry Battalions

Commanders of Regional Military Commands

[17]

Regional Military Command (RMC)	Established	First Commander	Current Commander	Notes
Eastern Command	1961	Brigadier General San Yu	Major General Lin Aung	Initially in 1961, San Yu was appointed as Commander of Eastern Command but was moved to NW Command and replaced with Col. Maung Shwe then.
South Eastern Command	1961	Brigadier General Sein Win	Major General Ko Ko Maung	In 1961 when SE Command was formed, Sein Win was transferred from former Southern Command but was moved to Central Command and replaced with Thaung Kyi then.
Central Command	1961	Colonel Thaung Kyi	Major General Ko Ko Oo	Original NW Command based at Mandalay was renamed Central Command in March 1990 and original Central Command was renamed Southern Command
North Western Command	1961	Brigadier General Kyaw Min	Major General Myo Moe Aung	Southern part of original North western Command in Mandalay was renamed Central Command in March 1990 and northern part of original NW Command was renamed NW Command in 1990.
South Western Command	1961	Colonel Kyi Maung	Major General Aung Aung	Kyi Maung was sacked in 1963 and was imprisoned few times. He became Deputy Chairman of NLD in the 1990s.
Yangon Command	1969	Colonel Thura Kyaw Htin	Major General Nyunt Win Swe	Formed as Naypyidaw Command in 1963 with deputy commander and some staff officers from Central Command. Reformed and renamed Yangon Command on 1 June 1969.
Western Command	1969	Colonel Hla Tun	Major General
North Eastern Command	1972	Colonel Aye Ko	Major General Aung Zaw Aye
Northern Command	1947	Brigadier Ne Win	Major General Tay Zar Kyaw	Original Northern Command was divided into Eastern Command and NW Command in 1961. Current Northern Command was formed in 1969 as a part of reorganisation and is formed northern part of previous NW Command
Southern Command	1947	Brigadier Saw Kya Doe	Major General Myo Win	Original Southern Command in Mandalay was renamed Central Command in March 1990
Triangle Region Command	1996	Brigadier General Thein Sein	Major General Khin Hlaing	Thein Sein later became Prime Minister and elected as President in 2011
Coastal Region Command	1996	Brigadier General Thiha Thura Thura Sit Maung	Major General Saw Than Hlaing
Naypyidaw Command	2005	Brigadier Wei Lwin	Major General Thaung Htike Shwe
Eastern Central Command	2011	Brigadier Mya Tun Oo	Major General Than Hlaing

Regional Operations Commands (ROC)

Regional Operations Commands (ROC)(ဒေသကွပ်ကဲမှု စစ်ဌာနချုပ်) are commanded by a brigadier general, are similar to infantry brigades in Western Armies. Each consists of 4 Infantry battalions (Chay Hlyin Tatyin), HQ and organic support units. Commander of ROC is a position between LID/MOC commander and tactical Operation Command (TOC) commander, who commands three infantry battalions. The ROC commander holds financial, administrative and judicial authority while the MOC and LID commanders do not have judicial authority.[9][18]

Regional Operation Command (ROC)	Headquarters	Notes
Loikaw Regional Operations Command	Loikaw (လွိုင်ကော်) Kayah State
Laukkai Regional Operations Command	Laukkai (လောက်ကိုင်), Shan State
Kalay Regional Operations Command	Kalay (ကလေး), Sagaing Division
Sittwe Regional Operations Command	Sittwe (စစ်တွေ), Yakhine State
Pyay Regional Operations Command	Pyay (ပြည်), Bago Division
Tanaing Regional Operations Command	Tanaing (တနိုင်း), Kachin State	Formerly ROC Bhamo
Wanhseng Regional Operations Command	Wanhseng, Shan State	Formed in 2011[19]

Military Operations Commands (MOC)

Military Operations Commands (MOC) (စစ်ဆင်ရေးကွပ်ကဲမှုဌာနချုပ်), commanded by a brigadier-general are similar to Infantry Divisions in Western Armies. Each consists of 10 Mechanised Infantry battalions equipped with BTR-3 armoured personnel carriers, Headquarters and support units including field artillery batteries. These ten battalions are organised into three Tactical Operations Commands: one Mechanised Tactical Operations Command with BTR-3 armoured personnel carriers, and two Motorized Tactical Operations Command with EQ-2102 6x6 trucks.

MOC are equivalent to Light Infantry Divisions (LID) in the Myanmar Army order of battle as both command 10 infantry battalions through three TOC's (Tactical Operations Commands). However, unlike Light Infantry Divisions, MOC are subordinate to their respective Regional Military Command (RMC) Headquarters.[18] Members of MOC does not wear distinguished arm insignias and instead uses their respective RMC's arm insignias. For example, MOC-20 in Kawthaung wore the arm insignia of Costal Region Military Command.

Military Operation Command (MOC)	Headquarters	Notes
1st Military Operations Command (MOC-1)	Kyaukme, Shan State
2nd Military Operations Command (MOC-2)	Mong Nawng Shan State
3rd Military Operations Command (MOC-3)	Mogaung ( Kachin State
4th Military Operations Command (MOC-4)	Hpugyi, Yangon Region	Designated Airborne Division
5th Military Operations Command (MOC-5)	Taungup, Rakhine State
6th Military Operations Command (MOC-6)	Pyinmana (ပျဉ်းမနား), Mandalay Region
7th Military Operations Command (MOC-7)	Hpegon (ဖယ်ခုံ), Shan State
8th Military Operations Command (MOC-8)	Dawei (ထားဝယ်), Tanintharyi Region
9th Military Operations Command (MOC-9)	Kyauktaw (ကျောက်တော်), Rakhine State
10th Military Operations Command (MOC-10)	Kyigon (ကျီကုန်း (ကလေးဝ)), Sagaing Region
11th Military Operations Command (MOC-11)
12th Military Operations Command (MOC-12)	Kawkareik (ကော့ကရိတ်), Kayin State
13th Military Operations Command (MOC-13)	Bokpyin (ဘုတ်ပြင်း), Tanintharyi Region
14th Military Operations Command (MOC-14)	Mong Hsat (မိုင်းဆတ်), Shan State
15th Military Operations Command (MOC-15)	Buthidaung (ဘူးသီးတောင်), Rakhine State
16th Military Operations Command (MOC-16)	Theinni (သိန်းနီ), Shan State
17th Military Operations Command (MOC-17)	Mong Pan (မိုင်းပန်), Shan State
18th Military Operations Command (MOC-18)	Mong Hpayak (မိုင်းပေါက်), Shan State
19th Military Operations Command (MOC-19)	Ye (ရေး), Mon State
20th Military Operations Command (MOC-20)	Kawthaung (ကော့သောင်း), Tanintharyi Region
21st Military Operations Command (MOC-21)	Bhamo (ဗန်းမော်), Kachin State

