Replacement of loanwords in Turkish

The replacing of loanwords in Turkish is part of a policy of Turkification dating back to the Ottoman Empire. Contemporary Turkish includes Ottoman Turkish loanwords—mostly of Persian and French, but also Arabic, Greek, and Italian origin—which were officially replaced with their Turkish counterparts suggested by the Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu, TDK) as a part of the cultural reforms—in the broader framework of Atatürk's Reforms—following the foundation of Republic of Turkey.

The TDK, established by Atatürk in 1932 in order to conduct research on the Turkish language, also undertook the initiative to replace only Arabic loanwords with their Turkish counterparts. The Association succeeded in removing several hundred Arabic words from the language. While most of the words introduced into the language in this process were newly derived from existing Turkish verbal roots, TDK also suggested using old Turkish words which had not been used in the language for centuries; like yanıt, birey, gözgü. Most of these words are used today widely while their predecessors are not used in daily language anymore. Some words were used before language reform too but they were used much less than the Persian ones. Some words were taken from rural areas but most of them had different meanings, like ürün. Mongolian also played an important role too, because Mongolian preserved the old Turkic borrowings, such as ulus and çağ.

There are generational differences in vocabulary preference. While those born before the 1940s tend to use the old Arabic-origin words (even the obsolete ones), younger generations commonly use the newer expressions. Some new words have not been widely adopted, in part because they failed to convey the intrinsic meanings of their old equivalents. Many new words have taken up somewhat different meanings, and cannot necessarily be used interchangeably with their old counterpart.

Origin of the words in Turkish vocabulary, which contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin

Many of the loanwords (especially the Arabic, Persian and French ones) are still widely used today, though decreasing in tendency.

Connotations and implications of word choice

Historically, Arabic was the language of the mosque and Persian was the language of education. Its deliberate usage (eschewing the usage of a "western" word) often implies romanticism or a religious subtext, respectively. Similarly, the use of European words may be favored to impart a perceived "modern" character. The use of "pure Turkic" words may be employed as an expression of nationalism or as a linguistic "simplification".

Origin of the words in Turkish vocabulary

The 2005 edition of Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin.[1] Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, French, Italian, English, and Greek.[2]

Word derivations

Most of the new Turkish words are derived from other words with thematic suffixes. For example:

bat- is the root of the verb batmak, which means "to sink" or "to set". The derived word batı means "west" or the cardinal direction in which the sun "sinks". Another example would be aylık, which means "salary" as well as monthly. This is derived from the word ay, which means "moon, month".

Here are some other examples of derivations:

• gün means "day" → günce means "agenda", güncel means "current", gündem means "current events and news", güncellemek means "to update", günay means "date", güney means "south", güneş means "sun", günlük means "diary" or "daily", gündüz means "daytime" (opposite of night) or "morning",
• kes- is the root of the verb "to cut" → kesi means "incision", kesici means "cutter", kesin means "accurate", kesinlikle means "definitely", kesinleşmek means "to become definite", kesinsizlik means "the state of indefinity", keskenmek means "to pretend to hit with a hand motion", kesmece is a saying that means "the agreement of cutting a fruit before buying it", keser means "adze", kesiklik means "sudden feeling of tiredness, lethargy", kesilmek means "to act like something", kesir means "fraction", kesirli means "fractional", kesit means "cross section", keski means "chisel", keskin means "sharp", keskinlik means "acuity" and "sharpness", kesim means "segment", kesimlik means "animal (or tree) fit or ready to be slaughtered/cut", kesinti means "interruption", kesintili means "on and off", kesintisiz means "uninterrupted" and "seamless", kesme means "an object cut in the form of a geometrical shape", kestirme means "short-cut", kesik means "interrupted", kestirmek means "to forecast" and "to nap", kestirim means "guess", kesen means "a line that intersects a geometrical entity", kesenek means "deduction", kesişmek means "to intersect", kesişim means "intersection",
• sap- is the root of the verb "to deviate" → sapık means "pervert", sapak means "turn" (as in roads, traffic),
• duy- is the root of the verb "to hear", "to feel" → duyu means "sensory", duyarlı means "sensitive", duyarlılık means "sensitivity", duygu means "feeling", duyarga(ç) means "sensor", duyargan means "allergen", duyarca means "allergy", duyum means "hearsay", duyumsamazlık means "apathy",
• yet- is the root of the verb "to suffice" → yeter means "sufficient", yetki means "authority", yetenek means "talent",
• başka means "other" → başkalaşım means "metamorphosis",
• tek means "single" → tekel means "monopoly", tekdüze means "monotonous",
• ev means "home" → evlilik means "marriage", evcil means "domestic",
• seç- is the root of the verb "to choose" → seçenek means "choice", seçkin means "elite", seçim means "election",
• düş- is the root of the verb "to fall" → düşük means "miscarriage",
• sür- is the root of the verb "to last", "to put forward" → süreğen means "chronic", sürüm means "version",
• yaz- is the root of the verb "to write" → yazar means "writer", yazgı means "fate", yazılım means "software", yazanak means "report", yazıt means "inscription", yazman means "secretary", yazıcı means "printer", yazın means "literature", yazım means "orthography", yazışma means "correspondence", yazdırım means "dictation",
• ver- is the root of the verb "to give" → veri means "data", vergi means "tax", verim means "efficiency",
• öz means "self", "real" → özel means "special", özen means "attention", özgü means "peculiar", özgül means "specific", özge means "other", özne means "subject", özgün means "original", özgür means "free", özümleme means "assimilation", öznel means "subjective". The verb özle- (meaning "to miss", "to long for") is also derived from this word, and özlem is a noun that means "longing".

