Geographical name changes in Turkey

Geographical name changes in Turkey have been undertaken, periodically, in bulk from 1913 to the present by successive Turkish governments. Thousands of names within the Turkish Republic or its predecessor the Ottoman Empire have been changed from their popular or historic alternatives in favour of recognizably Turkish names, as part of Turkification policies. The governments have argued that such names are foreign or divisive, while critics of the changes have described them as chauvinistic. Names changed were usually of Armenian, Greek, Georgian (Including Laz), Bulgarian, Kurdish, Zazaki, Syriac, Yazidi[1] or Arabic origin.

Turkey's efforts to join the European Union in the early 21st century have led to a decrease in the incidence of such changes from local government, and the central government even more so. In some cases legislation has restored the names of certain villages (primarily those housing Kurdish and Zaza minorities). Place names that have formally changed frequently persist in local dialects and languages throughout the ethnically diverse country.

This policy began during the final years of the Ottoman Empire and continued into its successor, the Turkish Republic. Under the Kemalist government, specialized governmental commissions were created for the purpose of changing names. Approximately 28,000 topographic names were changed, which included 12,211 village and town names, and 4,000 mountain, river, and other topographic names. Most name changes occurred in the eastern regions of the country where minority ethnicities form a large part or a majority of the population.

Enver Pasha issued an edict in 1916 that all place names originating from non-Muslim peoples would be changed

History
For changes throughout Turkey's recorded history before 1913 see individual geographical articles such as Istanbul.

Ottoman Empire

The Committee of Union and Progress took the reins of the Ottoman government through a coup d'état in 1913.[2] At the height of World War I and during the final years of the Ottoman Empire, when the ethnic cleansing policies of non-Muslim Greek, Armenian, and Assyrian minorities were underway, Minister of War Enver Pasha issued an edict (ferman) on October 6, 1916, declaring:[3][4][5][6][7]

It has been decided that provinces, districts, towns, villages, mountains, and rivers, which are named in languages belonging to non-Muslim nations such as Armenian, Greek or Bulgarian, will be renamed into Turkish. In order to benefit from this suitable moment, this aim should be achieved in due course.

General Directorate of State Archives of the Republic of Turkey, İstanbul Vilayet Mektupçuluğu, no. 000955, 23 Kânunuevvel 1331 (October 6, 1916) Ordinance of Enver Paşa

Enver Pasha did not change the geographical names belonging to Muslim minorities (i.e. Arabs and Kurds) due to the Ottoman government's role as a Caliphate.[8] His decree inspired many Turkish intellectuals to write in support of such measures. One such intellectual, Hüseyin Avni Alparslan (1877–1921), a Turkish soldier and author of books about Turkish language and culture, was inspired by the efforts of Enver Pasha, writing in his book Trabzon İli Lâz mı? Türk mü? (Is the Trabzon province Laz or Turkish?) that:[9]

If we want to be the owner of our country, then we should turn even the name of the smallest village into Turkish and not leave its Armenian, Greek or Arabic variants.

Only in this way can we paint our country with its colors.

It is not known how many geographical names were changed under the ordinance. The ultimate overarching objective behind it failed due to the collapse of the Ottoman government and trials of its leaders before Ottoman and European courts for massacres against ethnic minorities committed in 1915.[6][10]

A decreased level of cultural repression has taken place in the Turkish Republic; however, non-mainstream Turkic origin place names have invariably been officially renamed over the course of time.[5][8]

Republic of Turkey

Turkish nationalism and secularism were two of the six founding principles of the Turkish Republic.[11] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the early decades of the Republic, aimed to create a nation state (Turkish: Ulus) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. During the first three decades of the Republic, efforts to Turkify[12][8][6] geographical names were a recurring theme.[13][14][15][16] Imported maps containing references to historical regions such as Armenia, Kurdistan, or Lazistan (the official name of the province of Rize until 1921) were prohibited (as was the case with Der Grosse Weltatlas, a map published in Leipzig).[17]

