Haplogroup O-M175

Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, Madagascar, and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup O (mtDNA).
Haplogroup O-M175
Possible time of origin36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] ybp (YFull[1])

41,900 [95% CI 31,294 <-> 51,202] years ago (Karmin 2015[2])

44,700 or 38,300 ybp[3]
Coalescence age31,200 [95% CI 29,400 <-> 33,100] ybp (YFull[1])

34,042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942] years ago (Karmin 2015[2])

35,000 or 30,000 years ago depending on mutation rate[3]
Possible place of originEast Asia
AncestorNO
DescendantsPrimary:
O1 (O-F265); O2 (O-M122) 
Secondary:
O1a (O-M119); O1b (O-M268);
O2a (O-M324); O2b (O-F742)
Defining mutationsM175 (+ numerous other SNPs).[4]

The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from China, Korea, and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. It's also high in the Melanesian populations of Solomon Islander, Fijians, Moluccas and significant frequencies in some populations Papua New Guinea. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Myanmar, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongolians, Koreans, Vietnamese, Malays, Filipinos, Thailand, Polynesians, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan,[5] Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic,[6] and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.[7]

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see Rootsi 2006, TMC & ?, Shi 2005, and Bradshaw & ?) or East Asia (see ISOGG 2012) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015).[2][8]

Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan,[5] even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is believed to be only about 9% (Wells et al. 2001). It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries O-M175.[9]

An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along with a single instance of O-MSY2.2(xM50),[10] while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar.[11][12] O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia.[13] 12% of Uyghurs (Wells et al. 2001), 6.8% of Kalmyks[14] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians (Kharkov et al. 2007), 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7%(Wells et al. 2001) and 4.0% of Buryats.[15]

Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).

O-M175*

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surkhandarya, 1/70 = 1.4% Khorezm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) (Wells 2001). However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,[Note 1] and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (Xue 2005, Kim 2011). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176.

A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 1/18 Iranians from Teheran, 2/37 Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.[16]

O-F265 (O1)

O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 23,400 [95% CI 21,600 to 25,300] YBP.[8][17] O-F75, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O3-M122 approximately 24,700 [95% CI 23,000 to 26,500] YBP.[8] Thus, O-F75 existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O3-M122 for a duration of approximately 1,300 years (or anywhere from 0 to 4,900 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O2-M268.

O-M119 (O1a)
Main article: Haplogroup O-M119

O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Tai–Kadai peoples.

O-M268 (O1b)
Main article: Haplogroup O-M268

O-M122 (O2)

Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia (Shi 2005).

