Malaysian Army

The Malaysian Army (Malay: Tentera Darat Malaysia; Jawi: تنترا دارت مليسيا) is the land component of the Malaysian Armed Forces. Steeped in British Army traditions, the Malaysian Army does not carry the title ‘royal’ (Malay: diraja) as do the Royal Malaysian Air Force and the Royal Malaysian Navy. Instead, the title is bestowed on selected army corps and regiments who have been accorded the honour by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong ('The King of Malaysia'), who is the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces.

Malaysian Army
Tentera Darat Malaysia
تنترا دارت مليسيا
Crest of the Malaysian Army
Founded1 March 1933 (1933-03-01)
Country Malaysia
Allegiance The King of Malaysia
Branch Malaysian Armed Forces
TypeArmy
RoleLand warfare
Size80,000 Regular Army (2019)
50,000 reservists (2019)
PatronHM The King of Malaysia
Motto(s)Gagah Setia ('Strong and Loyal')
Colours         Red and Gold
Anniversaries1 March
Engagements
Battle honoursMalaya (1941-1942)
Singapore (1942)
Darurat (1948-1960)
Congo (1960-1963)
Konfrantasi (1963-1965)
Namibia (1989-1990)
Cambodia (1992-1993)
Somalia (1993-1995)
Bosnia Herzegovina (1993-1998)
Websitearmy.mod.gov.my
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefYang di-Pertuan Agong ('The King of Malaysia')
Chief of ArmyGeneral Dato’ Seri Panglima Ahmad Hasbullah Mohd Nawawi
Deputy Chief of ArmyLt. Gen. Dato Hasgaya Abdullah
Regimental Sergeant MajorWarrant Officer 1 Hayazi Abdul Aziz
Insignia
Flag

History
c. October 1941, Malay Regiment soldiers at a bayonet practice before the Battle of Singapore.

The first military units in Malaysia can be traced back to the Penang Volunteer Rifle raised on 1 March 1861,[note 1] and the Malay States Volunteer Rifles which existed from 1915 to 1936. The birth of the modern Malaysian Army came about when the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States passed the Malay Regiment Bill on 23 January 1933. This allowed the initial recruitment of 25 males for the First Experimental Malay Company on 1 March 1933. Major G. McI. S. Bruce of the Lincolnshire Regiment was the first Commanding Officer. By 1 January 1935, the Experimental Company became The Malay Regiment with a complement of 150 men. A battalion was formed on 1 January 1938 and eventually a second battalion on 1 December 1941. The 1st Bn Malay Regiment was famous for its defence of Opium Hill or Bukit Chandu in Singapore. The ‘Battle of Opium Hill’ on 14 February 1942 involved 42 soldiers commanded by Lt. Adnan Saidi who defended their position against attack from the 18th Division of the Japanese Imperial Army under Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi. After World War II and during the Malayan Emergency, the number of battalions was increased to seven in the early 1950s.

The Kor Armor Diraja ('Royal Armoured Corps') can trace its roots to the formation on 1 September 1952 of the Federation Reconnaissance Squadron. It was later merged with the Federation Regiment to form the Federation Reconnaissance Corps. The name underwent a few transformations from the Malaysian Reconnaissance Corps (16 September 1967), Royal Malaysian Reconnaissance Corps (May 1979) to Royal Cavalry Corps (December 1979) and finally to Kor Armor Diraja on 8 December 1986. The Royal Ranger Regiment's lineage began in 1863 as the paramilitary Sarawak Rangers. Although the second in the order of precedence, it is the oldest active formation of the Army.

Profile
Malaysian Army with Supacat ATMP.

Flag

The flag of Malaysian Army has been introduced since the inception of Malaysia Army and has been in use till today. The shape of it is the combination of Malaysian Flag and Malaysian Army's crest. This flag is the symbol of pride and courageousness of the Malaysian Army.

The flag dimension is 187 centimetres (74 in) (height) and 91.5 centimetres (36.0 in) (wide). The flags are being flown from 6.30 am to 6.30 pm everyday based on certain protocol and honor.