Some of the Turkish words are also compound words, such as:

• Başvuru means "application". It is derived from baş (meaning "head") and vuru (meaning "hitting"), so the literal English translation of this compound word would be "head-hitting"
• Ayak means "foot", and kap means "container", and the compound word ayakkabı means foot-container, "shoe".
• Ana means "main", and yasa means "law", and the compound word anayasa means "constitution".
• Öz means "self", and veri means "giving", and the compound word özveri means "altruism, self-sacrifice".
• Büyük means "big", and elçi means "messenger", and the compound word büyükelçi means "ambassador".
• Kesim means "cutting", ev means "house", and kesimevi means "slaughterhouse".

For more information, see the related article: Turkish vocabulary.

Lists of replaced loanwords

Loanwords of Arabic origin

The list gives the Ottoman Turkish word, the modern spelling of the word in Turkish (as suggested by TDK), the modern Turkish equivalent, and its meaning in English. Arabs also used the following words as loanwords for their language.

* Old words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
** New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.

Ottoman Turkish word and its transliteration	Modern spelling of the Ottoman Turkish word	Modern Turkish equivalent	Meaning in English	Remarks
acele*	acele	ivedi**	urgent(ly)	The Turkish word is derived from the verb ivmek, which means "to hurry".
ʻaḍale*	adele	kas	muscle	From the verb kasmak which means "to tend". The modern word has practically replaced the old one.
عفو ايتمك ʻafu itmek*	affetmek	bağışlamak	to forgive	bağışlamak is actually Persian and related with bahşiş ("baksheesh").
عائله ʻaile*	aile	ocak**	family	The new sense 'family' of the Turkish ocak 'hearth' did not become widespread. It is mostly used in its old sense. Ocak can also mean January.
عقد ʻaqd*, مقاوله mukâvele	akit, mukavele	sözleşme, anlaşma, bağıt	contract
عقل ʻaql*	akıl	us**	wisdom	While the Turkish word is almost never used, its derivatives (such as uslu, meaning "demure", "well-behaved") are more widely employed.
علاقه ʻalaqe*	alaka(lı)	ilgi(li)	relevant, related to
عامل ʻâmil	amil	etken	factor
عملية ʻamaliyyah	ameliye	işlem	operation, process
عامه amme	amme	kamu	public, community
عنعنه a'nane	anane	gelenek, görenek	tradition
عساكر asakir*	asker	sü**, çeri**	soldier	While the Turkish words are never or very rarely used, its derivatives (such as subay, meaning "army officer" and yeniçeri, meaning "janissary") are commonly used.
عصر asr*	asır	yüzyıl	century	The compound Turkish word literally means "hundred-year"
بارز bâriz*	bariz	kesin, belli	obvious, accurate
بسيط basîṭ*	basit	kolay	easy, simple	The Turkish word is derived from the word kol, meaning "arm". Both are commonly used.
بعض bazı*	bazı	kimi	some (pronoun)
أبيض abyâz*	beyaz	ak	white	The Arabic word and the Turkish word are used in somewhat different contexts: "beyaz" translates as "fair" or "(white) clean"
جمعة camiʻah*	camîa	topluluk	community
جبراً cebren	cebren	zorla	forcefully
جلسة calsah*	celse	oturum	(law) hearing, session
ceninisakıt	ceninisakıt	düşük	miscarriage	See the section "word derivations" above to see how this word is derived.
جنوب cenûb	cenup	güney	south
جرحة cerahah	cerahat	irin	pus
جواب cevâb*	cevap	yanıt	answer	The new word is from old Turkic yanut. cevap is still popular.