  • O-M122
    • O-CTS1754 East & Southeast Asia
      • O-F953/F1886 Philippines[19]
        • O-F953* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
        • O-F1024
          • O-F1024* Guangxi[1]
          • O-Y29790 Liaoning,[1] Fujian[1]
    • O-M324
      • O-L465
        • O-CTS727
          • O-F915
            • O-F915* Shanxi[1]
            • O-Y14462
              • O-Y14462* Guangdong[1]
              • O-CTS1936 Beijing,[1] Ho Chi Minh City[1]
              • O-A18267
                • O-A18029 China[1]
                • O-ACT6559 Hebei[1]
          • O-CTS3709
            • O-CTS11209
              • O-CTS11209* Han from Hunan[1]
              • O-L599 Han from Hunan,[1] Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City,[1] Tujia[1]
            • O-F2640
              • O-F2640* Beijing[1]
              • O-CTS11210
                • O-CTS11210* Han from Hunan[1]
                • O-CTS2432 Han from Hunan[1]
        • O-JST002611/CTS2483
          • O-CTS2483* China,[19] Japan,[19] Philippines[19]
          • O-CTS10573 Beijing,[27] Sichuan,[27] Henan,[27] Jiangsu[27]
          • O-F18
            • O-CTS498 China,[1] Japan (Tokyo)[1]
            • O-F449 Azerbaijan[19]
              • O-F1266, F2016, F4267 Beijing,[27] Jilin,[27] Shanxi,[27] Jiangsu,[27] Shanghai,[27] Guangdong[27]
              • O-F238
                • O-FGC62457
                • O-F134
                  • O-F134* China (Han)[1]
                  • O-F1894 Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong[27]
                    • O-F1894* Hunan (Han),[1] Beijing[1]
                    • O-MF18144
                      • O-MF18144* Shandong[1]
                      • O-F18567 South Korea,[1] Japanese[1]
                  • O-MF1155 Anhui,[1] Guangdong,[1] Myanmar (Mandalay)[1]
            • O-F117
              • O-F117* Fujian[1]
              • O-F11
                • O-F11* Gansu,[1] Japanese[1]
                • O-F930 Beijing,[1] Armenia,[1] Inner Mongolia,[27] Hebei,[27] Shaanxi,[27] Shandong,[27] Zhejiang,[27] Hubei[27]
                  • O-F2685 Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong[27]
                • O-BY169374
                  • O-BY169374* Zhejiang[1]
                  • O-SK1692
                    • O-SK1692* Guangdong[1]
                    • O-MF55116 Pakistan (Hazaras)[1]
                • O-F539 Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan[27]
                  • O-F539*
                  • O-F319 Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City),[1] Hunan[1]
                • O-CTS12877
                  • O-F16635
                  • O-CTS257 Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Hunan[27]
                    • O-CTS257* South Korea,[1] Japan (Tokyo)[1]
                    • O-F16834
                • O-Y29837
                  • O-Y29837* Hebei,[1] Fujian (Han)[1]
                  • O-MF8526
                    • O-MF8526* Sichuan,[1] Zhejiang[1]
                    • O-Y135777 China[1]
                • O-BY36917 Japan[19]
                • O-F4062 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang[27]
                  • O-Y15976 China, Japan,[19] Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam
                    • O-Y15976* Zhejiang,[1] Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)[1]
                    • O-Y26383
                      • O-Y26383* Hubei[1]
                      • O-SK1686
                  • O-FGC54474
                • O-F971 Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Guangdong[27]
                  • O-F971* Sichuan,[1] Zhejiang,[1] Jiangxi,[1] Japan[19]
                  • O-Y23813
                    • O-Y23813* Guangdong[1]
                    • O-Y23809
                      • O-Y23809* Guangdong[1]
                      • O-BY170727
                      • O-Y23907 Guangdong[1]
                • O-F632
                  • O-F632* Beijing[1]
                  • O-F16340 Zhejiang[1]