Organisation and Structure
Malaysian Army major combat unit locations
Source: Jane's World Armies Issue 23, 2008
New Sabah Times, 2 March 2014[1]
The Borneo Post, 13 February 2016[2]

Tactical Structure

The Malaysian Army currently has 18 Corps and Regiments. These are grouped into 3 main components — the Combat Element, the Combat Support Element and the Support Elements.

The Corps and Regiments are currently organised into five divisions. Three of which (the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions) are based on the Malay Peninsula and placed under Western Field Army Headquarters, while the other two (the 1st Division and 5th Division) are based on Malaysian Borneo and placed under Eastern Field Army Headquarters.

The 21st Special Service Group (the Army's special forces), 10th Parachute Brigade and the two Army Aviation Regiment are independent formations.

The Western Field Army Headquarters, Eastern Field Army Headquarters and two support commands (Army Training and Doctrine Headquarters, and Army Logistics Administration Headquarters) are placed under Army Headquarters (Army Command).

Chief of Army
Main article: Chief of Army (Malaysia)

The current Chief of Army (Malay: Panglima Tentera Darat — PTD) is General Dato’ Seri Panglima Ahmad Hasbullah Mohd Nawawi, who succeeded General Tan Sri Zulkiple Hj Kassim on 3 September 2018.[3]

Rank Structure

The Malaysian Army uses a rank structure inherited from the British Army.[4] The Malaysian Army rank structure has 17 levels from Private (Prebet) to General (Jeneral). These ranks are divided into 2 main groups — Officer (Pegawai) and Other Ranks (Lain-Lain Pangkat) which includes the Non-Commissioned Officer (Pegawai Tidak Tauliah — PTT) ranks.

Officers
Equivalent
NATO code		OF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D) and student officer
Commander-in-Chief Generals Senior officers Junior officers Officer Cadets
Pemerintah Tertinggi Pegawai Tinggi Pegawai Kanan Pegawai Muda Pegawai Kadet
Malaysia
(Edit)		 No insignia
Field Marshal
Fil Marsyal		 General
Jeneral		 Lieutenant General
Leftenan Jeneral		 Major General
Mejar Jeneral		 Brigadier General
Brigedier Jeneral		 Colonel
Kolonel		 Lieutenant Colonel
Leftenan Kolonel		 Major
Mejar		 Captain
Kapten		 Lieutenant
Leftenan		 Second Lieutenant
Leftenan Muda		 Officer Cadet
Pegawai Kadet

LLP
Equivalent
NATO Code		OR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Warrant Officers Non-Commissioned Officers
Pegawai Waran Pegawai Tanpa Tauliah
Malaysia
(Edit)		 No equivalent No equivalent No insignia
Warrant Officer Class 1
Pegawai Waran I		 Warrant Officer Class 2
Pegawai Waran II		 Staff Sergeant
Staf Sarjan		 Sergeant
Sarjan		 Corporal
Koperal		 Lance Corporal
Lans Koperal		 Private
Prebet		 Recruit
Rekrut

Corps and Regiments

Combat Elements
Royal guard of the Malaysian Army outside the main gate of the Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur.
  • Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja

The Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja ('Royal Malay Regiment') is the most senior regiment of the Malaysian Army. Its ranks are recruited from amongst the Malay population. The Regiment has 26 battalions. The 1st Battalion, the most senior in the Regiment, currently undertakes ceremonial and Royal Guard duties. The remainder are configured as 19 Standard Infantry Battalions, three Mechanised Infantry Battalions and three Parachute Infantry Battalions. The regiment uses rifle green berets except the three airborne battalions that wear maroon berets.

