Bidayuh

Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, Malaysia and northern West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the island of Borneo, that are broadly similar in language and culture (see also issues below). The name Bidayuh means 'inhabitants of land'. Originally from the western part of Borneo, the collective name Land Dayak was first used during the period of Rajah James Brooke, the White Rajah of Sarawak. At times they were also lesser referred to as Klemantan people.[3] They constitute one of the main indigenous groups in Sarawak and West Kalimantan and live in towns and villages around Kuching and Serian in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, while in the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan they are mainly concentrated in the northern Sanggau Regency. In Sarawak, most of Bidayuh population are found within 40 km of the geographical area known as Greater Kuching, within the Kuching and Serian Division. They are the second largest Dayak ethnic group in Sarawak after the Iban and one of the major Dayak tribes in West Kalimantan.

Bidayuh people
Land Dayak / Klemantan
A native Land Dayak chief in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Total population
205,900 (2014)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Borneo:
 Malaysia (Sarawak)198,473 (2010)[2]
 Indonesia (West Kalimantan)n/a
Languages
Bidayuh languages: Bukar Sadong, Jagoi, Biatah (Siburan and Padawan), Malaysian/Indonesian and English language
Religion
Christianity (predominantly), Animism, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bekati', Binyadu, Jongkang, Ribun, Selako, Lara', Sanggau, Sara', Tringgus, Semandang, Ahé

Settlement areas
A Bidayuh man with a flute from Sarawak, Malaysia.

Predominantly Bidayuh areas in Sarawak are: Lundu, Bau, Penrissen, Padawan, Siburan and Serian. Most of the Bidayuh villages can be found in the rural areas of Lundu, Bau, Padawan, Penrissen, and Serian district. The area continued to the adjecting West Kalimantan border where they resides in Kembayan, Noyan, Sekayam and Jangkang district in Sanggau Regency. The area in which they live is mainly in the basin of the Sarawak River and hilly to mountainous forest, traditionally worked by rotational agriculture and hunting based around farms populated from parent villages situated on the hills for protection. Today, almost all the traditional longhouse-villages have been replaced by individual houses, by roads and there is some plantation agriculture and a reduced emphasis on the growing of hill-padi. Fruit trees, especially Durian, remain important property markers. The distinctive architectural and cultural feature of the Bidayuh is the head-house, now adopted as a symbol.

Languages

The approximately 25 dialects of Bidayuh (Land Dayak) spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia, can be grouped into four clusters of generally intelligible dialects: Eastern, Central, Highland and Western.[4] In Sarawak there are generally said to be three main linguistic groupings (Biatah language; Singai-Jagoi; Bukar Sadong language) but these can be broken down even beyond the list referenced below as most people can be distinguished by locals down to village level through smaller differences in vocabulary and intonation.[5] Each area speaks its own dialect:

  1. Lundu speak Jagoi, Salako and Lara.
  2. Bratak, Singai, Krokong and Jagoi speak Singai-Jagoi.
  3. Penrissen speak Bisitang also people in Kampung Bunuk speak Bunuk (Segu-Benuk).
  4. Siburan vicinity speak Biatah.
  5. Bidayuhs who live around Serian such as Tebakang, Mongkos, Tebedu to Tanjung Amo near the border of Kalimantan Indonesia speak Sadong.
  6. Bidayuhs who live around Serian such as Baki, Baru, Taee and Tarat speaks Bukar language.
  7. Bidayuhs in Padawan speak several but related dialects like Bi-Annah, Pinyawa, Braang, Bia', Bisepug and Emperoh/Bipuruh.
  8. Bidayuh Moden speak mixed languages, mixed languages between Padawan and Jagoi language (Semeba, Tematu, Bumbok and Sudad).

The dialects are not mutually intelligible and English or Malay are often used as common languages.

Linguistic issues
A group of Land Dayak women, possibly from Batang Sadong, Sarawak, Malaysia, 1910.

The Serian Bidayuhs have a distinct dialect known as the Bukar & Sadong language Bidayuh, which is not intelligible to Bidayuhs from other Districts. Here are some examples of the differences in the various dialects spoken in Serian, with their English and Malay equivalents. Also included are two Philippine languages, Kapampangan and Tagalog:

English Malay Bukar & Sadong Bau-Jagoi Siburan-Padawan Bra'ang-Pinyawa Lundu (Salako) Kapampangan Tagalog
Father Bapa Amang Sama Sama Sama' Apak, Bapak Ibpâ, (Bapa - Uncle) Amang, Ama
Mother Ibu Andĕ/ayang Sino Sendo Sin(d)o Inuk, Indok, Umak, Indû Inang, Ina
Food makanan pima-an pinguman pimaan Pinguman Pamakanan Pamangan Pagkain
Rice nasi songkoi/sungkoi tubi tubi Tubi nasik nasi kanin
I aku aku oku Ěku aku aku aku/I-aku ako
You/thee kamu/anda/engkau/kau amu/akam mu-u/ingan ku-u/kaam (K)u'u/ ka'am kau ika (sing.)/ikayu (pl.) ikaw

Religion and beliefs
Bidyuh borich or female witch doctors, 1908.
Religions of Bidayuhs[6]
Religion Percent
Christianity
 
 81.43%
Folk religion
 
 11.6%
Other religions
 
 4.09%
Islam
 
 2.39%
No religion / Unknown
 
 0.54%

Bidayuhs are traditionally animist, and vestiges of these beliefs still remain.[7] The Brooke Family era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries from 1848, bringing education and modern medicine, the similar process were also taken place in Dutch Borneo in the Dutch controlled side. The great majority of Bidayuh are now Christians,[7] majority of them being Roman Catholic. Almost 90% of the people of Bidayuh has changed their traditional name to English name since they converted to Christianity and many young indigenous Bidayuh people in Sarawak will never practice their ancestors ceremony any more and indirectly it has weaken their culture as indigenous people of Sarawak. The original Bidayuhs are mainly Pagans or animist before they convert to Christianity and they believe in ancestral worship and they also believe in the ancient spirits or nature.[8] Due to that, they would have big celebrations like the Gawai (1 June) which is a celebration to please the padi spirit for good harvest and nowadays since 50% has converted to Christianity,[8] the young Bidayuh generation will only celebrate Christmas as their first priority celebration.