                  • O-F133 China, Bulgaria[19]
                    • O-F133* Beijing[1]
                    • O-Y20951
                      • O-Y20951* Anhui[1]
                      • O-Y20932 Anhui,[1] Beijing[1]
                    • O-F17
                      • O-F377 China, France[19]
                        • O-CTS7789 Han Chinese (Beijing, Shanghai,[27] Fujian, Guangdong,[27] Hunan, Sichuan[27])
                          • O-CTS7789* Beijing,[1] Guangdong[27]
                          • O-F1095
                        • O-CTS7501
                          • O-CTS7501* Zhejiang,[1] Hunan (Han)[1]
                          • O-CTS1621
                      • O-F793 Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong[27]
      • O-P201
        • O-M188
          • O-M188* Korea[19]
          • O-CTS800
            • O-CTS800* Beijing,[1] Japan[19]
            • O-CTS1602 Han from Fujian[1]
          • O-CTS445
            • O-CTS201 Korea[19]
              • O-M159 China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore[19]
                • O-Z35182
                  • O-Z35182* China (Han)[1]
                  • O-MF2541 Fujian,[1] Taiwan (Chiayi City),[1] Cambodia (Siem Reap)[1]
                • O-CTS5032
                  • O-CTS5032* Hunan (Han)[1]
                  • O-CTS10690 Hunan (Han)[1]
              • O-MF18110
                • O-MF18110* Hunan,[1] Shanghai[1]
                • O-FGC50643
                  • O-FGC50643* Shanxi[1]
                  • O-FGC50649
                    • O-Y169696 Jiangsu[1]
                    • O-FGC50558 Japan,[19] Korea[19]
                      • O-FGC50558* Japanese[1]
                      • O-Y165513 Korea[1]
                      • O-FGC50535 Korea[1]
            • O-M7 Found frequently among human remains associated with the Neolithic Daxi culture[28] and modern Hmong–Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric peoples,[26] with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese (Xue 2006), Buyei (Xue 2006), Bai (Wen 2004), Mosuo (Wen 2004), Tibetans (Wen 2004), Qiang (Xue 2006), Oroqen (Xue 2006), Tujia (Su 2000), Thai (Su 2000), Orang Asli (Su 2000), western Indonesians (Su 2000 and Kayser 2008), Malaysians (Kayser 2008), Vietnamese (Kayser 2008), and Atayal (Su 2000).
              • O-M7* Hubei,[1] Philippines (possibly O-Y26395)[19]
              • O-Y26395 Taiwan (Amis)[1]
              • O-F1276
                • O-F1863
                • O-CTS6489
                  • O-CTS6489* Dai (Xishuangbanna)[1]
                  • O-F1275
        • O-P164
          • O-F996/F3237
          • O-M134: Found frequently among Sino-Tibetan peoples, among members of the Kazakh Naiman tribe with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.
            • O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland[19]
              • O-F1725
                • O-F1725* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
                • O-Y31255
                  • O-FGC61200
                    • O-FGC61200* Henan (Han)[1]
                    • O-FGC61168 Sichuan[1]
                  • O-A16615/CTS11009
                    • O-Y85894
                      • O-Y85894* Fujian[1]
                      • O-Y19010 Shandong[1]
                    • O-CTS682/CTS2272
                      • O-BY146675 Korean[1]
                      • O-BY161237 Japan (Tokyo,[1] Kanagawa[1])
              • O-Y12/F314
                • O-Y12* Beijing (Han)[1]
                • O-CTS2643/CTS11192
                  • O-CTS53
                    • O-CTS53* China[1]
                    • O-CTS6373 Hunan (Han),[1] Xishuangbanna (Dai)[1]
                  • O-F876
                    • O-F876* Henan,[1] Shaanxi[1]
                    • O-Y29829 Liaoning[1]
                  • O-F275
                    • O-F275* Henan,[1] Shandong[1]
                    • O-F14411/CTS1011 Japan[19]
                      • O-Z2037 Beijing (Han)[1]
                      • O-CTS2815
                        • O-CTS2815* South Korea[1]