The 19th Bn Royal Malay Regiment (Mech) was involved in the rescue of U.S. 75th Ranger Regiment and Delta Force operatives in Somalia during the Battle of Mogadishu. The unit of 32 Radpanzer Condor APCs and 113 men from MALBATT 1 went in with the U.S. 10th Mountain Division to rescue the trapped Rangers. Four APCs were immobilised and were destroyed by US helicopter gunships. 19 Royal Malay Regiment suffered 1 soldier killed in action (KIA), PFC Mat Aznan Awang while 8 others were wounded in action (WIA). PFC Mat Aznan Awang was later promoted posthumously to Corporal and was awarded with Pingat Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa, the nation's highest gallantry award. In total, 7 officers and 26 NCOs were awarded various medals for their valour during the operation, the highest number of men recommended for medals in a single unit in a single operation.

  • Rejimen Renjer Diraja
Malaysian Army in action during demonstration.

The Rejimen Renjer Diraja ('Royal Ranger Regiment') is a multi-racial unit organised along similar lines to the Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja. There are currently 10 battalions within this regiment. The Regiment traces its roots to the Sarawak Rangers and the Sarawak Constabulary, famed jungle trackers who had a deadly reputation during the Malayan Emergency and during the Communist Party of Malaya’s insurgency in Malaysia. The 8th Bn Royal Ranger Regiment (8 Renjer) was the first infantry battalion in the Malaysian Army to undergo conversion into an airborne battalion. The unit is currently assigned to the elite 10th Parachute Brigade. The Malaysian Army's most decorated soldier, WOI (Rtd) Kanang anak Langkau was a Regimental Sergeant Major of 8 Ranger.

  • Rejimen Sempadan

The Rejimen Sempadan ('Border Regiment') is a newly created regiment from the 300 series Territorial Army units in charge of the border. The Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister, Najib Razak, announced on 1 July 2006 the formation of a new regiment specifically for border patrol. Members of the regiment will be taken from various regiments and corps, most notably from the Rejimen Askar Wataniah. It is believed that the army will form about 2 to 3 brigades of this new regiment.[5] The new regiment was officially raised on 9 February 2008 by Najib Razak at Tanah Merah, Kelantan.[6]

  • Kor Armor Diraja
PT-91M Pendekar MBT on display.

The Kor Armor Diraja ('Royal Armoured Corps') provides the armour capability for the Malaysian Army. Currently, the Corps consists of 5 battalions (sometimes referred to as Regiments), which are equipped with various armoured personnel carriers (AV-8 Gempita, SIBMAS AFSV-90, Condor, ACV-300 Adnan and K-200 KIFV) and light combat vehicles. Rejimen ke-11 of the Kor Armor Diraja is the sole user of 48 PT-91M Main Battle Tanks from Poland.

Combat Support Elements
  • Rejimen Artileri Diraja

The Rejimen Artileri Diraja ('Royal Artillery Regiment') is the artillery corps of the Malaysian Army and provides artillery support and local air defence for army units. The regiment is equipped with 36 Brazilian-made Astros II multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) and 28 G5 MkIII towed artillery guns from South Africa. Air defence is provided using a mix of Swiss Oerlikon twin 35 mm and Swedish Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft artillery and missile systems such as the Jernas and Starburst from the UK, Anza from Pakistan, FN-6 from China and Igla from Russia. Malaysia committed to purchase Starstreak V-Shorads missiles from the UK in 2015.[7]

  • Rejimen Semboyan Diraja

The Rejimen Semboyan Diraja ('Royal Signals Regiment') is in charge of strategic communication, tactical communications, electronic warfare and early warning systems such as radar.

  • Kor Polis Tentera Diraja
ACV-300 Adnan on parade.

The Kor Polis Tentera Diraja ('Royal Military Police Corps') deploys as part of the field army, in support of army operations, and enforces proper conduct among army personnel. Aside from being responsible for base security, the military police are also tasked with preventing and investigating criminal activities on army property or by military personnel.

  • Rejimen Askar Jurutera Diraja

The Rejimen Askar Jurutera Diraja ('Royal Engineers Regiment') is tasked with demolitions, bridge-laying and the repair of military infrastructure, such as airbase runways, or clearing obstacles in emergency situations.

  • Kor Jurutera Letrik dan Jentera Diraja

The Kor Jurutera Letrik dan Jentera Diraja ('Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps') is responsible for the maintenance of all vehicles and machinery of the Malaysian Army.

