Haplogroup T-L206 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110).

This article is about the Y-chromosome haplogroup T1. For the unrelated mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup T (mtDNA).

Haplogroup T-L206
Possible time of origin	26,800 BP [1]
Possible place of origin	Middle East [2][3][4]
Ancestor	T (T-M184)
Descendants	T1a (T-M70)

T1 is the most common descendant of the T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all T-M184 members in Africa and Eurasia (as well as countries to which those populations have migrated in the modern era, in the Americas and Australasia). T1 lineages are now found at high frequencies among northern Somali clans. It is hypothesized that T1* (if not some of its subclades) originated in the Middle East and spread into Europe and North Africa with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB).

The basal clade T1* is rare, but has been found in at least three males from widely separated regions: a Berber from Tunisia, a Syrian, and a Macedonian.[5][6][7]

T-L206's sole primary branch, T1a (M70), is believed to have originated about 15,900 – 23,900 BP,[8] in the Levant. It appears that individuals bearing T-M70 later migrated south to Africa.[9]

Structure

Phylogenetic T-M184 tree

• T1 (L206, L490) Found in Syria.
  • T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
    • T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
      • T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
        • T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
        • T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
          • T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria, Italian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.
    • T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
      • T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
      • T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
    • T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.

Subclade distribution

T1* (T-L206*)

This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Berbers	Siwi (Berber)	Sejenane	1/47	2.1%	[5]
Syrians	Unspecified	Syria	1/95	1.1%	[6]
Macedonians	Macedonian (Balto-Slavic)	Macedonia	1/201	0.5%	[7]	Orthodox Christians of Macedonian ethnicity

T1a (M70)

Initial research on T1a-M70 (previously K2)

M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])

J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [10]

Three genetically different populations in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain

The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither [does it show] a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations ... [T]he data provided by the Pityusic population [compared] with other circumediterranean populations surprises [in] that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with ... North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: ... some markers shows affinities with [Middle Eastern] ... mtDNA variables ... but [the Pityusic population] diverges from these populations when considering other markers. [It] is a separate case, a island, not [just] in the geographical sense but [also a] genetical [island].

Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Pityusic Islands	Eivissenc (Ibizan) (Romance)	Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain	9/54	16.7%	[11][12]	L454+. All individuals carry typical Ibizan surnames and had paternal grandfathers born in Ibiza.
Pityusic Islands	Eivissenc	Ibiza	7/96	7.3%	[13]	L454+
Pityusic Islands	Eivissenc	Ibiza	3/45	6.7%	[14]	L454+

Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[6] This is supported by the recent findings of Haak et al. who discovered several T1a1-CTS880 members in a 7000 years old settlement in Karsdorf, Germany.[15][16] Autosomal analysis of these skeletal remains show an unusual relationship with modern Southwest Asian populations, reaching close to 10%.

The T1a1 skeletal remains from this settlement were also found to belong to the H mtdna haplogroup, this settlement have the highest frequency of this mtDNA haplogroup 30.4% (7/23) that have been found in any early Neolithic Europe population until now.[15]

T1a1 (L162; xL208)

T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.

This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.

Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker. T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.

This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.

Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker.

T1a1a (L208)

This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. First discovered and reported in August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.

T1a1a1a1b1a1 (Y3782; xY3836)

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Sardinians	Campidanese (Romance languages)	Casteddu	1/187	0.5%	[17]

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (Y3836)

This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where is found their highest diversity. The first Y-STR haplotype of this lineage, characterized by DYS437=13, was found in the public FTDNA Y-DNA Haplogroup T project, appearing there at April 2009 as kit E8011. However, is not until June 2014 when the Y-SNP Y3836 was discovered in the public YFULL project among two of their participants of Iberian ancestry, appearing there as YF01637 and YF01665.