                        • O-F700
                          • O-F700* Hunan,[1] Liaoning,[1] Japan (Tokyo)[1]
                          • O-F14475 Hunan (Han)[1]
                            • O-F2505
                              • O-F2505* Hebei[1]
                              • O-MF194 Korean,[1] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
                  • O-F634
                    • O-F634* Shandong[1]
                    • O-F209 Beijing (Han)[1]
                      • O-F1391
                        • O-F1391* Zhejiang[1]
                        • O-F4117 Jiangxi,[1] Sichuan (Han)[1]
                      • O-A5034
                        • O-MF357
                          • O-ACT1039
                          • O-MF308 Korean[1]
                        • O-CTS4266
                          • O-F14839 Henan (Han)[1]
                          • O-Z26108
                            • O-Y30135
                              • O-Y30135* Beijing (Han)[1]
                              • O-F2173
                                • O-F2173* Sichuan (Han)[1]
                                • O-F1458 Shandong,[1] Anhui[1]
                            • O-Z26156
                              • O-Z26156* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
                              • O-BY102696
                                • O-BY102696* Korean[1]
                                • O-BY61500 Guangdong[1]
                  • O-CTS3776/F2887
                    • O-CTS3776* Beijing (Han),[1] Fujian (Han),[1] Japan[19]
                    • O-CTS3763
                      • O-CTS4601 Fujian[1]
                      • O-Y7110
                        • O-Y13527
                          • O-Y13527* Beijing (Han)[1]
                          • O-FGC16888/Z38720 Taiwan[19]
                            • O-MF805 Guizhou,[1] South Korea[1]
                            • O-Y22112
                              • O-FGC16885/FGC16887 Kazakhstan[19]
                        • O-Y7111
                          • O-MF13415 China[1]
                          • O-F4249/SK1769 China, South Korea[19]
                          • O-CTS335 Zhejiang,[1] Jiangsu,[1] Gansu[1]
                            • O-CTS335* Japan (Tokyo),[1] Xibo[1]
                            • O-Y142071
                              • O-Y142071* Anhui[1]
                              • O-CTS3856
                                • O-CTS3856* Beijing (Han)[1]
                                • O-CTS5741
                                  • O-CTS1174 Hunan (Han)[1]
                                  • O-F15948 Jiangxi,[1] Thailand[1]
            • O-M117/PAGE23
              • O-MF1380/CTS4960 China, Korea, Japan,[19] Indonesia[19]
                • O-MF1388 Guangdong,[1] Japan (Akita[1])
                • O-MF2636
                  • O-MF2636* Chongqing[1]
                  • O-CTS374 Jiangsu,[1] Beijing (Han)[1]
              • O-M133/M1706 Shandong[1]
                • O-M1706* Japan (Tokyo)[1]
                • O-YP4864
                  • O-YP4864* Korean[1]
                  • O-Z44076 Shandong,[1] Philippines (Cebu)[1]
                • O-CTS7634
                  • O-CTS7634* Fujian (Han),[1] Beijing (Han),[1] Mongolia (Selenge),[1] Russia[1]
                  • O-F2188
                    • O-MF23641
                      • O-MF23641* China[1]
                      • O-Y169190 Fujian[1]
                    • O-Y29861 Henan,[1] Fujian,[1] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
                    • O-F3039 Shandong,[1] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh),[1] Philippines (Cebu)[1]
                • O-M1726
                  • O-A9457
                    • O-A9457*
                    • O-MF15246 Zhejiang,[1] Korean[1]
                    • O-F17158
                      • O-F15367
                        • O-F15367* Guangdong[1]
                        • O-Y174543 Hunan,[1] Japan (Tokyo)[1]
                  • O-CTS9678