By 1927, all street and square names in Istanbul which were not of Turkish origin were changed.[18][19]

In 1940 the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA) issued a circular which called for original or foreign language place names to be substituted with Turkish place names.[20] Journalist and writer Ayşe Hür has noted that after the death of Atatürk and during the Democratic period of the Turkish Republic in the late 1940s and 50s, "ugly, humiliating, insulting or derisive names, even if they were Turkish, were subjected to changes. Village names with lexical components meaning red (kizil), bell (çan), church (kilise, e.g. Kirk Kilise) were changed. To do away with "separatist notions", the Arabic, Persian, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Tatar, Circassian, and Laz village names were also changed."[21]

The Special Commission for Name Change (Ad Değiştirme İhtisas Kurulu) was created in 1952 under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior.[20] It was invested with the power to change all names that were not within the jurisdiction of the municipalities like streets, parks or places. In the commission were representatives from the Turkish Language Society (Türk Dil Kurumu), from the faculties geography, language and history from the Ankara University, the Military General Staff and the ministries of Defense, Internal Affair and education. The committee was working until 1978 and 35% of the villages in Turkey got their names changed.[20] The initiative proved successful, as approximately 28,000 topographic names were changed, including 12,211 village and town names and 4,000 mountain, river, and other topographic names.[22][23][24][25][26] This figure also included names of streets, monuments, quarters, neighborhoods, and other components that make up certain municipalities.[13][22][18] The committee was reinstated after the military coup of 1980 in 1983 and it changed the names of 280 villages. It was closed again in 1985 due to inefficiency.[20] During the heightened tension between Kurdish rebels and the Turkish government, the focus of geographical name changing in the 1980s was on Kurdish villages, towns, rivers.etc.[12][27]

In 1981, the Turkish government stated in the preface of Köylerimiz, a publication dedicated to names of Turkish villages, that:

Approximately 12,000 village names that are non-Turkish, understood to originate from non-Turkish roots, and identified as causing confusion have been examined and replaced with Turkish names, and put into effect by the Substitution Committee for Foreign Names functioning at the Directorate General for Provincial Governments in our Ministry.[28]

At the culmination of the policy, no geographical or topographical names of non-Turkish origin remained.[15] Some of the newer names resembled their native names, but with revised Turkish connotations (i.e. Aghtamar was changed to Akdamar).

Current status

Although geographical names have been formally changed in Turkey, their native names persist and continue in local dialects throughout the country.[29] At times, Turkish politicians have also used the native names of cities during their speeches. In 2009, when addressing a crowd in the town of Güroymak, president Abdullah Gül used the native name Norşin.[30] Also that year, when talking about his family origins, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan used the native Greek name of Potamya instead of Güneysu.[30]

Efforts at restoring the former names of geographical terms have been recently introduced in Turkey.[31] In September 2012, legislation was introduced to restore the names of (primarily Kurdish) villages to their former native names.[32] According to the bill, the province of Tunceli would be named Dersim, Güroymak would be named Norşin, and Aydınlar would be named Tilo.[32] But the Turkish Government authority was opposed to the name Dersim as the local municipality wanted to introduce the name Dersim for Tunceli.[33]

Comparative analysis

Most of the geographical name changes occurred in the eastern provinces of the country and on the coast of the eastern Black Sea, where minority populations tend to live. Through independent study, etymologist Sevan Nişanyan estimates that, of the geographical location name changes, 4,200 were Greek, 4,000 Kurdish, 3,600 Armenian, 750 Arabic, 400 Assyrian, 300 Georgian, 200 Laz, and 50 others.[5][13][14][15][16] The official statistics of The Special Commission for Name Change (Ad Degistirme Ihtisas Komisyonu) claim that the total number of villages, towns, cities, and settlements renamed is 12,211.[22][24] The chart below lists the provinces and the number of villages or towns renamed.[34][27]