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Panamanians	Panamian Castilian (Romance languages)	Los Santos Province	1/30	3.3%	[18]
Colombians	Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)	Caldas	2/75	2.7%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Panamanians	Panamian Castilian (Romance languages)	Panama Province	1/43	2.3%	[18]
Northwest Argentinians	Argentinian Castilian (Romance languages)	Mountainous region of Jujuy	1/50	2%	[19] YHRD	Admixed population
Puerto Ricans	Puerto Rican Castilian (Romance languages)	Southeast Puerto Rico	2/110	1.8%	[20]
Northeastern Portuguese Jews	Judaeo-Portuguese (Romance)	Bragança, Argozelo, Carção, Mogadouro, and Vilarinho dos Galegos	1/57	1.8%	[21][22][23]
Native Mirandese speakers	Mirandese Astur-leonese (Romance)	Miranda de l Douro	1/58	1.7%	[24][25]
Dominicans	Dominican Castilian (Romance languages)	Dominican Republic	4/261	1.5%	[26]
Panamanians	Panamian Castilian (Romance languages)	Chiriquí Province	1/92	1.1%	[18]
Mecklenburgers	East Low Saxon (West Germanic)	Rostock	2/200	1%	[27]
Colombians	Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)	Bogotá	2/195	1%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Colombians	Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)	Valle del Cauca	1/103	1%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Venezuelans	Venezuelan Castilian (Romance languages)	Maracaibo	1/111	0.9%	[28]
Venezuelans	Venezuelan Castilian (Romance languages)	Central Region	1/115	0.9%	[29]
Europeans	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)	São Paulo	1/120	0.8	YHRD	European descents
Ecuadorians	Ecuadorian Castilian (Romance languages)	Quito	1/120	0.8%	[30]
Colombians	Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)	Antioquia	6/777	0.7%	[31]
Mexicans	Mexican Castilian (Romance languages)	Tuxtla Gutiérrez	1/154	0.7	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Mexicans	Mexican Castilian (Romance languages)	Mérida	1/159	0.6%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Eastern Andalusians	Andalusian (Romance)	Granada	1/180	0.6%	[32]
Colombians	Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)	Santander	1/193	0.5%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Chileans	Chilean Castilian (Romance languages)	Concepción	1/198	0.5%	YHRD
Mexicans	Mexican Spanish (Romance languages)	Guadalajara	1/246	0.4%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Europeans	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)	Rio Grande do Sul	1/255	0.4%	[33]

Geographical distribution

Europe

Cretan Greeks from Lasithi possess Haplogroup T, almost certainly T1a (M70), at a level of 18% (9/50).[34]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[35] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[36] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[36] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[36] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[36] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[36] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[37] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[36] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[38] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[39] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[40] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[41] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[42] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[42] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[41] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[41] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[43] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[44] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[45] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[43] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[46] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[35] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[35] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[47] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[41] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[48] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[49] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[50] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[45] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[43] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[51] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[52] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[45] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[53] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[54] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[55]

Middle East & Caucasus

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Iraqi Jews	Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (Central Semitic)	Iraq	7/32	21.9%	[6]	12.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.4% T1a3-Y11151
Armenian Sasuntzis	Western Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languages	Sasun	21/104	20.2%	[2]	T1a1 and T1a2 subclades
Kurdish Jews	Judeo-Aramaic (Central Semitic)	Kurdistan	9/50	18%	[6]	10% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 8% T1a1-L162
Iranian Jews	Judeo-Iranian (Southwestern Iranian)	Iran	3/22	13.6%	[6]	4.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.1% T1a3-Y11151
Mountain Jews	Judeo-Tat (Southwestern Iranian)	Derbentsky District	2/17	11.8%	[56]	All belong to T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77
Not specified	Not specified	Birjand	1/27	3.7%	[57]	All T1a3-Y12871
Not specified	Not specified	Mashhad	2/129	1.6%	[57]	0.8% T1a3-Y11151 (xY8614)

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[58] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[59] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[58] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[59] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[60] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[61] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[62] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[59] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[60] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[58][63] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[61] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[61] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[58][63] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[58][63] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[63] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[58][63] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[61] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[63]

North & East Asia

Barghut Mongolians from |different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak have T1a (M70) at a level of 1.3% (1/76).[64] In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin.