جهاز cihaz*	cihaz	aygıt	apparatus
جوارى civarı*	civarı	dolayları	approximately, around
جمله cümle*	cümle	tümce**	sentence	The new word derived from tüm ("all, entire").
دفعه defʻa*, کره kere*	defa, kere	kez	times (repetition)	An example is: "I did this three 'times'". Both defa and kere are still in popular use.
dâ‘ir*	dair	ilişkin	pertinent (to)
دفينه define*	define	gömü	treasure	The Turkish word is derived from the verb göm-, which means "to bury".
دليل delil*	delil	kanıt	evidence
دور devr*	devir	çağ	era	The new word is actually from Mongolian. The Mongolian word is from Old Turkic çak.
دوره devre*	devre	dönem	semester	The old word is used in many other meanings, and not used anymore in the meaning of "semester".
ابعاد ebʻâd*	ebat	boyut	dimension, size	ebʻâd is the plural of بعد (buʻd, buut).
ابدى ebedî*	ebedî	sonsuz	forever	The Turkish word literally means "without-end".
اجداد ecdâd	ecdat	ata	ancestry	The Turkish word literally means "father".
اجل ecel*	ecel	ölüm	(predestined time of) death
اجنبى acnebi*	ecnebi	el, yad	stranger, foreigner
ادبيات edebiyyat*	edebiyat	yazın**	literature
اهميات ehemmiyyet	ehemmiyet	önem	importance
البسه elbise*	elbise	giysi	cloth	The Arabic word is in fact the plural of libās
أمر emr*	emir	buyruk	order, command	The pure Turkish word is from old Turkic buyruk.
امنيه amniyyah*	emniyet	güvenlik	security	The Turkish word is derived from the word güven, meaning "trust".
اثر eser*	eser	yapıt	production (music, film)	The Turkish word is derived from the verb root yap-, meaning "to do".
اسير esîr*	esir	tutsak	hostage	The Turkish word is derived from the verb tutuz-.
اطراف etraf*	etraf	ortalık	surroundings, surrounding area	The Arabic word is the plural of the word taraf, which means "side" (see below in this list).
اوراق evrâk*	evrak	belge	paper document	In Arabic, evrāk is the plural of vārāk; in modern Turkish, evrak is used as often a singular, although it should be used as a plural of varak.
اول evvel*	evvel	önce	before	The Turkish word is derived from the word ön, meaning "front". The original Arabic word (awwal) literally means "first".
فعال faʻâl*	faal	etkin	active	The Turkish word is derived from the auxiliary word et-, meaning "to do".
فائد faiz*	faiz	ürem**, getiri	interest (monetary)	While the word ürem is never used, the latter word is common in daily language rather with the meaning of "yield".
فقير، فقره fakir, fukara*	fakir	yoksul	poor	The Turkish word is derived from the word yok. This word is a negation word, which can mean "there is not", "do (does) not have", "do (does) not exist".
فايدة fâydah*	fayda	yarar	benefit, utility
فن fenn*, علم ʻilm*	fen, ilim	bilim	science	The Turkish word is derived from the verb root bil-, meaning "to know".
فيضان feyezan	feyezan	taşkın	flood, overflow
فرقة furqah	fırkat	ayrılık	disparity	The Turkish word is derived from the word ayrı, meaning "separate, different".
فكر fikr*	fikir	görüş	opinion	The Turkish word is derived from the verb root gör-, meaning "to see".
فعل fiʻl*	fiil	eylem	verb	The Turkish word is derived from the verb eyle-, which is derived from the auxiliary verb et-, meaning "to do".
غرب garb	garp	batı	west	Please see the beginning of this article for the derivation of this word.
غير gayr	gayri	olmayan, başka, dışı	non-, other	In Arabic, gayr-i is a prefix which means non- as in "he is a non-Muslim"; "he is not a Muslim". The term gayrimüslim (non-Muslim) remains the politically correct term in Turkey, used frequently in newspapers etc.