Light Infantry Divisions (LID)

Light Infantry Division (Chay Myan Tat Ma or Ta Ma Kha), commanded by a brigadier general, each with 10 Light Infantry Battalions organised under 3 Tactical Operations Commands, commanded by a Colonel, (3 battalions each and 1 reserve), 1 Field Artillery Battalion, 1 Armour Squadron and other support units.[9][18]

These divisions were first introduced to the Myanmar Army in 1966 as rapid reaction mobile forces for strike operations. 77th Light Infantry Division was formed on 6 June 1966, followed by 88th Light Infantry Division and 99th Light Infantry Division in the two following years. 77th LID was largely responsible for the defeat of the Communist forces of the CPB (Communist Party of Burma) based in the forested hills of the central Bago Mountains in the mid-1970s. Three more LIDs were raised in the latter half of the 1970s (the 66th, 55th and 44th) with their headquarters at Pyay, Aungban and Thaton. They were followed by another two LIDs in the period prior to the 1988 military coup (the 33rd LID with headquarters at Sagaing and the 22nd LID with headquarters at Hpa-An). 11th LID was formed in December 1988 with headquarters at Inndine, Bago Division and 101st LID was formed in 1991 with its headquarters at Pakokku.[9][18]

Each LID, commanded by Brigadier General (Bo hmu gyoke) level officers, consists of 10 light infantry battalions specially trained in counter-insurgency, jungle warfare, "search and destroy" operations against ethnic insurgents and narcotics-based armies. These battalions are organised under three Tactical Operations Commands (TOC; Nee byu har). Each TOC, commanded by a Colonel (Bo hmu gyi), is made up of three or more combat battalions, with command and support elements similar to that of brigades in Western armies. One infantry battalion is held in reserve. As of 2000, all LIDs have their own organic Field Artillery units. For example, 314th Field Artillery Battery is now attached to 44th LID. Some of the LID battalions have been given Parachute and Air Borne Operations training and two of the LIDs have been converted to mechanised infantry formation with divisional artillery, armoured reconnaissance and tank battalions[9]

LIDs are considered to be a strategic asset of the Myanmar Army, and after the 1990 reorganisation and restructuring of the Tatmadaw command structure, they are now directly answerable to Chief of Staff (Army).[9][18]

Light Infantry Division (LID)	Badge	Year formed	Headquarters	First Commander	Current Commander	Notes
11th Light Infantry Division	11th Light Infantry Division	1988	Inndine	Col. Win Myint		Formed after 1988 military coup.
22nd Light Infantry Division	22nd Light Infantry Division	1987	Hpa-An	Col. Tin Hla		Involved in crackdown of unarmed protestors during 8.8.88 democracy uprising
33rd Light Infantry Division	33rd Light Infantry Division	1984	Mandalay/later Sagaing	Col. Kyaw Ba		Involved in crackdown against the Rohingya in northern Rakhine state[20] Involved in the Kachin conflict
44th Light Infantry Division		1979	Thaton	Col. Myat Thin
55th Light Infantry Division		1980	Sagaing/later Kalaw	Col. Phone Myint
66th Light Infantry Division		1976	Innma	Col. Taung Zar Khaing
77th Light Infantry Division		1966	Hmawbi/later Bago	Col. Tint Swe
88th Light Infantry Division		1967	Magway	Col. Than Tin
99th Light Infantry Division		1968	Meiktila	Col. Kyaw Htin		Involved in crackdown against the Rohingya in northern Rakhine state[20]
101st Light Infantry Division	101st Light Infantry Division	1991	Pakokku	Col. Saw Tun		Units of 101st LID were deployed during the purge of Military Intelligence faction in 2004.

Missile, Artillery and armoured units

Missile, Artillery and armoured units were not used in an independent role, but were deployed in support of the infantry by the Ministry of Defence as required. The Directorate of Artillery and Armour Corps was also divided into separate corps in 2001. The Directorate of Artillery and Missile Corps was also divided into separate corps in 2009. A dramatic expansion of forces under these directorates followed with the equipment procured from China, Russia, Ukraine and India.[9] [18]

Directorate of Missiles

No(1) Missile Operational Command MOC(1)

• HQ battalion
• 10 Missile Battalions:

Directorate of Artillery

707th Artillery Operation Command

No. 1 Artillery Battalion was formed in 1952 with three artillery batteries under the Directorate of Artillery Corps. A further three artillery battalions were formed in the late 1952. This formation remained unchanged until 1988. Since 2000, the Directorate of Artillery Corps has overseen the expansion of Artillery Operations Commands(AOC) from two to 10. Tatmadaw's stated intention is to establish an organic Artillery Operations Command in each of the 12 Regional Military Command Headquarters. Each Artillery Operation Command is composed of the following:[17]