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[65] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[66]

South Asia

Haplogroup T1a-M70 in South Asia is considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[67]

The Garo people of Tangail District appear to possess T-P77 (T1a1a1b2b2b1a) at a rate of 0.8% (1/120).[68]||Likely +

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[69] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[70] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[71] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[72] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[73] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[73] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[74] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[72] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[73] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[70] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[73] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[73] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[75] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[70] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[72]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Africa

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Somalis (Dir clan)	Somali (East Cushitic)	Djibouti	24/24	100%	[76]	The main sub-clans of the Dir clan in Djibouti are the Issa and Gadabuursi.
Somalis (Dire Dawa)	Somali (East Cushitic)	Dire Dawa	14/17	82.4%	[77]	Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi.
Anteony	Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy)	old Antemoro Kingdom	22/37	59.5%	[78]	The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Somalis (Dir clan) and Afars	Somali and Afar (East Cushitic)	Djibouti	30/54	56.6%	[79]	Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.
Somalis (Ethiopia)	Somali (East Cushitic)	Shilavo (woreda) (Ogaden)	5/10	50%	[76]	The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1.
Toubou	Toubou	Chad		31%	[80]	All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade

Sub-Saharan Africa

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Lemba	Venda and Shona (Bantu)	Zimbabwe/South Africa	6/34	17.6%	[6]	Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
Baribas	Baatonum (Niger–Congo)	Benin	1/57	1.8%	[81]	T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131)

Ancient DNA

'Ain Ghazal, 9,573 BP

Ain Ghazal T-M184	Ghazal-I
ID	I1707 AG83_5 Poz-81097
Y DNA	T1-PF5610 (xT1a1-Z526, T1a1a-CTS9163, T1a1a-CTS2607, T1a2-S11611, T1a2-Y6031, T1a2a1-P322, T1a3a-Y9189)
Population	Neolithic Farmers
Language
Culture	Late Middle PPNB
Date (YBP)	9573 ± 39
House / Location	Ain Ghazal
Members / Sample Size	1/2
Percentage	50%
mtDNA	R0a
Isotope Sr
Eye Color	Likely non-Dark
Hair Color	Likely non-Dark
Skin Pigmentation	Light
ABO Blood Group	Likely O or B
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)
FADS activity	rs174551 (T), rs174553 (G), rs174576 (A)
Lactase Persistence	Likely lactose-intolerant
Oase-1 Shared DNA	14.2%
Ostuni1 Shared DNA	6.7%
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA	0.93%
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA	1.2%
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA	0.3%
Ancestral Components (AC)	Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.82%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 24.09%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 12.51%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 4.16%, Sub Saharan: 2.04%, East European Hunter: 0.37%
puntDNAL K12 Ancient
Dodecad [dv3]
Eurogenes [K=36]
Dodecad [Globe13]
Genetic Distance
Parental Consanguinity
Age at Death
Death Position
SNPs	152.234
Read Pairs
Sample
Source	[82]
Notes	Evidence of a northerly origin for this population, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia.

Main article: 'Ain Ghazal

Haplogroup T is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle MPPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three MPPNB stages.

As was previously found in the early Neolithic settlement from Karsdorf (Germany) a subclade of mtDNA R0 was found with Y-DNA T at 'Ain Ghazal.

Later MPPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[83]

The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.

'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.

Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.

The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the MPPNB and is split into two MPPNB phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.

The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.

Notable members

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[84]

According to further studies,[6] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[85]

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 [now T/K1a] haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President's Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.

Turi E. King et al., [86]

See also: Jefferson–Hemings controversy

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is the third US President, Thomas Jefferson. He reportedly belongs to a subclade of T-M184 which is most commonly found in both the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Spain) and Egypt. His most distant known ancestor is Samuel Jeffreason  [sic], born 11 October 1607 at Pettistree, Suffolk, England, although there is also a widespread belief that the President had Welsh ancestry. While all subclades of T-M184 are rare in Britain, some British males with the surname Jefferson have also reportedly been found to carry T-M184, reinforcing the idea that Thomas Jefferson's immediate paternal ancestry was British and may originate in Sephardic (Spanish) Jewish populations, who have their ultimate origins in the Middle East.[87]

There was controversy for almost two centuries regarding allegations that Thomas Jefferson had fathered the children of his slave Sally Hemings. An oral tradition in the Hemings family and other historical evidence was countered in the early 19th century by some Jefferson's grandchildren, who asserted that a son of Thomas Jefferson's sister, by the name of Carr, had been the father of Hemings' children. However, a 1998 study of Jefferson male-line DNA found that it matched that of a descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son, Eston Hemings. Most historians now believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Hemings for 38 years, and probably fathered her six known children, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line.