غذاء gıda*	gıda	besin	food
حادثه hadise*	hadise	olay	event, happening, fact, occurrence	The Turkish word is derived from the verb ol-, meaning "to be", "to become".
حافظه hâfıza*	hafıza	bellek	memory	The new word is commonly used in electronics, like computer memory, i.e. önbellek for cache
خفيف hafif*	hafif	yeğni**	light (in weight)	The Turkish word is rarely used.
حفريات hafriyyât	hafriyat	kazı	excavation	The Turkish word is derived from the verb root kaz-, meaning "to dig".
حق haqq*	hak	pay	portion	The old word hak has many other meanings in Turkish.
حقيقت haqîqat*	hakikat	gerçek	reality
حاكم hâkim*	hâkim	yargıç	judge
حال hâl*, وضعيت vazʻiyet*	hâl, vaziyet	durum	situation
خليطه halîta	halita	alaşım	alloy
حامله haʻmile*	hamile	gebe	pregnant
خراب harâb*	harap	yıkık	ruin
حرارت harâret*	hararet	1: ısı, 2: sıcaklık	1: heat, 2: temperature	The old word can be used in both meanings in Turkish language.
حركة harekkat*	hareket	devinim**	movement, motion
حرف harf*	harf	ses, imce**	letter	The new word also means "sound".
حسره hasra*	hasret	özlem	longing
حساس hassas*	hassas	duyarlı	sensitive
حشره haşara*	haşere	böcek	insect
خطا hatâ*, قصور kusûr*	hata, kusur	yanlış	mistake
خاطره hâtıra*	hatıra	anı	memoir
حيات hayât*, عمر ömr*	hayat, ömür	yaşam, dirim**	life
حيثيت haysiyyet*	haysiyet	saygınlık	respectability
حزم hazm*	hazım	sindirim	digestion
هديه hediyye*	hediye	armağan	gift
هيئت hey'et*	heyet	kurul	board (company)
حدت hiddet*	hiddet	kızgınlık, öfke	anger
حكاية hikâye*	hikâye	öykü	story
خلاف hilâf	hilaf	karşıt	opposite
حس his*	his	duygu	feeling
خواجه hôca*	hoca	öğretmen	teacher	New word is from öğret-, meaning "to teach".
حقوق hukuk*	hukuk	tüze**	(judiciary) law	The Turkish word is not commonly used; however, its derivatives (such as tüzük, meaning "regulations, statute") are more widespread
خصوص husûs*	husus	konu	subject
حضور huzûr*	huzur	dirlik**	comfort
حجرة hucre*	hücre	göze**	cell	The new word is seldom used. There is a word göze meaning spring, fountainhead, regularly used especially in rural areas, commonly also in East of the Turkey, and not a one derived by TDK.
هجوم hücûm*	hücum	saldırı	attack
حرمت hürmet*	hürmet	saygı	respect
اصرار ısrar*	ısrar	üsteleme	insisting
ابتدائی ibtidâ‘î	iptidai	ilkel	primary; primitive
اجتماع ictima	içtima	toplantı	meeting, gathering
içtima	içtima	kavuşum	new moon (astronomy)
اجتماعى ictimai	içtimai	toplumsal	communal
ادرار idrar*	idrar	sidik	urine	The original meaning of the Arabic word is "the action of yielding milk". The Turkish word is derived from an old Turkic verb siymek, meaning "to urinate".
افتخار iftihâr*	iftihar	övünme	pride
احتراس ihtiras*	ihtiras	tutku	passion	The Turkish word tutku is derived from the verb root tut- which means "to hold"
احتواء ihtiva	ihtiva etmek	içermek	to comprise
إحتياج ihtiyâc*	ihtiyaç	gereksinme, gereksinim	need	iħtiyāj is an Arabic verbal-noun form of iħtāj, meaning "need"
اختيار ihtiyâr*	ihtiyar	yaşlı	old (age)	The Turkish word literally means with age.
احتياط ihtiyât	ihtiyat	yedek	backup, spare
اقتباس iktibas	iktibas	alıntı	copying (in literature; referencing)
علاوه ilave*	ilave	ek	addition
الهام ilhâm*	ilham	esin	inspiration
عمار ʻimâr*	imar	bayındırlık	construction, development
امكان imkân*	imkân	olanak	opportunity, possibility
املاء imlâ*	imla	yazım	orthography