As of 2000, the Artillery wing of the Tatmadaw has about 60 battalions and 37 independent Artillery companies/batteries attached to various Regional Military Commands (RMC), Light Infantry Divisions (LID), Military Operation Command (MOC) and Regional Operation Command (ROC). For example, 314th Artillery Battery is under 44th LID, 326 Artillery Battery is attached to 5th MOC, 074 Artillery Battery is under the command of ROC (Bhamo) and 076 Artillery Battery is under North-Eastern RMC. Twenty of these Artillery battalions are grouped under 707th Artillery Operation Command (AOC) headquarters in Kyaukpadaung and 808th Artillery Operation Command (AOC) headquarters in Oaktwin, near Taungoo. The remaining 30 battalions, including 7 Anti-Aircraft artillery battalions are under the Directorate of Artillery Corps.[9] [18]

Artillery Operations Command (AOC)

• HQ battalion
• 12 Artillery battalions:
  • 6 Light Field artillery battalion equipped with 105 mm, 76 mm, 75 mm howitzers, field guns and mountain guns,
  • 3 Medium Field Artillery battalion equipped with 155 mm, 130 mm, 122 mm howitzers and field guns,
  • 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher battalion equipped with 122 mm self-propelled and towed launchers,
  • 1 Air Defence Artillery battalion with 37 mm, 57 mm Anti-Aircraft guns or SA 18 IGLAs) man portable surface-to-air missiles and
  • 1 target acquisition battalion.
• support units

Light field artillery battalions consists of 3 field artillery batteries with 36 field guns or howitzers (12 guns per battery). Medium artillery battalions consists of 3 medium artillery batteries of 18 field guns or howitzers (6 guns per one battery).[17] As of 2011, all field guns of Myanmar Artillery Corps are undergoing upgrade programs including GPS Fire Control Systems.

Artillery Operations Command (AOC)	Headquarters	Notes
505th Artillery Operations Command	Myeik(မြိတ်)
707th Artillery Operations Command	Kyaukpadaung(ကျောက်ပန်းတောင်း)
606th Artillery Operations Command	Thaton(သထုံ)
808th Artillery Operations Command	Oak Twinn(အုပ်တွင်းမြို့)
909th Artillery Operations Command	Mong Khon--Kengtung
901st Artillery Operations Command	Baw Net Gyi(ဘောနက်ကြီး--ပဲခူးတိုင်း)
902nd Artillery Operations Command	[NAUNG HKIO)
903rd Artillery Operations Command	[AUNG BAN)
904th Artillery Operations Command	Mohnyin(မိုးညှင်း)
905th Artillery Operations Command	Padein--Ngape

Directorate of Armour

No. 1 Armour Company and No. 2 Armour Company were formed in July 1950 under the Directorate of Armour and Artillery Corps with Sherman tanks, Stuart light tanks, Humber Scout Cars, Ferret armoured cars and Universal Bren Carriers. These two companies were merged on 1 November 1950 to become No. 1 Armour Battalion with Headquarters in Mingalardon. On 15 May 1952 No. Tank Battalion was formed with 25 Comet tanks acquired from the United Kingdom. The Armour Corps within Myanmar Army was the most neglected one for nearly thirty years since the Tatmadaw had not procured any new tanks or armoured carriers since 1961.

Armoured divisions, known as Armoured Operations Command (AROC), under the command of Directorate of Armour Corps, were also expanded in number from one to two, each with four Armoured Combat battalions equipped with Infantry fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers, three tank battalions equipped with main battle tanks and three Tank battalions equipped with light tanks. [18] In mid-2003, Tamadaw acquired 139+ T-72 main battle tanks from Ukraine and signed a contract to build and equip a factory in Myanmar to produce and assemble 1,000 BTR armoured personnel carriers in 2004.[21] In 2006, the Government of India transferred an unspecified number of T-55 main battle tanks that were being phased out from active service to Tatmadaw along with 105 mm light field guns, armoured personnel carriers and indigenous HAL Light Combat Helicopters in return for Tatmadaw's support and co-operation in flushing out Indian insurgent groups operating from its soil.[22]

Armoured Operations Command (AROC)

Armoured Operations Commands (AROC) are equivalent to Independent armoured divisions in western terms. Currently there are 5 Armoured Operations Commands under Directorate of Armoured Corps in the Tatmadaw order of battle. Tatmadaw planned to establish an AROC each in 7 Regional Military Commands.[17] Typical armoured divisions in the Myanmar Army are composed of Headquarters, Three Armored Tactical Operations Command – each with one mechanised infantry battalion equipped with 44 BMP-1 or MAV-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicles, Two Tank Battalions equipped with 44 main battle tanks each, one armoured reconnaissance battalion equipped with 32 Type-63A Amphibious Light Tanks, one field artillery battalion and a support battalion. The support battalion is composed of an engineer squadron, two logistic squadrons, and a signal company.[17]

The Myanmar Army acquired about 150 refurbished EE-9 Cascavel armoured cars from an Israeli firm in 2005.[23] Classified in the army's service as a light tank, the Cascavel is currently deployed in the eastern Shan State and triangle regions near the Thai border.

Armoured Operations Command (ArOC)	Headquarters	Notes
71st Armoured Operations Command	Pyawbwe (ပျော်ဘွယ်)
72nd Armoured Operations Command	(အုန်းတော)
73rd Armoured Operations Command	(မလွန်)
74th Armoured Operations Command	(အင်းတိုင်)
75th Armoured Operations Command	(သာဂရ)

Bureau of Air Defence

The Air Defence Command was formed during the late 1990s but was not fully operational until late 1999. It was renamed Bureau of Air Defence in the early 2000s (decade). In early 2000, Tatmadaw established Myanmar Integrated Air Defence System (MIADS) with help from Russia, Ukraine and China. It is a tri-service bureau with units from all three branches of Myanmar Armed Forces. All Air Defence assets except Anti-Aircraft Artillery within Tatmadaw arsenal are integrated into MIADS. AAA guns are mostly unguided and deploy to use in barrage-style firing against attacking aircraft. MIADS is directly answerable to Bureau of Air Defence under Ministry of Defence.[17]

In 2010, Myanmar Air Defence Command has completed installation of optical fibre communication network throughout the country. Those network are to be used for Air defence operations between Central Command HQ from capital & several air bases, early warning radar stations & mobile anti air craft missile & artillery units. After completion of fibre optic project & radar stations, MIADS (Myanmar Integrated Air Defence System) becomes the most advance AD system in the region.