Most Bidayuh villages have either a Roman Catholic or Anglican church or a mosque but few villages are Muslims—rarely more than one or the village would tend to split. The Biatah people, who live in the Kuching area, are Anglican, while the people of the Bau area are Catholic.

Now some renowned church also being establish in some villages such as SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo) also called as Borneo Evangelical Church, Baptist Church, Assemblies Of God church and other churches as SDA, Latter Rain.

The Bidayuh of Bukar have a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and leaving them to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely done nowadays.[5]

Salako and Lara people issues

Although classified as "Bidayuh" by the Malaysian government, the Salako and Lara culture have little resemblance to other Bidayuh groups and their oral tradition claim different descent and migration histories. Linguistically, the Salako belong to another language family tree which is of the Malayic Dayak family (the same family as the Iban).[9] The Lara, although said to be more related to the Bidayuh (Jagoi-Singai), speak a language almost not mutually intelligible at all with the Bidayuh but belonged to the same language family tree which is the Land Dayak.[9] Even their customary rituals and rites differ from the other Bidayuhs (all Bidayuhs share almost the same ritual and customary rites).

Culture
A traditional Bidayuh baruk roundhouse in Sarawak, Malaysia. It is a place for community gatherings.
A Bidayuh man making rope in a traditional method.

Musical heritage
Main article: Agung

The Bidayuh have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles - ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.[10][11]

Traditional dance

Traditional cuisine

Several traditional Bidayuh dishes are:[13]

  • Tempoyak goreng, fried fermented durian with pork and lemongrass condiment
  • Rotung, sago cooked in bamboo
  • Kubar, sweet sago pancakes
  • Linut, sticky sago paste
  • Manok pansoh, chicken and tapioca leaves cooked and served in a bamboo stalk[14][15]
  • Tobah, preserved wild animal meat or pork, and fish[16]

Notable Bidayuhs
gollark: You should likely just be using a table.
gollark: Technically yes but please don't.
gollark: ```lualocal f = fs.open(file, "r")-- do stuff with thislocal content = f.readAll()f.close()```
gollark: About what?
gollark: So if I come up with the genius idea of a compact ore processing system by putting a pulverizer and redstone furnace next to each other, I can patent that?

References
  1. "State statistics: Malays edge past Chinese in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  2. Saw Swee-Hock (2015). The Population of Malaysia (Second Edition). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 98-146-2036-X.
  3. M. J. Melalatoa (1995). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa Di Indonesia, Volume 1. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. OCLC 37396203.
  4. Calvin R. Rensch (2006). Rhythm in Bidayuh. SIL International.
  5. Shiv Shanker Tiwary & P.S. Choudhary (2009). Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.). Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 247. ISBN 81-261-3837-8.
  6. "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. p. 108
  7. Lucas Chin & Valerie Mashman, ed. (1991). Sarawak cultural legacy: a living tradition. Society Atelier Sarawak. p. 21. OCLC 1027899014.
  8. Akhmad Saufi; Imanuella R. Andilolo; Norain Othman; Alan A. Lew, eds. (2016). Balancing Development and Sustainability in Tourism Destinations: Proceedings of the Tourism Outlook Conference 2015. Springer. p. 90. ISBN 98-110-1718-2.
  9. Language Family Tree Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang - A home for Pasikings. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
  11. Matusky, Patricia (1985). "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music". Asian Music. 16 (2): 121–182. doi:10.2307/833774.
  12. Pat Foh Chang (1995). The Land of Freedom Fighters. Ministry of Social Development. ASIN B0006FECIK.
  13. Rintos Mail (1 November 2015). "Serving up unique Bidayuh cuisine". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  14. Tamara Thiessen (2008). Bradt Travel Guide - Borneo. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 247. ISBN 18-416-2252-4.
  15. The Rough Guide to Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Rough Guides UK. 2015. ISBN 02-412-3808-0.
  16. Patrick Rigep Nuek (2002). A Dayak Bidayuh community: rituals, ceremonies & festivals. Patrick Rigep Nuek. p. 12. ISBN 98-341-1500-8.
  17. SHOWBIZ: From reality show to musical theatre http://www.nst.com.my/node/24055
  18. "Bryan impi jadi jurulatih renang" (in Malay). Sinar Harian. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  19. "Ex-Miss World contestant Dewi Liana's second single album in the works". Bernama. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  20. "Lessons from East Malaysian storytellers". The Nut Graph. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  21. Shaiful Shamsudin (27 January 2017). "Venice arkitek kejayaan ATM benam MISC-MIFA" (in Malay). Stadium Astro. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

Notations
  • Baruk Dayak
  • Patrick Rigep Nuek (2002). The Dayak Bidayuh Community: Rituals, Ceremonies, and Festivals.
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