Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS[2] is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.[1]

Haplogroup K2b (P331)
Possible time of originAbout 3,000 years younger than K-M9 40,000-50,000 years old
Possible place of originProbably Southeast Asia[1] or possibly South Asia.[1]
AncestorK2
Descendants
  • K2b1 (previously known as MS) and;
  • Haplogroup P (K2b2; subclades include haplogroups Q and R).
Defining mutationsP331, CTS2019/M1205, PF5990/L405, PF5969,[2][3]

Basal K2b* has been found only in the remains of an individual known as Tianyuan man,[4] who was alive some time between 42,000 and 39,000 years BP, during the upper paleolithic era, near the future site of Beijing, China. The basal clade has been erroneously attributed to another individual, known as RISE94, who lived 3,000 years before BP in Sweden; RISE94 is now known to belong to as R1a. K2b* has not been not been identified in living males.

K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania.[1] Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 (P-M45) and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.[1]

Phylogenetic structure
  • K2b (P331), also known as MPS.
    • K2b1 (P397, P399), similar to the previous Haplogroup MS.
      • Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a.
      • Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b.
    • Haplogroup P (P295/PF5866/S8) – also known as K2b2.
      • P1 (M45) – also known as K2b2a; descendant subclades include the major haplogroups Q and R.

Distribution

Basal K2b* was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man from China,[4] modern populations with living members of the immediate subclades K2b1* and P* (K2b2) appear to be polarized between Oceania, South Asia and eastern Siberia.

Some Negrito populations of South-East Asia carry very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among the Aeta (or Agta) people of the Philippines, in the form of K2b1 (60%), P* (P-P295*, a.k.a. K2b2*) and P2 (P-B253; K2b2b).

K2b1

K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines.[5] It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians.[5]

Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% of indigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[5] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.[6] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)

PopulationK2b1 (including haplogroups M & S)
Papua New Guinea82.76%
Maori03.82% (1.95% of those sampled, i.e. 49% of Maori males were deemed to have non-indigenous Y-DNA)
Fiji60.75%
Solomon Islands71.9%
French Polynesia08%
Vanuatu76.5%
New Caledonia
Guam33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa08.04%
Kiribati00% (small sample size)
Tonga20.69%
Micronesia FDR66.67%
Marshall Islands63.64%
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau61.5% (small sample size)
Cook Islands03.9%
Wallis and Futuna26%
Tuvalu36%
Nauru28.6% (small sample size)
Norfolk Island
Niue00% (small sample size)
Tokelau50% (small sample size)
Hawaii20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians29%[6]
Timor25%
Aeta60%
Malay02.4% ( small sample size )
Flores35%
Sulawesi11.3%
East Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Islands)25.9%
Java Indonesia00%
Bali Indonesia00.9%
Sumatra Indonesia00%
Borneo Indonesia05.8%
West Papua (Papua Province, Indonesia)52.6%
West Papua (Papua Province, Indonesia)82.6%
Sumba Indonesia25.2%
Chukkese people Micronesia76.5%
Pohnpeian people Micronesia70% (small sample size)

P (K2b2)

Apart from the basal paragroup P* (K2b2), it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).[1]

P (K2b2) descendant haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2) is widely distributed among males of Native American, Central Asian, South Asian and European ancestry.

Basal P* (K2b2*)

P-P295* (sometimes known as "pre-P", before P-M45 was redesignated P1) is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.[5]

PopulationRate of P* (%)Notes
Papua New Guinea0.69assumed from Kayser et al. 2006, i.e. one P* found
New Zealand0
Fiji0
Solomon Islands0
French Polynesia0
Vanuatu0
New Caledonia
Guam0
Samoa0
Kiribati
Tonga0
Federated States of Micronesia0
Marshall Islands0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands0
Wallis and Futuna0
Tuvalu0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue0small sample size
Tokelau0small sample size
Hawaii0small sample size from FTDNA
Australia0
Timor10.8
Aeta28
Filipino Austronesian0
Malay0
Flores0
Sulawesi0.6
East Indonesia0
Java Indonesia0
Bali Indonesia0
Sumatra Indonesia0
Borneo Indonesia0
West Papua Province0
Papua Province0
Sumba Indonesia3.2

P1 (K2b2a)

P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.[5]

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1 are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi,[7] and 35% among Nivkh males.

Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies.[8] In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.[8]

Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation)PaperNPercentageSNPs Tested
Tuvinian (Turkic)Darenko 200511335.40P-M45
Nivkh (isolate)Lell 20011735P-M45
Altai-Kizhi (Altaians) (Turkic)Darenko 20059228.3P-M45
Todjin (Turkic)Darenko 20053622.2P-M45
Chukchi (Chukotkan)Lell 20012420.8P-M45
Koryak (Chukotkan)Lell 20012718.5P-M45
Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut)Lell 20013318.2P-M45
Uighur (Turkic)Xue 20067017.1P-M45
Kalmyk (Mongolic)Darenko 20056811.8P-M45
Turkmen (Turkic)Wells 20013010P-M45
Soyot (Turkic)Darenko 2005348.8P-M45
Uriankhai (Mongolic)Katoh 2004608.3P-M45
Khakas (Turkic)Darenko 2005537.6P-M45
Kazakh (Turkic)Wells 2001545.6P-M45
Uzbek (Turkic)Wells 20013665.5P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic (Austro-Asiatic)Reddy 20093535.40P-M45(xM173) §
Mundari (Austro-Asiatic)Reddy 20096410.90P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer)Reddy 2009110.00P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic)Reddy 20092571.60P-M45(xM173) §
Garo (Tibeto-Burman)Reddy 2009711.40P-M45(xM173) §
India (Tibeto-Burman)Reddy 20092263.10P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia (Tibeto-Burman)Reddy 20092140.00P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India (Indo-European)Reddy 20095418.50P-M45(xM173) §
Iran (Southern Talysh)Nasidze 2009504.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Azerbaijan (Northern Talysh)Nasidze 2009405.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Mazandarani (Iranian)Nasidze 2009504.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Gilaki (Iranian)Nasidze 2009500.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Tehran (Iranian)Nasidze 2004804.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Isfahan (Iranian)Nasidze 2004506.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Bakhtiari (Iranian)Nasidze 2008532.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranian Arabs (Arabic)Nasidze 2008472.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
North Iran (Iranian)Regueiro 2006339.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Iran (Iranian)Regueiro 20061173.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus (Georgian)Nasidze and Stoneking 2001773.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus (Armenian)Nasidze and Stoneking 20011002.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Hvar (Croatian)Barać et al. 200314
Korčula (Croatian)Barać et al. 20036

§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.

Population group N P (xQ,xR) Q R Paper
Count % Count % Count %
Gope 16 1 6.4 Sahoo 2006
Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2 Sahoo 2006
Mahishya 17 3 17.6 Sahoo 2006
Bhumij 15 2 13.3 Sahoo 2006
Saora 13 3 23.1 Sahoo 2006
Nepali 7 2 28.6 Sahoo 2006
Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3 Sahoo 2006
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7 Sahoo 2006
Lambadi 18 4 22.2 Sahoo 2006
Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2 Sahoo 2006
Katkari 19 1 5.3 Sahoo 2006
Madia Gond 14 1 7.1 Sahoo 2006
Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80 Sahoo 2006
gollark: Specific, LIMITED and well-defined ways.
gollark: Not restricted arbitrarily by social media platforms/political convenience.
gollark: Restricted somewhat in specific and well-defined ways, potentially.
gollark: "Directly encourages crime", *maybe*, would be appropriate to ban.
gollark: That seems unreasonable.

See also
  • Ancient populations haplogroups are assumed from small ancient sample sizes.
    • † Stands for assumed extinction (no living sample of the same haplogroup)
      • [9] Entire Phlogeny except for Hg X + distribution of K2b1 clades K2* clades and K2c+K2d, as well as P(xm45)

[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23][24][25][26] Modern Populations+Ancient Basques

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

References
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  2. "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree".
  3. Karafat 2014
  4. "Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data (compiled from published papers) | David Reich Lab". reich.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  5. Karafet 2014
  6. Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  7. Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
  8. Sahoo, S. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
  9. Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J Stephen; Hammer, Michael F. (2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  10. Raghavan, Maanasa; Skoglund, Pontus; Graf, Kelly E.; Metspalu, Mait; Albrechtsen, Anders; Moltke, Ida; Rasmussen, Simon; Stafford Jr, Thomas W.; Orlando, Ludovic; Metspalu, Ene; Karmin, Monika; Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Mägi, Reedik; Campos, Paula F.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Litvinov, Sergey; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Fedorova, Sardana A.; Voevoda, Mikhail I.; Degiorgio, Michael; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Demeshchenko, Svetlana; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard; Nielsen, Rasmus; et al. (2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...87R. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
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  12. Hollard, C.; Keyser, C.; Giscard, P. H.; Tsagaan, T.; Bayarkhuu, N.; Bemmann, J.; Crubézy, E.; Ludes, B. (2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250.
  13. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-9-181.pdf
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  15. http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/ca.html
  16. Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS One. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  17. Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS One. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
  18. Rosser, Z. H.; Zerjal, T; Hurles, M. E.; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; Arroyo, E; Barbujani, G; Beckman, G; Beckman, L; Bertranpetit, J; Bosch, E; Bradley, D. G.; Brede, G; Cooper, G; Côrte-Real, H. B.; De Knijff, P; Decorte, R; Dubrova, Y. E.; Evgrafov, O; Gilissen, A; Glisic, S; Gölge, M; Hill, E. W.; Jeziorowska, A; Kalaydjieva, L; Kayser, M; et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
  19. Genetic Structure in Contemporary South Tyrolean Isolated Populations Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu Polymorphisms
  20. Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios
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  27. . 2013-12-13. bioRxiv 10.1101/000802. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Notes

[Assuming B70 ky for the TMRCA of M168 chromosomes,10 we estimate the interval of time between the diversification of K-M9 and that of K-P331 to be <3 ky. This rapid diversification has also been assessed using whole Y-chromosome sequence data.22 In addition, we estimate the total time between the common ancestor of K-M9 and that of P-P295 to be <5 ky, and the time between the common ancestor P-P295 and that of P-P27 to be 12.3 ky (95% CI: 6.6–20 ky).http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg2014106a.html]

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R
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