  • Kor Risik Diraja

The Kor Risik Diraja ('Royal Intelligence Corps') specialises in psychological warfare (psyops), surveillance, intelligence, reconnaissance and counter-intelligence operations. Aside from handling propaganda and counter-propaganda, the corps is also tasked with conducting background checks on recruits when they first enroll in any training courses. There are two Army combat elements attached to the Kor Risik Diraja.

Services Support Elements
  • Kor Ordnans Diraja

The Kor Ordnans Diraja ('Royal Ordnance Corps') ensures that all military supplies and ordnance are stored, secured and inventoried properly.

  • Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera
AV-8 Gempita on display.

The Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera (KAGAT; 'Armed Forces Religious Corps') performs religious (chaplainry) services for Muslim and Christian personnel of the Malaysian Army. It also provides counselling and conducts ritual prayers on the battlefield.

  • Kor Perkhidmatan Diraja

The Kor Perkhidmatan Diraja ('Royal Logistics Corps') is in charge of transporting troops and supplies to the various units of the Malaysian Army.

  • Kor Kesihatan Diraja

The Kor Kesihatan Diraja ('Royal Medical Corps') provides training for Army medics and other specialists. It runs the Armed Forces hospitals and provides the battlefield mobile hospitals. The unit has also provided relief MALMEDTIMs (Malaysian Medical Teams) to Pakistan, Afghanistan,[8] Western Sahara, Indonesia and Palestine.

  • Kor Perkhidmatan Am

The Kor Perkhidmatan Am ('General Services Corps') handles administration and financial management for the entire army.

Elite Forces
Paratroopers from 10th Para Brigade preparing to march for the 59th Merdeka Day parade.
Main article: Elite Forces of Malaysia
  • 21 Grup Gerak Khas

The 21 Grup Gerak Khas (21 GGK; '21st Special Service Group') is the Malaysian Army's special forces and commando unit. 21 GGK is one of the two Elite forces in the Malaysian Army. 21 GGK is the operational home of various specialists and the Commando regiments, which are capable of conducting unconventional warfare or special operations. One of the known foreign operations involving this regiment was in an attack by Somali militia on a convoy transporting UN Intelligence Chief in UNOSOM II on 18 July 1994. In the action, two members of the regiment were killed in action, while another four were wounded. One of the injured men was taken hostage by the militia and was released nine hours later.

  • 10th Parachute Brigade

The 10th Parachute Brigade (10 Para Bde; Malay: 10 Briged Payung Terjun — 10 Bgd Para) is an elite airborne unit tasked with being rapidly deployed inside or outside the boundaries of Malaysia. 10 Para is the key element of the Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force (Malay: Pasukan Aturgerak Cepat — PAC) and it is Malaysia primary main offensive force in time of war or emergencies.

Air Unit
Malaysian Army AW109, armed with 20mm gun and rockets for area suppression.

Corps and Regiments of the Malaysian Army

  • Pasukan Udara Tentera Darat

The Pasukan Udara Tentera Darat ('Army Air Corps') is the Army Aviation branch formed around a core of Royal Malaysian Air Force officers. This new Army formation is tasked with liaison duties, providing limited transport capabilities, close air support and also air reconnaissance using light observation helicopters. The unit currently has two squadron, 881 Army Aviation Regiment and 882 Army Aviation Regiment. The main Army Air Corps base is located in Kluang, Johor. As 2019, the Air Corps is equipped with 10 AgustaWestland AW109 light helicopters and 14 Sikorsky S61A-4 medium helicopter.[9][10]

Reserves Unit
  • Rejimen Askar Wataniah

The Rejimen Askar Wataniah ('Territorial Army Regiment') forms the second line of Malaysia's defence. Formed by college students, professionals and civilians, it provides support for the regular armed forces of Malaysia and is responsible for the security of key installations in times of conflict. Originally tasked with area and local defence, the Rejimen Askar Wataniah units have been reconfigured and will perform front line duties alongside regular units when the need arises. Rejimen Askar Wataniah units, such as armoured squadrons, are integral units of several Kor Armor Diraja regiments.