Chief of Staff of Air Defence	Years	Notes
Lt. General Soe Win	1997–2004	Later became Prime Minister
Lt. General Myint Hlaing	2004–2010	Later became Union Minister for Agricultural and Irrigation
Lt. General Sein Win	2010–2015	Later became Union Minister for Defense
Lt. General Tin Maung Win	2016–

Sector Operations Commands

Under MIADS, the country was divided into six Air Defence Sectors, each controlled by a Sector Operations Center (SOC) and reporting directly to the National Air Defence Operations Centre (ADOC) in Yangon. Each SOC transmitted data back to Intercept Operations Centers (IOC), which in turn controlled surface-to-air missile batteries and fighter/interceptor squadrons at various Air Bases. Each IOC was optimised to direct either SAMs or fighter/interceptor aircraft against incoming enemy aircraft or missile. Each IOC was connected to observer and early warning area reporting posts (RP) via military owned underground fibre optic cable network. There were about 100 radar stations located at approximately 40 sites throughout the country. New Air Defence radars such as 1L117 radars, Galaxy Early Warning Radar and P series radars are installed in all radar stations.[17]

Each Sector Operation Center (SOC) is commanded by a major general and it consists of one air defence division from Myanmar Army and one fighter-interceptor wing from Myanmar Air Force. Sometimes Air Defence Frigates from Myanmar Navy also operate under the direct command of respective SOC.

Each Air Defence division is commanded by a brigadier general and consists of three Air Defence Tactical Operations Command (TOC) and support units. One Medium Range Surface to Air Missile Tactical Operations Command (MRSAM-TOC), with three battalions equipped with Buk M-1 or Kub missile system is deployed in an Area Defence Belt role. One Short Range Air Defence Tactical Operations Command (SHORAD-TOC), with three battalions equipped with Tor M-1 missile system is deployed in a Point Defence role for critical areas such as radar stations, fighter bases and SOC headquarters. One Electronic Reconnaissance Tactical Operations Command (EIR-TOC) with 6 to 8 radar and communication companies for early warnings and interdiction detection.

Each fighter-interceptor wing commanded by a brigadier general and is composed of three Fighter squadrons of either MiG-29 and F-7M AirguardiInterceptors (ten aircraft per squadron) and their ground base support units.[17]

Sector Operation Centers	Headquarters	Notes
Northern SOC	Myitkyina
Southern SOC	Myeik
Western SOC	Sittwe
Eastern SOC	Tachilek
South Eastern SOC	Yay
Central SOC	Meiktila

Directorate of Signal

Soon after the independence in 1948, Myanmar Signal Corps was formed with units from Burma Signals, also known as "X" Branch. It consisted HQ Burma Signals, Burma Signal Training Squadron (BSTS) and Burma Signals Squadron. HQ Burma Signals was located within War Office. BSTS based in Pyain Oo Lwin was formed with Operating Cipher Training Troop, Dispacth Rider Training Troop, Lineman Training Troop, Radio Mechanic Training Troop and Regimental Signals Training Troop. BSS, based in Mingalardon, had nince sections: Administration Troop, Maintenance Troop, Operating Troop, Cipher Troop, Lineman and Dispatch Rider Troop, NBSD Signals Troop, SBSD Signals Troop, Mobile Brigade Signals Toop and Arakan Signals Toop. The then Chief of Signal Staff Officer (CSO) was Lieutenant Colonel Saw Aung Din. BSTS and BSS were later renamed No. 1 Signal Battalion and No.1 Signal Training Battalion. In 1952, the Infantry Divisional Signals Regiment was formed and later renamed to No. 2 Signal Battalion. HQ Burma Signals was reorganised and became Directorate Signal and the director was elevated to the rank of Colonel. In 1956, No. 1 Signal Security Battalion was formed, followed by No. 3 Signal Battalion in November 1958 and No.4 Signal Battalion in October 1959.

In 1961, signal battalions were reorganised as No. 11 Signal Battalion under North Eastern Regional Military Command, No. 121 Signal Battalion under Eastern Command, No. 313 Signal Battalion under Central Command, No.414 Signal Battalion under South Western Command, and No. 515 Signal Battalion under South Eastern Command. No.1 Signal Training Battalion was renamed Burma Signal Training Depot (Baho-Setthweye-Tat).

By 1988, Directorate of Signals command one training depot, eight signal battalions, one signal security battalion, one signal store depot and two signal workshops. Signal Corps under Directorate of Signal further expanded during 1990 expansion and reorganisation of Myanmar Armed Forces. By 2000, a signal battalion is attached to each Regional Military Command and signal companies are now attached to Light Infantry Divisions and Military Operations Commands.