Percentage of geographical name changes in Turkey from 1916 onwards
ProvinceNumberProvinceNumberProvinceNumberProvinceNumberProvinceNumber
Erzurum653Kastamonu295Giresun167Amasya99Denizli53
Mardin647Gaziantep279Zonguldak156Kütahya93Burdur49
Diyarbakır555Tunceli273Bursa136Yozgat90Niğde48
Van415Bingöl247Ordu134Afyon88Uşak47
Sivas406Tokat245Hakkari128Kayseri86Isparta46
Kars398Bitlis236Hatay117Manisa83Kırşehir39
Siirt392Konya236Sakarya117Çankırı76Kırklareli35
Trabzon390Adıyaman224Mersin112Eskişehir70Bilecik32
Şanlıurfa389Malatya217Balıkesir110Muğla70Kocaeli26
Elazığ383Ankara193Kahramanmaraş105Aydın69Nevşehir24
Ağrı374Samsun185Rize105İzmir68Istanbul21
Erzincan366Bolu182Çorum103Sinop59Edirne20
Gümüşhane343Adana169Artvin101Çanakkale53Tekirdağ19
Muş297Antalya168

Notable geographical name changes

Armenian
Main article: Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey

Armenian geographic names were first changed under the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In 1880, the word Armenia was banned from use in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments, to be replaced with words like Anatolia or Kurdistan.[35][36][37][38][39] Armenian name changing continued under the early Republican era up until the 21st century. It included the Turkification of last names, change of animal names,[40] change of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent Balyan family was concealed under the identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani),[41][42] and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.[43]

Most Armenian geographical names were in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman empire. Villages, settlements, or towns that contain the suffix -kert, meaning built or built by (i.e. Manavazkert (today Malazgirt), Norakert, Dikranagert, Noyakert), -shen, meaning village (i.e. Aratashen, Pemzashen, Norashen), and -van, meaning town (i.e. Charentsavan, Nakhichevan, Tatvan), signify an Armenian name.[8] Throughout Ottoman history, Turkish and Kurdish tribesmen have settled into Armenian villages and changed the native Armenian names (i.e. the Armenian Norashen was changed to Norşin). This was especially true after the Armenian genocide, when much of eastern Turkey was depopulated of its Armenian population.[8]

Sevan Nişanyan estimates that 3,600 Armenian geographical locations have been changed.[5]

Armenian geographical names renamed in Turkey
Notable name changes of Armenian geographical locations:[44][45]
Armenian name Named changed to: Notes
GovdunGoydunArmenian: "House of cows"
AghtamarAkdamarOf unknown meaning[46]
Turkish: White vein
AknEğin, later KemaliyeArmenian: "Fountain"[47]
ManavazkertMalazgirtArmenian: "City of Menua" (named after Urartian king Menua)
VostanGevaşArmenian: "Belongs to King"
Kayl KetKelkit RiverArmenian: "Wolf River".[48] The village of Kelkit in the
Gümüşhane Province also gets its name from the Kelkit River.
NorashenGüroymakArmenian: "New city". A proposal has been introduced to
restore its former name. The Kurdish community of Güroymak
claim it is a Kurdish native name called "Norşin".[32]
ZeytunSüleymanlıArmenian: "Olive". Turkish: named after Turkish general
Suleyman who captured the village in 1915.[49]
ÇermukÇermikArmenian: "Hot springs"
KhachkarKaçkarArmenian: Khachkar or cross-stone.[50][51]
EverekDeveliDerives from the Armenian word Averag meaning ruins.
KarpertHarput, later ElâzığArmenian: "Rock fortress"
AniAnı[52]Historical capital of Bagratuni Armenia. Turkish: "Memory"[53]
SevaveragSiverekArmenian: "Black ruins"
Chabakchur (Çabakçur)BingölArmenian: "rough waters". Turkish: "Thousand lakes".
Çabakçur was used until 1944.
Kurds refer to the city as Çolig.
MetskertMazgirtArmenian: "Big city"
PertakPertekArmenian: "Small castle"