Rapid Reaction Infantry Battalion
  • Batalion Siap Sedia Tentera Darat

The Batalion Siap Sedia Tentera Darat (BSSTD; 'Army Rapid Battalion — ARB') is a combat ready battalion of the Malaysian Army. The ARB can be deployed to overseas conflict areas in short notice under order of the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UN DPKO). The battalion consists of multiple capabilities, including special operations, armour, infantry and Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence (CBRN defence).[11] Currently, the 7th Battalion, Royal Ranger Regiment (Mechanised) (7 RRD (Mek)) is assigned as the main combat element for the ARB. The 7 RRD (Mek) is supported by various corps and regiments, including special ops operators from the Malaysian Army counter-terrorism regiment, the 11th Special Service Regiment.[12]

Strength

The personnel strength of the Malaysian Army is approximately 80,000 personnel in the Active Army,[13] 50,000 in the Active Reserve[13] and 26,600 active and 244,700 reservists[13] in the paramilitary.

The Malaysian Army consists of 5 infantry divisions, 10 infantry brigades, 1 special forces brigade, 1 airborne brigade and 1 mechanised brigade,[13] composed of:

  • 36 Light Infantry Battalions[13]
  • 4 Airborne Infantry (Paratrooper) Battalions[13]
  • 4 Mechanised Infantry Battalions
  • 5 Armoured Battalions (1 Tank Regiment)[13]
  • 1 light tank squadron[13]
  • 14 Artillery Regiments (4 Air Defence)
  • 3 Special Forces Regiments[13]
  • 3 field engineer regiments[13]
  • 1 construction engineer regiment[13]
  • 1 airborne infantry squadron[13]
  • 4 military police regiments[13]
  • 1 signals regiment[13]
  • 1 intelligence unit[13]
  • 2 helicopter squadrons

The territorial army includes:

  • 16 light infantry regiments[14]
  • 4 specialist engineer regiments

Equipment
Main article: List of equipment of the Malaysian Army

Present Development
Troopers of GGK using rappels during a counter-terrorism demonstration.

Since the recovery from the 1997 economic crisis, Malaysian Army, along with other branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces, has regained momentum in its modernising programs. The first major procurement was to set a milestone by building its first ever main battle tank regiment. Malaysian Army received delivery of 48 units PT-91M Pendekar main battle tanks and other tank-based equipment, like ARV WZT-4 from Poland, fully completed contract of sale in March 2010. Despite adding some 28 units of South African G5 Mk III 155 mm howitzers, another major procurement was 18 units of Astros MLRS from Brazil, which delivery was completed in 2006. A second batch of 18 units MRLS was ordered in 2007.[15] Malaysian Army is also rapidly mechanising its current inventory - 267 units locally manufactured ACV-300 Adnan IFVs were acquired by the army in 2004 and 111 units K200 KIFV also purchased from South Korea. Following the procurement of the Pakistani Bakhtar-Shikan anti-armor missile launcher and these were installed on the ACV-300 Adnans.

Malaysian Army is now shifting its emphasis on enhancing its air wing. In September 2006, Malaysian Army received its 11th and last Agusta Westland AW109. These helicopters are to initially complement, and ultimately replace, the ageing SA316B Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters. Some of them were to be installed with light arms and to be tasked to a scout observation unit. Furthermore, the army will also receive S61A-4 Nuri multipurpose helicopters after they are retired from RMAF and these will form the backbone of the army’s very first air transport units - 881 and 882 squadrons of the army air wing. In the same year, at the biannual Defence Services Asia (DSA) 2006, Malaysia announced that the US made M4 carbine service rifle will replace the Austrian-made Steyr AUG service rifle for all three Malaysian Armed Forces services. The army will receive the new weapon soon. Both this two type of rifles manufactured locally by SME Ordnance.