In 2000, Command, Control and Communication system of Myanmar Army has been substantially upgraded by setting up the military fibre optic communication network managed by Directorate of Signal throughout the country. Since 2002 all Myanmar Army Regional Military Command HQs used its own telecommunication system. Satellite communication links are also provided to forward-deployed infantry battalions. However, battle field communication systems are still poor. Infantry units are still using TRA 906 and PRM 4051 which were acquired from UK in the 1980s. Myanmar Army also uses the locally built TRA 906 Thura and Chinese XD-D6M radio sets. Frequency hopping handsets are fitted to all front line units.[24]

Between 2000 and 2005, Myanmar army bought 50 units of Brett 2050 Advanced Tech radio set from Aussie through third party from Singapore. Those units are distributed to ROCs in central & upper regions to use in counterinsurgency operations.[17][18]

Directorate of Medical Services

Main article: Directorate of Medical Services

At the time of independence in 1948, the medical corps has two Base Military Hospitals, each with 300 beds, in Mingalardon and Pyin Oo Lwin, a Medical Store Depot in Yangon, a Dental Unit and six Camp Reception Stations located in Myitkyina, Sittwe, Taungoo, Pyinmana, Bago and Meikhtila. Between 1958 and 1962, the medical corps was restructred and all Camp Reception Stations were reorganised into Medical Battalions.

In 1989, Directorate of Medical Services has significantly expanded along with the infantry. In 2007, there are two 1,000-bed Defence Services General Hospitals (Mingalardon and Naypyitaw), two 700-bed hospitals in Pyin Oo Lwin and Aung Ban, two 500-bed military hospitals in Meikhtila and Yangon, one 500-bed Defence Services Orthopedic Hospital in Mingalardon, two 300-bed Defence Services Obstetric, Gynecological and Children hospitals (Mingalardon and Naypyitaw), three 300-bed Military Hospitals (Myitkyina, Ann and Kengtung), eighteen 100-bed Military Hospitals (Mongphyet, Baan, Indaing, Bahtoo, Myeik, Pyay, Loikaw, Namsam, Lashio, Kalay, Mongsat, Dawai, Kawthaung, Laukai, Thandaung, Magway, Sittwe, and Hommalin), fourteen field medical battalions, which are attached to various Regional Military Commands throughout the country. Each Field Medical Battalion consist of 3 Field Medical Companies with 3 Field Hospital Units and a specialist team each. Health & Disease Control Unit (HDCU) is responsible for prevention, control & eradication of diseases.

Units	Headquarter	RMC
Medical Corps Centre	Hmawbi	Yangon Command
No.(1) Field Medical Battalion	Mandalay	Central Command
No.(2) Field Medical Battalion	Taunggyi	Eastern Command
No.(3) Field Medical Battalion	Taungoo	Southern Command
No.(4) Field Medical Battalion	Pathein	South Western Command
No.(5) Field Medical Battalion	Mawlamyaing	South Eastern Command
No.(6) Field Medical Battalion	Hmawbi	Yangon Command
No.(7) Field Medical Battalion	Monywa	North Western Command
No.(8) Field Medical Battalion	Sittwe	Western Command
No.(9) Field Medical Battalion	Mohnyin	Northern Command
No.(10) Field Medical Battalion	Lashio	North Eastern Command
No.(11) Field Medical Battalion	Bhamo	Northern Command
No.(12) Field Medical Battalion	Kengtung	Triangle Region Command
No.(13) Field Medical Battalion	Myeik	Coastal Region Command
No.(14) Field Medical Battalion	Taikkyi	Yangon Command
Health and Disease Control Unit	Mingaladon	Yangon Command

Training

See: Military Training in Myanmar

[9][17][18]

Defence academies and colleges

Flags	Academies	Locations
	National Defence College – NDC	Naypyidaw (နေပြည်တော်)
	Defence Services Command and General Staff College – DSCGSC	Kalaw (ကလော)
	Defence Services Academy – DSA	Pyin U Lwin (ပြင်ဦးလွင်)
	Defence Services Technological Academy – DSTA	Pyin U Lwin (ပြင်ဦးလွင်)
	Defence Services Medical Academy – DSMA	Yangon (ရန်ကုန်)
	Military Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Science – MINP	Yangon (ရန်ကုန်)
	Military Computer And Technological Institute – MCTI (Former Military Technological College-MTC, Pyin Oo Lwin	Hopong (ဟိုပုံး)

Training schools

Badge	Training Schools	Locations
	Officer Training School – OTS	Fort Ba Htoo
	Basic Army Combat Training School	Fort Ba Htoo
	1st Army Combat Forces School	Fort Ba Htoo
	2nd Army Combat Forces School	Fort Bayinnaung
	Artillery Training School	Mone Tai
	Armour Training School	Maing Maw
	Electronic Warfare School	Pyin U Lwin
	Engineer School	Pyin U Lwin
	Information Warfare School	Yangon
	Air, Land and Paratroops Training School	Hmawbi
	Special Forces School	Fort Ye Mon

Ranks and insignia

See: Army ranks and insignia of Myanmar

The various rank of the Myanmar Army are listed below in descending order:[17]

Commissioned officers

Note: Senior General (OF-10) is the highest rank in Myanmar Armed Forces.

Myanmar title	ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး	ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး	ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး	ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး	ဗိုလ်ချုပ်	ဗိုလ်မှူးချုပ်
MLC TS	Bo Gyoke Hmu Gyi	Du Bo Gyoke Hmu Gyi	Bo Gyoke Kyee	Du Bo Gyoke Kyee	Bo Gyoke	Bo Hmu Gyoke
Abbreviation	ဗခမက	ဒုဗခမက	ဗခက	ဒုဗခက	ဗခ	ဗမခ
Western Version	Senior General	Vice Senior General	General	Lieutenant General	Major General	Brigadier General
UK equivalent	Field Marshal	nil	General	Lieutenant General	Major General	Brigadier
NATO Code	OF-10	OF-9		OF-8	OF-7	OF-6

Myanmar title	ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး	ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး	ဗိုလ်မှူး	ဗိုလ်ကြီး	ဗိုလ်	ဒုတိယဗိုလ်
MLC TS	Bo Hmu Gyi	Du Bo Hmu Gyi	Bo Hmu	Bo Gyi	Bo	Du Bo
Abbreviation	ဗမက	ဒုဗမက	ဗမ	ဗက	ဗ	ဒုဗ
Western Version	Colonel	Lieutenant Colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant	Second Lieutenant
UK equivalent	Colonel	Lieutenant Colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant	Second Lieutenant
NATO Code	OF-5	OF-4	OF-3	OF-2	OF-1

Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs)

Non-commissioned officers are referred to as Saya(ဆရာ), meaning Teacher, by both enlisted men and officers. Regiment Sergeant Major, Company Sergeant Majors are bo lay(ဗိုလ်လေး) escThis Master Sergeant/ Sergeant are referred to as Sayagyi (ဆရာကြီး), literally meaning "Old Teacher", are referred to as Saya and Corporal/Lance Corporal as Sayalay(ဆရာလေး). These unofficial ranks are used throughout the daily life of all branches. Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO) within the Myanmar Armed Forces are usually seasoned veteran soldiers. Thus both Officers and enlisted men refer to them as "teacher" out of respect.

Myanmar title	အရာခံဗိုလ်	ဒုအရာခံဗိုလ်	တပ်ခွဲတပ်ကြပ်ကြီး	တပ်ကြပ်ကြီး	တပ်ကြပ်	ဒုတပ်ကြပ်	တပ်သား	တပ်သားသစ်
MLC TS	Ayagan Bo	Du-Ayagan Bo	Tatkhwè Tatkyatkyi	Tatkyatkyi	Tatkyat	Du-Tatkyat	Tet Thar	Tet Thar Teet
Western Version	Warrant Officer	Regimental Sergeant Major	Staff Sergeant	Sergeant	Corporal	Lance Corporal	Private	Private Recruit
UK equivalent	Warrant Officer Class One	Warrant Officer Class Two	Staff Sergeant	Sergeant	Corporal	Lance Corporal	Private	Private Recruit

Order of battle

[17][18]

• 14 x Regional Military Commands (RMC) organised in 6 Bureau of Special Operations (BSO)
• 6 x Regional Operations Commands (ROC)
• 20 × Military Operations Commands (MOC) including 1 x Airborne Infantry Division
• 10 x Light Infantry Divisions (LID)
• 10 x Armoured Operation Commands (AOC) (Each with 6 Tank Battalions and 4 Armoured Infantry Battalions (IFVs/APCs).)
• 10 x Artillery Operation Commands (AOC) (with of 113 Field Artillery Battalions)
• 6 x Anti-Aircraft Artillery/Air Defence Division (Each with 3 × Medium Range SAM Battalions, 3 × Short Range SAM Battalions, 3 × AAA/AD Battalion)
• 40+ Military Affair Security Companies (MAS Units replaces former Military Intelligence Units after the disbandment of the Directorate of Defence Service Intelligence (DDSI))
• 45 Advanced Signal Battalions
• 54 Field Engineer Battalions
• 4 Armoured Engineer Battalions
• 14 Medical Battalions

Equipment

Armoured vehicles

Photo	Model	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
Tank
	VT-1A	Main battle tank	50[25]	Pakistan  China
	T-72S	Main battle tank	139[26][27][28]	Ukraine  Soviet Union	Purchased from Ukraine. Three regiments are equipped with 48 tanks apiece.[29]
	Type-69,Type-69-II[30]	Main battle tank	130 [30]	China	50 Type-69 main battle tanks[30] and 80 Type-69II main battle tanks[31][32][30]
	T-55	Medium tank	10[26]	India  Soviet Union	Acquired from India.
	Type-59D[33]	Main battle tank	160[34]	China	Probably Second hand.Type-59 rebuilt to Type-59D before delivery.
	Type 62[30]	Light tank	105[30] [35]	China
	Type 63[36]	Light tank	+150[36] [37]	China	More than 150 including 55 ordered in 1989 from PRC and delivered between 1989 and 1990 and 50 ordered in 1993 from PRC and delivered in 1993.[36]Seen in ‘Sin Phyu Shin’ joint military exercises 14 march 2018 [38]
[39]	105mm light tank based on 2S1 chassis[40]	light tank	1 prototype unveiled in 2019[41]	Myanmar
Armoured Vehicle / Infantry Fighting Vehicle
	Type 85	Armoured personnel carrier	250[42]	China	100 received in 1990 and 150 received in 1993.[36]
	Type 90 AFV	Armoured personnel carrier	55[21]	China
	MT-LB	Armoured personnel carrier	26[43][44]	Ukraine  Soviet Union	200 planned. Currently 26 in service according to Military Balance IISS 2017.
	BTR-3U	Infantry fighting vehicle, Armoured personnel carrier	more than 500 in service(1000planned)[45][27] [46]	Ukraine	Kiev signed a US$ 500 million contract in 2004 to supply some 1000 BTR-3U light-armoured personnel carriers (APC)[47][48][49] Purchased as kits to be assembled locally.The assemblement of 1000 units will be accomplished before 2013.[27] [50]
	BTR-4E(similar to BTR-4U)[51]	Infantry fighting vehicle, Armoured personnel carrier	Unknown	Ukraine	Ukraine’s military import/export agency has signed a joint venture agreement with Myanmar (formerly Burma) for the construction of an armoured vehicle assembly plant for BTR-4[52]
	BAAC-87	Infantry fighting vehicle, Armored personnel carrier	25[53]	Myanmar
	BAAC-83	Infantry fighting vehicle, Armored personnel carrier	11[54]	Myanmar
	BAAC-73	Armored personnel carrier	20[55]	Myanmar
	BAAC-84[56]	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	Unknown	Myanmar	[57]
	BAAC-85 [58]	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	Unknown	Myanmar	[59]
	BAAC-86[60]	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	Unknown	Myanmar	[61]
	BMP-1[62]	Armoured personnel carrier	+50[27]	Soviet Union	According to Sino Defence,more than 50units received from People Republic of China.[63]
	WMA-301 Assaulter(PTL-02) and Type-92B(WZ-551)	Infantry fighting vehicle, Armored personnel carrier	176units (100 units of WMA-301 Assaulter(also known as PTL-02 Tank Destroyer) and 76 units of Type-92B(WZ-551)[64][64][44])	China	WMA-301 Assaulter(PLA02) tank destroyer (delivered between 2012 and 2015).Type-92B(WZ-531) (delivered between 2012 and 2013)[44][44][65] Both seen on Armed Forces Day Parade
	EE-9 Cascavel	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	150[23]	Brazil	Sold by Israel, based in eastern Shan State and triangle regions near Thai-Myanmar border.[66]
	ULARV-1(4x4)[67]	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	Unknown	Myanmar	14.5 mm machine gun[68]
	ULARV-2(4x4)[69]	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	Unknown	Myanmar	14.5 mm machine gun and short range Igla turrent[70]
	ULARV-3 (6x6)	armoured reconnaissance vehicle	1[71]	Myanmar	One prototype unveiled in 2012. Mass production expected in 2015 but this procurement program put on hold and replaced by BTR-3 procurement program.
	BRDM-2	Amphibious Armoured Scout Car	33[72]	Russia	Received in early 2020.
	Ferret	Armoured car	45[73]	UK
	Panhard AML	Armoured car	50[74]	France	Modernized by Israel
	Panhard M3[75]	Armoured personnel carrier	10[26]	France	Modernized by Israel
	MPV[76]	Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected	10[26]	India	Mine protected armoured personnel carrier.
Light Armoured Vehicle
	Humber Pig	Armoured personnel carrier	40[26]	UK
	MAV-1(4x4)[77][78]	Armoured personnel carrier	44[79]	Myanmar	1983–1991 locally made 12.7mm machine gun
	MAV-2[80]	Armoured Personal Carrier	Unknown	Myanmar	20 mm machine gun and 7.62 sub-machine gun[81]
	MAV-3(4x4)[82]	Armoured Personal Carrier	Unknown	Myanmar	20 mm machine gun and 7.62 mm sub-machine gun[83]
	MAV-4(4x4)[84]	Armoured Personal Carrier	Unknown	Myanmar	0.5 inch machine gun[85]
	Naung Yoe Jeep[86]	Light Armoured Vehicle	Unknown	Myanmar	Machine gun[87]
	ZFB-05	Armoured Personal Carrier	10[64]	China	Received in 2011[64]
	YW-531H[30]	Armoured Personal Carrier	150[30]	China	Export variant of Type 63 (armoured personnel carrier)
Armoured Engineering Vehicle
	Type 84[88]	Armoured vehicle-launched bridge	16	China	Seen on Local MRTV
	Type 653[75]	Armoured recovery vehicle	18	China
	GSL-130[89]	Armoured Mine Sweeper	Unknown	China	Armoured mine sweeper which is based on WZ-131 chasis