Assyrian

Most Assyrian name changes occurred in the southeast of Turkey near the Syrian border in the Tur Abdin region. The Tur Abdin (Syriac: ܛܘܼܪ ܥܒ݂ܕܝܼܢ‎) is a hilly region incorporating the eastern half of Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the border with Syria. The name 'Tur Abdin' is from the Syriac language meaning 'mountain of the servants (of God)'. Tur Abdin is of great importance to Syriac Orthodox Christians, for whom the region used to be a monastic and cultural heartland. The Assyrian/Syriac people[54][55] of Tur Abdin call themselves Suroye and Suryoye, and traditionally speak an Eastern Aramaic dialect called Turoyo.[56]

After the Assyrian genocide, the Assyrians of the region were either depopulated or massacred. Currently, there are 5, 000 Assyrians living in the region.[57]

Nişanyan estimates that 400 Assyrian geographical locations have been changed.[5]

Map showing native names of Assyrian villages in the Tur Abdin region

Notable name changes of Assyrian geographical locations:[44][45]
Assyrian name Named changed to: Notes
Kafrô TaxtaytôElbeğendiEastern Aramaic: "Lower Village"[58]
BarsomikTütenocakNamed after Nestorian Patriarch Bar Sawma
MerdôMardinEastern Aramaic: "Fortresses"[59][60]
IwardoGülgözeEastern Aramaric: "Fountain of flowers"
ArboTaşköyEastern Aramaic: "Goat"
QartmînYayvantepeEastern Aramaic: "Middle village"
KfargawsôGercüşEastern Aramaic: "Sheltered village"
KefshenneKayalıEastern Aramaic: "Stone of peace"
Beṯ ZabdayİdilNamed after Babai the Great who founded a
monastery and school in the region.
Xisna d'Kêpha (Hisno d'Kifo)HasankeyfEastern Aramaic: "Rock fortress"
Zazİzbırak
AnḥelYemişli

Greek

Many of the Greek names have maintained their origins from the Byzantine empire and Empire of Trebizond era.

With the establishment of the Ottoman empire, many Turkish name changes have continued to retain their Greek origins. For example, the modern name "İzmir" derives from the former Greek name Σμύρνη "Smyrna", through the first two syllables of the phrase "εις Σμύρνην" (pronounced "is Smirnin"), which means "to Smyrna" in Greek. A similar etymology also applies to other Turkish cities with former Greek names, such as İznik (from the phrase "is Nikaean", meaning "to Nicaea"), or even for the Greek island of Kos, called "İstanköy" in Turkish.[44]

Nişanyan estimates that 4,200 Greek geographical locations have been changed, the most of any ethnic minority.[5]

Greek geographical names renamed in Turkey

Notable name changes of Greek geographical locations:[44][45]
Greek name Named changed to: Notes
PotamiaGüneysuGreek: "River". On August 12, 2009, when talking about his family
origins, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan used the native Greek
name of Potamya instead of Güneysu.[30]
Néa PhôkaiaYenifoça
HadrianoupolisEdirneGreek: "City of Hadrian". Founded by Emperor Hadrian in about 123 A.D. Became temporary Ottoman capital after Ottoman conquest in 1363.[61]
KallipolisGeliboluGreek: "Beautiful city". The city was founded in the 5th century B.C.[62]
MakriFethiyeGreek: "long". Following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey,
the Greeks of Makri were sent to Greece where they founded the town of
Nea Makri (New Makri).[63]
KalamakiKalkanUntil the early 1920s, the majority of its inhabitants were Greeks. They left
in 1923 because of the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey
after the Greco-Turkish War and emigrated to Attica, where they founded
the town of Kalamaki.[64]
KonstantinoupolisIstanbulGreek: "City of Constantine". Founded by Emperor Constantine in 330 A.D.
The name Istanbul has been in use since even before the 1453 Ottoman conquest.
Different names of the city coexisted during the Ottoman times, until all names other
than Istanbul became completely obsolete towards the late empire.[65]
NeopolisKuşadasıIt was known as Neopolis (New city) during the Byzantine era and later as
Scala Nova or Scala Nuova under the Genoese and Venetians.[66]
NikaiaİznikNamed after the wife of Lysimachus. The Nicene Creed was named after the First Council of Nicaea, which met in the city in 325 A.D.
NikomedeiaİzmitNamed after Nicomedes I of Bithynia, who re-founded the city in 264 B.C.
SinasosMustafapaşaIn 1924, during the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey,
the Greeks of the town left to Greece and founded Nea Sinasos, a town in the
northern part of the island of Euboea.
Smyrnaİzmir
Ancient Greek city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Greeks left the city after the Great Fire of Smyrna in 1922 to Greece
The Prince Islands
  • Proti
  • Prinkipo
  • Antigoni
  • Halki