There is also a requirement for an upgrade to the current air defence network. However, a dispute between the army and the air force on whether to introduce a mid-range SAM system had led to the procurement being put on hold. According to a recent interview of the army’s chief of staff, Ismail bin Haji Jamaluddin, the army has no intention of taking over the mid-range air defence role. To boost the security in eastern Sabah from the attacks by militants in the southern Philippines, especially in the Sulu Sea, the Malaysian government has purchased a total of six McDonnel Douglas MD-530G light attack helicopters from the United States for the Malaysian Army.[16] The locally manufactured AV-4 Lipanbara 4x4 armoured vehicles that were intended to be stationed in east Malaysia were also purchased after an agreement with a Thai company.[17][18] The United States reportedly agreed to transfer a total of 29 pieces of M109 howitzer artillery to the Malaysian Army but this deal was cancelled at the last minute.[19][20]. Malaysian defence company, Weststar Defence Industries and its subsidiary Global Komited, has partnered with British air defence company, Thales for the distribution of surface-to-air missile to the Malaysian Army. While another Malaysian company AVP Engineering has teamed up with a South Korean-defence company Doosan DST to offer Black Fox 6x6 wheeled armoured vehicle if it was selected by the Malaysian government. Malaysia also locally produce AV-8 Gempita 8x8 by DefTech company with technology assistance from Turkey. A Malaysian company, Aegis Malinnov also has recently made the country's first pistol that will be used as a major pistol for the army.[21] In the same year, The Etika Strategic, Rheinmetall and Otokar made an Agreement of Joint Venture Altay MBT.[22][23] There are also planned to replace the retired FV101 Scorpion and Alvis Stormer with the new armoured vehicle.[24]

Future Soldier System

The Malaysian Army currently has a soldier modernisation programme called the Future Soldier System. Under the FSS, The Malaysian Army plans to equip all soldiers with Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) such as Kevlar helmets, Kevlar vests, Oakley goggles and ear protection equipment. The programme also includes arming all the standard issue M4 carbines with SOPMOD kits, as well as equipping soldiers with a Glock series pistol.[25][26] Sapura, a Malaysian electronics company, is offering their SAKTI soldier system concept via work in three areas: Head Sub-System (HSS), Body Sub-System (BSS) and Weapon Sub-System (WSS). The HSS consists of a Helmet–Mounted Micro Camera and night vision capability with a data output, helmet-mounted display and earpiece and microphone; the WSS consists of a Rifle Control Unit consisting of a five-button wireless controller for one handed use with key features including push to talk for the radio, switching the HMD on and off, turning the HMD brightness up and down as well as video transmission to friendly forces. The BSS consists of a controller system, energy unit with a power pack for the communication interface, micro-camera and HMD with a single polymer lithium ion battery for up to ten hours of operation; a communications interface for secure IP based radio which from the image is a Thales St@rmille radio and finally a navigation unit with a display for blue force tracking and situational awareness, colour digital mapping and terrain and urban profile analysis. The system displayed is visually similar to the Kord Defence SmartGrip RIC developed in partnership with Thales Australia.[27] The FSS in conjunction with the NCO (Network Centric Operation) System, will give the three branches of the Armed Forces a shared situational awareness and a common operating picture via a X-band satellite-based link and a UAV system, with hopes to enable self-synchronisation for all three branches.[28] The programme will go through several phases, with Phasa 1A (the implementation of the Mobile X-band satellite communication linked) and Phase 2 (the demonstration of the capibilities of the NCO with FSS) being successful and operational in 2017.[29] In 2018, during the annual DSA convention, the Malaysian Army showcased a joint exercise between the NCO systems via Army Operations Room and Soldiers equipped with FSS systems, where the Army Operations Room coordinated the Soldiers doing numerous activities, first being a live firing of a 3-man squad involving the usage of artillery and how precise the accuracy of the artilleries via the NCO and FSS equipment, second being in an Army Training centre, and last being a real simulation operation in East Malaysia.[30] Currently, several combat elements such as the 12th Royal Malay Regiment and the 4th Mechanised Brigate are outfitted with the system. Through the use of this system, the Malaysian Army is able to operate anywhere throughout the world, especially during United Nations Operations.

gollark: Presumably they use a lot of GPUs.
gollark: Yep. Apparently it can even add 4-digit numbers now, *and* produces slightly more coherent text.
gollark: Pretty recently.
gollark: `sudo python3 -m hack https://nsa.gov`
gollark: I suspect they're planning to merge iOS and MacOS eventually.