                    • O-CTS9678* Tianjin[1]
                    • O-M1513
                      • O-M1513* Shandong[1]
                      • O-F18746 Fujian (Han)[1]
                    • O-Z39663 Russia,[1] Liaoning,[1] Shandong,[1] Fujian (Han)[1]
                • O-A9459
                  • O-F6800
                    • O-F6800* Shanxi[1]
                    • O-Y8389
                      • O-Y8389* Japan (Tokyo)[1]
                      • O-Y9144
                        • O-Y9144* Guangdong[1]
                        • O-Y8387
                          • O-Y8387* Shanghai,[1] Chongqing[1]
                          • O-CTS5481 Japan (Tokyo),[1] Korean[1]
                  • O-F14249
                    • O-F14249* Liaoning[1]
                    • O-ACT4506 Mongol (Hulunbuir),[1] Guangdong[1]
                    • O-Y81597 South Korea,[1] North Korea (North Hamgyong Province)[1]
                    • O-F14347
                      • O-F14347* Beijing (Han)[1]
                      • O-CTS5063
                        • O-CTS5063* Sichuan,[1] Jiangxi,[1] Fujian[1]
                        • O-Z44927
                          • O-Z44927* Anhui[1]
                          • O-MF21798 Zhejiang,[1] Xishuangbanna (Dai)[1]
                        • O-CTS1154
                          • O-CTS1154* Fujian,[1] Guangxi[1]
                          • O-Z25902
                            • O-Z25902* Hebei,[1] Fujian[1]
                            • O-Z42620 Fujian,[1] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
                  • O-F438 Japan (Tokyo)[1]
                    • O-F438* Hunan (Han)[1]
                    • O-Y17728
                      • O-Y17728* Beijing (Han),[1] Shandong[1]
                      • O-Y170157 Shandong,[1] Korean[1]
                      • O-F1754
                        • O-F1754* Beijing (Han)[1]
                        • O-F2137
                          • O-F2137* Jiangsu[1]
                          • O-F1123 Jilin,[1] Zhejiang[1]
                      • O-F316
                        • O-F316* Anhui[1]
                        • O-CTS1304
                          • O-CTS1304* Jiangsu,[1] Shandong[1]
                          • O-F813
                            • O-F813* Shandong,[1] Jiangxi,[1] Guangdong[1]
                            • O-Y138426 Shandong,[1] Chongqing[1]
                            • O-Y154488 Hunan[1]
                            • O-Y20928 Henan[1]
                              • O-Y20928* Inner Mongolia,[1] Beijing (Han),[1] Shandong,[1] Anhui[1]
                              • O-Y174105
                                • O-Y174105* Henan[1]
                                • O-Y137637 Shandong,[1] Jiangsu[1]
                  • O-CTS1642
                    • O-CTS1642* Bangladesh[1]
                    • O-CTS5308
                      • O-CTS5308* Beijing (Han)[1]
                      • O-F20067
                      • O-Y34065
                      • O-MF1012
                        • O-MF1012* Nyingchi (Tibetan)[1]
                        • O-Y67478
                          • O-Y67478*
                          • O-CTS5672 Japanese[1]
                    • O-F14408
                      • O-Y101264 Shigatse (Tibetan),[1] Northeast India (Riang)[1][31]
                      • O-F14422
                        • O-F14422* Northeast India (Riang),[1][31] Myanmar (Yangon)[1]
                        • O-A9463
                          • O-A9463* Bangladesh[1]
                          • O-Y34067 Northeast India (Riang)[1][31]
                        • O-F14665 Xishuangbanna (Dai),[1] Naxi[1]
                        • O-Y7080
                          • O-Y7080* Xishuangbanna (Dai),[1] Guangdong[1]
                          • O-ACT1169 Guangdong,[1] Fujian[1]
                          • O-Z26030
                            • O-Z26030* Guangxi[1]
                            • O-F14479 Guangdong,[1] Xishuangbanna (Dai),[1] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
O-M324 (O2a)
O-F742 (O2b)