Artillery

Photo	Model	Origin	Quantity	Notes
Self-propelled artillery
	SY-400	China[90]	unknown	300 mm rocket Artillery System and BP-12A ballistic missile.The first batch received in early 2020.[91]
	M-1991 240 mm multiple rocket launcher[92][27]	North Korea	90[93]	M1991 MRLS has 22 launching tubes and fires the same 240-mm rockets as the M-1985 MRLS.[94]
	M-1985 240 mm multiple rocket launcher[95]	North Korea[96][97]	26[36]	Reports in 2008 and 2010 indicate that North Korea had completed two deliveries of larger caliber truck-mounted MLRS to Myanmar.[98][99]According to SIPRI Trade Register,26units ordered in 2007 and they were received in 2009 and 2010.[36]
	BM-21	Soviet Union	230[100]	Used during Battle of Border Post 9631with Thais, Seen on Local TV
	Type-81 122 mm Multiple Launch Rocket System	China[36][101]	20[36]	122mm Multiple Launch Rocket System.Ordered in 2010 and received in 2012.[36]
	Type-90 122 mm Multiple Launch Rocket System	China[102]	90[103]	122mm Multiple Launch Rocket System
	MAM-01 120 mm Multiple Launch Rocket System	Myanmar	Unknown (under in mass production since 2010)	122 mm Multiple Launch Rocket Launcher. Each MAM-01 MLRS consists of 40 rocket launchers with loader which is fitted on the locally made Miltruk chassis. According to local sources, MAM-01's technology is based on North Korean and Chinese designs. The maximum range is more than 40km.[104]
	MAM-02 240 mm Multiple Launch Rocket System	Myanmar	12 units unveiled in 2017 Armed Force Day Parade.	240 mm Multiple Launch Rocket Launcher.[105]
	Type 63	China	30[42]	107 mm multiple rocket launcher.
	Norinco SH1	China[106]	87	155 mm self-propelled howitzer.Many reliable sourse were described that Myanmar is possessing 150 numbers of SH-1 Self-propelled gun.[107][27]
	2S1 Gvozdika Self-propelled artillery	Soviet Union	Unknown	Ukraine’s military import/export agency, has signed a joint venture agreement with Myanmar for the construction of an armoured vehicle assembly plant,[108][109]
	Nora B-52[110]	Serbia	30	155 mm self-propelled howitzer
Towed artillery
	D-30M	Soviet Union	560[42]	122 mm howitzer
	Type 59-1	China	160[27]	130 mm field gun
	Various 105 mm guns	Yugoslavia & Various	340[27]	Types: M-101/L118/M56 and others.
	152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)	Soviet Union	35[111]	Received from North Korea.
	M48	Yugoslavia	212[112]	76 mm mountain gun
	M101 howitzer	US	242[113]	105 mm M2A1
	Ordnance QF 25 pounder	UK	50[27]	87.6 mm Field gun/Howitzer
	KH-179[27]	South Korea	100[27]	155 mm Howitzer
	Soltam M-845P	Israel	72[27]	155 mm 45 calibre towed gun howitzer
	BL 5.5-inch Medium Gun	UK	230?[27]	140 mm Towed