See also

Notes
  1. 1 March is marked as Army Day in honour of the Penang Rifle Volunteers (PRV) raising as the first military unit in the Malay Peninsula.

References
  1. "Tentera Darat pertingkat kesiagaan pertahan dua wilayah secara serentak" (in Malay). New Sabah Times. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  2. "Ministry sets up brigade to beef up border security". The Borneo Post. 13 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  3. "Ahmad Hasbullah Panglima Tentera Darat ke-27". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). 3 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  4. "Army Rank (Pangkat Tentera Darat Malaysia)" (in Malay and English). Malaysian Army. Archived from the original on 11 December 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  5. "Kerajaan Cadang Wujud Rejimen Pengurusan Sempadan" (in Malay). Bernama. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  6. "Rejimen sempadan ditubuh". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). 30 January 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  7. "Malaysia To Buy Starstreak V-Shorads Missiles". Defense World. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  8. "Malaysian Flag Flying High in Afghanistan". Bernama. NAM News Network. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  9. Ibrahim, Adnan (12 March 2018). "PUTD terima pesawat baharu Jun ini". Berita Harian (in Malay).
  10. https://www.janes.com/article/92910/malaysia-looking-to-lease-helicopters-to-replace-grounded-sea-kings
  11. Rusli, Saiful Fazley (16 February 2017). "BSS TD Dinilai Wakil UN DPKO". BTDM Online (in Malay). Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  12. "Batalion Siap Sedia Tentera Darat (BSSTD) Terima Komandan Baharu". BTDM Online (in Malay). 6 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  13. IISS (2012), p. 264
  14. IISS (2012), p. 265
  15. "Astros II Artillery Saturation Rocket System, Brazil". army-technology.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  16. Franz-Stefan Gady (2 February 2016). "Biggest US-Malaysia Arms Deal in 20 Years: Kuala Lumpur to Receive New Attack Helicopters". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  17. "D&S2015: ชัยเสรี พร้อมส่งมอบ AV4 First Win ให้มาเลเซียในปีหน้า/Chaiseri ready to deliver the AV4 First Win to Malaysia by 2016 (UPDATED)" (in Thai and English). Royal Thai Armed Forces. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  18. Dzirhan Mahadzir (14 October 2015). "Malaysia's First Win MRAPs bound for ESSCOM area of operations". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  19. "Going, Going... Gone Part 2... - Malaysian Defence".
  20. Marhalim Abas (2 March 2016). "Army 83rd Birthday". Malaysian Defence. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  21. "Malaysian-Made Pistol To Enter Market By Year-End". Bernama. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  22. Burak Ege Bekdil (3 August 2016). "Turkish, German, Malaysian Firms in Armor Venture". Defense News. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  23. Marhalim Abas (5 August 2016). "Turkey Tank Deal". Malaysian Defence. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  24. "Scorpions to be Retired - Malaysian Defence".
  25. Marhalim Abas (28 February 2015). "Army's RMK11 Wish List Part 2". Malaysian Defence. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  26. Marhalim Abas (2 March 2013). "AV8FS". Malaysian Defence. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  27. "SAKTI: Malaysian Progress". 9. Soldier Modernisation. May 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. "Continue funding NCO Programme". Malaysia Defense. 17 May 2016.
  29. "FSS Platoon at NCO Exercise". Malaysian Defence. 12 May 2017.
  30. DefenseWebTV (26 April 2018), DSA 2018 : Modernizing the Malaysian Army, retrieved 17 May 2019
Works cited
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2012). The Military Balance 2012. London: IISS. ISSN 0459-7222.
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