Prens Adaları

 During the Byzantine period, princes and other royalty were exiled on the
islands, and later members of the Ottoman sultan's family were exiled there
as well, giving the islands their present name.

Kurdish and Zazaki

The Kurdish and Zaza geographical name changes were exempt under the Ottoman Empire due to the Islamic religious orientation of Kurds. During the Republican era and especially after the Dersim massacre, Kurdish and Zaza geographical name changes became more common.[8] During the Turkish Republican era, the words Kurdistan and Kurds were banned. The Turkish government had disguised the presence of the Kurds and Zazas statistically by categorizing them as Mountain Turks.[67][68] This classification was changed to the new euphemism of Eastern Turk in 1980.[69]

Also included in the category of Kurdish geographical name changes are Zazaki, which is actually not among Kurdish. Nişanyan estimates that 4,000 Kurdish and Zaza geographical locations have been changed.[5]

Kurdish geographical names renamed in Turkey
Notable name changes of Kurdish geographical locations:[44][45][70]
Kurdish and Zazaki name Named changed to: Notes
QilabanUludereKurdish: "Castellan"
DersîmTunceli provinceIn September 2012, legislation was
promulgated to restore the name
of the province of Tunceli to Dersim.[32]
QoserKızıltepeKurdish: "Red mountain"
ŞaxÇatakKurdish: "Tree branch" or "Mountain"
ÊlihBatman
KarazKocaköy
PîranDicleZazaki and Krd.: "Wise men"
HênîHaniHênî: Zaz. Spring
Dara HênîGençDar: Tree, Hênî: Spring
Ginc (Genc)Kaleköy, SolhanInhabited by Zazas. The name
comes from Middle Persian گنج "genc", which means
treasure. This city should not be confused
with the modern day city of Genç.
Genc was the center of Bingöl Province between
1924–1927. In 1936 the city was moved to
Dara Hênî where the Dara Hênî's name
was ultimately changed to Genç.
ÇoligBingölThe meaning of the name is interpreted as
somewhere that is in a deep valley.
ŞemrexMazıdağıKurdish: "Road to Damascus (Şam)"
NorgehPazaryoluKurdish: "Place of light"
AmedDiyarbakırArmenians also refer to the city as
Dikranagerd (Armenian: built by King Tigran).
ColemêrgHakkariHakkari was known as Çölemerik in
accordance with government records in 1928.
Armenians refer to the city as Gghmar which
was noted in Tovma Artsruni's History of
the House of Artsrunik written in the 10th
century.
SerêkaniyêCeylanpınarKurdish: "Head of spring (a natural fountain)"
RihaŞanlıurfaThe city was referred to as Edessa in a
4th-century Greek text. It was also referred
to as El-Ruha in a 7th-century Arabic text.
The city was changed to Urfa. In 1984 the
Turkish National Assembly changed its
name to Şanlıurfa meaning Glorious Urfa
in honor of the city's dedication to the
Turkish War of Independence.
gollark: > one could argue that you can't be wealthy without it being at *someone's* expenseOne would be wrong, lots of things are positive sum.
gollark: 0/10 still contains spaces and also for loops.
gollark: Yes, do so, and also every other esolang ever made.
gollark: And it's good to learn about languages outside your normal programming paradigms.
gollark: I don't actually use it for anything practical whatsoever. It's just neat.

See also

References
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