Language families and genes
See also: Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages
See also: East Asian languages

Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages. The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson 2007 and Shi 2005. This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem (vanDriem 2011). It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.

(M175) 
O2 (M122) 
 Sino-Tibetan O2a2b1 (M134) 
 

 Sinitic O2a2b1a2 (F114) 

 
 

 Sino-Tibetan O2a2b1a1 (M117) 

 
 
 Hmong–Mien O2a2a1a2 (M7) 
 
 

 Hmong (Miao) 

 
 

 She (Ratliff 1998) 

 
 
 

 Mien (Yao) 

 
 
 
O1 (F265) ("Austric") 
 
 Austroasiatic O1b1a1a (M95) 
 

 Munda 

 
 

 Mon–Khmer 

 
 
 Austro-Tai O1a (M119) 
 Austronesian 
 

 Formosan 

 
 

 Malayo-Polynesian 

 
 
 Kra–Dai 
 

 Kadai [Note 2] 

 
 Kam–Tai 
 

 Kam–Sui 

 
 

 Tai 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history
Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

  • α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
  • β Underhill 2000
  • γ Hammer 2001
  • δ Karafet 2001
  • ε Semino 2000
  • ζ Su 1999
  • η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

ISOGG 2017 tree(ver.12.244).[32]

  • O (M175)
    • O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
      • O1a (M119)
        • O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
          • O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
            • O1a1a1 (F446)
              • O1a1a1a (F140)
                • O1a1a1a1 (F78)
                  • O1a1a1a1a (F81)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
                              • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
                            • O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
                    • O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
                • O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
                  • O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
                    • O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
                      • O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
                  • O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
              • O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
                • O1a1a1b1 (M101)
                • O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
                  • O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
                    • O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
            • O1a1a2 (CTS52)
              • O1a1a2a (CTS701)
                • O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
          • O1a1b (CTS5726)
        • O1a2 (M110)
          • O1a2a (F3288)
            • O1a2a1 (B392)
              • O1a2a1a (B393)
        • O1a3 (Page109)
      • O1b (M268)
        • O1b1 (F2320)
          • O1b1a (M1470)
            • O1b1a1 (PK4)
              • O1b1a1a (M95)
                • O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
                  • O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
                              • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
                                • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
                                  • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
                                    • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
                                • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
                                • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
                              • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
                                • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
                              • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
                                • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
                    • O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
                      • O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
                  • O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
                    • O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
                      • O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
                        • O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
                        • O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
                      • O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
                      • O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
                    • O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
                • O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
                • O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
              • O1b1a1b (F838)
                • O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
            • O1b1a2 (Page59)
              • O1b1a2a (F993)
                • O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
                  • O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
              • O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
                • O1b1a2b1 (F840)
                  • O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
                • O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
              • O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
        • O1b2 (P49, M176)
          • O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
            • O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
              • O1b2a1a (F1204)
                • O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
                  • O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
                    • O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
                  • O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
                  • O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
                • O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
                  • O1b2a1a2a (L682)
                    • O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
                      • O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
                      • O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
                        • O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
                  • O1b2a1a2b (F940)
                • O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
                  • O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
              • O1b2a1b (CTS562)
            • O1b2a2 (Page90)
    • O2 (M122)
      • O2a (M324)
        • O2a1 (L127.1)
          • O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
            • O2a1a1 (F2159)
              • O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
                • O2a1a1a1 (F852)
                  • O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
                    • O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
                      • O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
                        • O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
                  • O2a1a1a1b (F854)
                    • O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
                  • O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
              • O2a1a1b (F915)
                • O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
                  • O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
                    • O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
                    • O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
                    • O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
          • O2a1b (M164)
          • O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
            • O2a1c1 (F18)
              • O2a1c1a (F117)
                • O2a1c1a1 (F13)
                  • O2a1c1a1a (F11)
                    • O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
                      • O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
                        • O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
                          • O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
                            • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
                              • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
                                • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
                                • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
                            • O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
                          • O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
                        • O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
                          • O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
                    • O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
                    • O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
                    • O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
                      • O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
                    • O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
                      • O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
                        • O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
                          • O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
                            • O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
                      • O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
                        • O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
                    • O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
                      • O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
                        • O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
                        • O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
                    • O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
                    • O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
                    • O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
                  • O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
              • O2a1c1b (F449)
                • O2a1c1b1 (F238)
                  • O2a1c1b1a (F134)
                    • O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
                    • O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
                • O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
              • O2a1c1c (CTS498)
            • O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
        • O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
          • O2a2a (M188)
            • O2a2a1 (F2588)
              • O2a2a1a (CTS445)
                • O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
                  • O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
                • O2a2a1a2 (M7)
                  • O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
                    • O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
                      • O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
                        • O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
                        • O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
                        • O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
                    • O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
                      • O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
                        • O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
                  • O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
              • O2a2a1b (F1837)
            • O2a2a2 (F879)
              • O2a2a2a (F1226)
                • O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
          • O2a2b (P164)
            • O2a2b1 (M134)
              • O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
                • O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
                  • O2a2b1a1a (M133)
                    • O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
                      • O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
                              • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
                                • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
                    • O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
                      • O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
                        • O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
                          • O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
                    • O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
                      • O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
                        • O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
                        • O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
                      • O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
                    • O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
                      • O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
                        • O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
                          • O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
                        • O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
                    • O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
                        • O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
                        • O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
                        • O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
                    • O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
                          • O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
                          • O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
                    • O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
                      • O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
                        • O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
                      • O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
                    • O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
                      • O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
                  • O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
                • O2a2b1a2 (F114)
                  • O2a2b1a2a (F79)
                    • O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
                                  • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
                  • O2a2b1a2b (F743)
                    • O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
                      • O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
                        • O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
                        • O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
                    • O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
                      • O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
                  • O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
            • O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
              • O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
                • O2a2b2a1 (N7)
                  • O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
                    • O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
                    • O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
                  • O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
                    • O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
                    • O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
                      • O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
                • O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
                  • O2a2b2a2a (F717)
                    • O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
                    • O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
                  • O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
                    • O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
                    • O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
                        • O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
              • O2a2b2b (A16433)
                • O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
                  • O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
                    • O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
                  • O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
        • O2a3 (M300)
        • O2a4 (M333)
      • O2b (F742)
        • O2b1 (F1150)
          • O2b1a (F837)
            • O2b1a1 (F1025)
        • O2b2 (F1055)
          • O2b2a (F3021)
gollark: You're 0.9.
gollark: Well, nobody has more arguably.
gollark: Gibson was rap king so I entered him quiteh igh.
gollark: Well, I rated baidicoot 0.2 because he has a laptop *and* low-end servery device of some sort.
gollark: Cyan, what are your:murderskillcomp powerapioformscutenessinsult potency

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O subclades
  • O-47z
  • O-M101
  • O-M113
  • O-M117
  • O-M119
  • O-M121
  • O-M122
  • O-M134
  • O-M159
  • O-M162
  • O-M164
  • O-M175
  • O-M176
  • O-M50
  • O-M7
  • O-M88
  • O-M95
  • O-MSY2.2
  • O-P31

Y-DNA backbone tree
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

Notes
  1. O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*".
  2. The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists.