Air Defence

Photo	Model	Origin	Quantity	Notes
Missile systems
	BAe Dynamics Bloodhound Mk.II[9][114][115]	UK	60	Supplied by Singapore
	S-200 (missile)[116][117]	Soviet Union	Unknown	Reports indicate that North Korea may have transferred as many as 20 S-200 launchers to Myanmar.The number of S-200’s that remain in service in Myanmar is unclear.[118]
	S-75M3	Soviet Union	48[27]	surface-to-air missile
	2K12 Kub	Belarus	24[27]	Medium-range surface to air missile system.
	Kavadat-M	Belarus	2 battries[36]	2battries with 100 SA-6 Surface-to-air missiles were received from Belarus.[36]
	S-125 Neva Pechora-2M	Russia	30[27][119]	surface-to-air missile system
	KS-1A	China	6 Battalions[27]	Medium-range surface-to-air missile
	KS-1M[120][121]	Myanmar	1 battery unveiled at Armed Force Day Parade in 2017.	Myanmar's locally made variant of Chinese KS-1B with TOT under licenced.It was unveiled at the Armed Force Day Parade in 2017 with one battry.Two surface-to-air missiles are fitted on each locally made Miltruk chasis.
	MADV-1[122][123]	Myanmar	180 (As the result of 2013)[124]	Air defence variants of locally made Naung Yoe Jeep.Twin Igla mounted MADVs are standard organic AD systems for the Infantry Brigades.[125]
	MADV-2[126]	Myanmar	32 (As the result of 2013)[127]	Upgraded version of MADV and fitted with the fighting module which can accommodate twin Igla-S (SA-24) and a 14.5mm HMG.[128]
	9K22 Tunguska	Soviet Union	48[27]	Tracked SAM system
	Hwasong-6	North Korea	11[129]	Scud missile with range:700 km
	Hwasong-5[130][131]	North Korea	Unknown	Scud missile with range:300 km[132][133]
	9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)&(SA-24)	Soviet Union	2100 x SA16[36] 100 x SA18[42] 400 x SA24[27]	Very short-range portable surface-to-air missile system (MANPADS).100 units of SA16 are received from Bulgaria in 1999 and 2000 units of SA16 are received from Russia between 2004 and 2014.[36]
	HN-5A	China	200[36][30]	Received between 1990 and 1992.[36][30]
Gun systems
	Type-74	Soviet Union	24[42]	37 mm
	Anti-Aircraft Guns Various model	Various	600[27]	25mm/35mm/37mm/40mm/57mm Anti-Aircraft Guns
	KPV heavy machine gun	Soviet Union	200[27]

Anti Tank

Photo	Model	Origin	Quantity	Notes
Systems
	M40 recoilless rifle	United States	200[27][134]	Anti Tank Weapon
	Carl Gustav recoilless rifle	Sweden	1000[27]	Anti Tank Weapon
	RPG-7/RPG	Soviet Union		Anti Tank Weapon

Weapons

Name	Type	Versions	Ammunition	Origin	Picture
Browning Hi-Power[135]	Semi-automatic Pistol		9×19mm Parabellum	Belgium
SIG Sauer P226[135]	Semi-automatic Pistol		9×19mm Parabellum	Myanmar
MA-5 MKII	Semi-automatic Pistol		9×19mm Parabellum	Myanmar
BA-52	Submachine Gun		9×19mm Parabellum	Myanmar
BA-93	Submachine Gun		9×19mm Parabellum	Myanmar
BA-94/MA-13	Submachine Gun		9×19mm Parabellum	Myanmar
M1 Carbine	Semi-automatic carbine		.30 carbine	United States
MA1	Assault Rifle		5.56×45mm NATO	Myanmar
MA2	Light Machine Gun		5.56×45mm NATO	Myanmar
MA3	Assault Carbine		5.56×45mm NATO	Myanmar
MA4	Grenadier Rifle		5.56×45mm NATO	Myanmar
Norinco CQ	Assault Rifle		5.56×45mm NATO	China
QBZ03	Assault Rifle		5.56×45mm NATO	China
QBZ95	Assault Rifle		5.8×42mm	China
QBZ97	Assault Carbine		5.56×45mm NATO	China
MA Sniper	Sniper Rifle		7.62×51mm NATO	Russia
MA11	Assault Rifle		5.56×45mm NATO	Myanmar
MA12	Light Machine Gun		5.56×45mm NATO	Myanmar
BA63	Battle Rifle		7.62×51mm NATO	Myanmar
BA72	Assault Rifle		7.62×51mm NATO	Myanmar
BA64	Light Machine Gun		7.62×51mm NATO	Myanmar
BA100	Sniper Rifle		7.62×51mm NATO	Myanmar
Norinco HP9-1	Pump-Action Shotgun		12 Gauge	China
Rheinmetall MG3[135]	General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG)		7.62×51mm NATO	West Germany
M2 Browning machine gun[135]	Heavy Machine Gun		.50 BMG	United States
MA-16[136]	Heavy Machine Gun		.50 BMG	Singapore
M79 grenade launcher	Grenade Launcher		40mm grenade	United States

See also

• Aung San
• Tatmadaw
• Myanmar Navy
• Myanmar Air Force
• Military Intelligence of Myanmar
• Myanmar Police Force

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• http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20081229.aspx?comments=Y
• http://www.enotes.com/topic/Myanmar_Armed_Forces

Further reading

• Samuel Blythe, 'Army conditions leave Myanmar under strength,' Jane's Defence Weekly, Vol. 43, Issue 14, 5 April 2006, 12.

External links

• Role of officers in Burmese Army (Part 1) Bo Htet Min, Mizzima, 23 January 2010