Subclades

Tree

Phylogenetic Tree of the Eurasian Haplogroup T-M184 and their closest macro-lineages

Latest 2015 tree (ISOGG 2015) harv error: no target: CITEREFISOGG2015 (help)

Branching of T-M184 LT  L298    (43900ybp)   LT*  (xM184, M20)   All cases without M184 or M20   T  M184    (39,300‑45,100ybp)   T*  (xL206)   All cases without L206 or PH110     T1  L206    (26600ybp)   T1*  (xM70)   Syria     T1a  M70    (19,000-30,000ybp)[6]   T1a*  (xL162,L131,Y11151)   All cases without L162, L131 or Y11151     T1a1  L162    (15400ybp)   T1a1*  (xL208)   Pityusic Islanders, Pontic Greeks from Giresun, Germany and Balkars.     T1a1a  L208    (14800ybp)   T1a1a*  (xCTS11451, Y16897)   All cases without CTS11451 or Y16897     T1a1a1  CTS11451    (9500ybp)   T1a1a1*  (xY4119, Y6671)   All cases without Y4119 or Y6671     T1a1a1a  Y4119    (9200ybp)   T1a1a1a*  (xCTS2214)   All cases without CTS2214     T1a1a1a1  CTS2214    (8900ybp)       T1a1a1a2  Y6671    (8900ybp)           T1a1a1b  Y6671    (9200ybp)           T1a1a2  Y16897    (9500ybp)             T1a2  L131    (15400ybp)         T1a3  Y11151    (15400ybp)           T2 PH110    (26600ybp)      Ossetian Irons, Leoneses, Germans and Bhutaneses     L M20 L1 M22  West Asia, Europe, Central and South Asia.     L2 L595    Widely widespread in Europe, where is found the highest diversity of this lineage.       Macro-Haplogroup LT

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012	ISOGG 2013
T-M184	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu16	H5	F	K*	K	T	T	K2	K2	T	T	T	T	T	T
K-M70/T-M70	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu15	H5	F	K2	K2	T	T1	K2	K2	T	T	T	T1	T1a	T1a
T-P77	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu15	H5	F	K2	K2	T2	T1a2	K2	K2	T2	T2	T2a1	T1a1b	T1a1a1	T1a1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJobling_and_Tyler-Smith2000 (help) and Kaladjieva 2001 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKaladjieva2001 (help)

β Underhill 2000 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill2000 (help)

γ Hammer 2001 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHammer2001 (help)

δ Karafet 2001 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2001 (help)

ε Semino 2000 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSemino2000 (help)

ζ Su 1999 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSu1999 (help)

η Capelli 2001 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCapelli2001 (help)

Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T [χ 3]
			A0	A1 [χ 4]
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
							B	CT
								DE						CF
							D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																					IJK	H
														IJ	K
									I	J		LT [χ 5]		K2 [χ 6]
																L	T		K2a [χ 7]	K2b [χ 8]	K2c	K2d	K2e [χ 9]
																			K-M2313 [χ 10]		K2b1 [χ 11]	P [χ 12]
																			NO		S [χ 13]	M [χ 14]		P1	P2
																		N	O			Q	R
Y-DNA by population Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people Footnotes  Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a". Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.) Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

References

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External links

• The Y-DNA Haplogroup T Project
• YFull T YTree
• T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0795_390K
• T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0795_1240K
• T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0797_1240K
• Settlement Burials at the Karsdorf LBK Site, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
• Map of the 7100ybp T1a settlement of Karsdorf
• Video: Karsdorf's adjacent pagan structure for tribal rituals
• Video: Tribal culture contemporaneous to T1a and their adjacent pagan structure
• The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the 'Ain Ghazal settlement
• C14 radiocarbon CONTEXT database