References

Citations
  1. YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.04 at 16 May 2017
  2. Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25: 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
  3. Poznik, G. David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L.; et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
  4. ISOGG 2017
  5. E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
  6. Dulik, MC; Osipova, LP; Schurr, TG (2011). "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions". PLoS ONE. 6 (3): e17548. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617548D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMC 3055870. PMID 21412412.
  7. Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, "中国西部人群的遗传混合", 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)
  8. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun; Jin, Wen-Fei; Li, Shi-Lin; An, Yu; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (2013). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e105691. arXiv:1310.3897. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5691Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. PMC 4149484. PMID 25170956.
  9. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun (2014-08-29). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers" (PDF). PLoS ONE. 9 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4149484. PMID 25170956.
  10. Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  11. Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76: 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
  12. Tofanelli, Sergio; Bertoncini, Stefania; Castrì, Loredana; et al. (September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–2124. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740.
  13. Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340.
  14. Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Khoyt, Sanj; Woźniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (12): 804–811. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. PMID 24132124.
  15. Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. (2014). "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50 (2): 180–190. doi:10.1134/s1022795413110082.; Published in Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. (2014). "Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50: 180–190. doi:10.1134/S1022795413110082.
  16. Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazieres, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e76748. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876748D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMC 3799995. PMID 24204668.
  17. Gregory R Magoon; et al. (2013-11-22). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv 10.1101/000802.
  18. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G; Santos, Fabricio R; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; John Mitchell, R; Jin, Li; Soodyall, Himla; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Cooper, Alan; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Royyuru, Ajay K; Platt, Daniel E; Parida, Laxmi; Blue-Smith, Jason; Soria Hernanz, David F; Spencer Wells, R (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
  19. Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
  20. O Y-Haplogroup Project at Family Tree DNA
  21. Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, et al. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." Nature, volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018).
  22. Zhang, X; Kampuansai, J; Qi, X; Yan, S; Yang, Z; et al. (2014). "An Updated Phylogeny of the Human Y-Chromosome Lineage O2a-M95 with Novel SNPs". PLoS ONE. 9 (6): e101020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101020.
  23. Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark. "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics. 2014 (5): 13.
  24. Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Srikummool, Metawee; et al. (2019). "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 36: 1490–1506. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083.
  25. Xia, Zi-Yang; Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; et al. (2019). "Inland-coastal bifurcation of southern East Asians revealed by Hmong-Mien genomic history". doi:10.1101/730903. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
  27. Yao, Xiaotian; Tang, Senwei; Bian, Beilei; Wu, Xiaoli; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2017). "Improved phylogenetic resolution for Y-chromosome Haplogroup O2a1c-002611". Scientific Reports. 7: 1146. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01340-z.
  28. Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Ling-; Wang, E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007). "Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River". Human Genetics. 122 (3–4): 383–388. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2. PMID 17657509.
  29. Wei, L-H; Yan, S; Teo, Y-Y; Huang, Y-Z; Wang, L-X; Yu, G; et al. (2017). "Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia". PLoS ONE. 12 (4): e0175080. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1275080W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175080. PMC 5381892. PMID 28380021.
  30. Naitoh, Sae; Kasahara-Nonaka, Iku; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Nambiar, Phrabhakaran (2013). "Assignment of Y-chromosomal SNPs found in Japanese population to Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree". Journal of Human Genetics. 58: 195–201. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.159.
  31. Mondal, M; Casals, F; Xu, T; et al. (Sep 2016). "Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation". Nat Genet. 48 (9): 1066–70. doi:10.1038/ng.3621. hdl:10230/34401. PMID 27455350.
  32. "Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2017".

Works cited
Journal articles
Websites
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.