امتحان imtihân	imtihan	sınav, yazılı	examination	The new word is a borrowing from Tatar. The Tatar word is from sına-, meaning "to test".
امتياز imtiyâz*	imtiyaz	ayrıcalık	franchise
انحسار inhisâr	inhisar	tekel	monopoly
انسان insân*	insan	kul**	human	The new word is used almost only in religious context.
انطباع intiba	intiba	izlenim	impression
انتحال intihal	intihal	aşırma	plagirism
ارتفاع irtifâʻ*	irtifa	yükseklik	altitude	The old word is only used in aviation, as in "the altitude of the plane".
ارثی irsî*	ırsi	kalıtsal, kalıtımsal	hereditary
اسم ism*	isim	ad	name
إستحصال istiḥṣāl	istihsal	üretim	production
إستقلال istiqlal*	istiklal	bağımsızlık	independence, freedom
استراحة istirâhat*	istirahat	dinlenme	rest
إستثقال istisḳāl	istiskal	aşağılama	abasement
استثناء istisnâ'*	istisna	aykırı	exception
اشتغال iştigâl	iştigal	uğraş, uğraşı	occupation
اشتراك iştirâk*	iştirak	ortaklık	association
ايضاح izâh*	izah	açıklama	clarification
ازدواج izdivâc	izdivaç	evlilik	marriage
قابليه kâbiliyet*	kabiliyet	yetenek, yeti	talent, ability
قادر kader*	kader	yazgı	fate
قفة qaffa*	kafa	baş	head
كافي kâfi*	kâfi	yeter	enough
كائنات kâ'inât*	kâinat	evren	universe
قلب kalb*	kalp	yürek	heart
قانون kânûn*	kanun	yasa	law
قانون اساسى kanunuesasi	kanunuesasi	anayasa	constitution (law)
قافيه kâfiye*	kafiye	uyak	rhyme
كانون اول kânûn-ı evvel		aralık	December
كانون ثانی kânûn-ı sânî		ocak	January
كلمه kelime*	kelime	sözcük, söz	word
قرمز ghermez*	kırmızı	al**, kızıl	red	The Arabic and the Turkish words are used in somewhat different contexts. kızıl is mostly used for red hair.
قسم kısm*	kısım	bölüm	part
كتاب ketab*	kitap	betik**	book	The Turkish word is derived from an old Turkic verb bitimek, meaning "to write". However, the old Turkic verb is ultimately a loanword from Chinese word pi-ti, meaning "brush", "writing apparatus". The new word is used in computing in the meaning of "script".
كفر kufr*	küfür	sövme**	curse
قوة kuvvet*	kuvvet	güç, erk	power, force	In physics, the old word is used for "force" and the new word is used for "power".
كرة küre*	küre	yuvar**	sphere
لطيفه lâtîfe	latife	şaka	joke	The new word is actually also of Arabic origin (from the word şaḳā (شقاء)), meaning "pity, being unfortunate"
لسان lisân*	lisan	dil	language	dil means both tongue in the physical sense and language, while "lisan" only means tongue in the language sense.
لغات lûġat	lügat	sözlük	dictionary
لزوملو lüzûmlu*	lüzumlu	gerekli	necessary
معاش maʻâş*	maaş	aylık	salary
معباد maʻbed*	mabet	tapınak	temple
مادة maddî*	maddî	özdeksel**	material, materialistic	The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy.
مفصل mafsal	mafsal	eklem	ligament	The old word is used for "hinge" (non-anatomical).
مغدور mağdûr*	mağdur	kıygın**	wronged, injured	The new word is almost never used.
مغلوبيات maʻlubiyyat*	mağlubiyet	yenilgi	defeat
محفوظ mahfuz	mahfuz	saklı	hidden
مخلوق mahlûk*	mahluk	yaratık	creature	Sometimes the plural of the old word (mahlukat) is used by its singular meaning.
محصول mahsûl*	mahsul	ürün	product	The new word actually meant "weed".
مخصوص mahsûs*	mahsus	özgü	peculiar
مقصد maksad*, غايه gaye*, هدف hedef*	maksat, gaye, hedef	amaç, erek	goal
معقول maʻkûl*	makul	uygun, elverişli	reasonable
معنة maʻnah*	mâna	anlam	meaning
معنوي manevî*	manevî	tinsel**	moral, spiritual	The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy.
مانع mâniʻ*	mani	engel	obstacle
مصرف masraf*	masraf	gider, harcama	cost
mavi*	mavi	gökçe**	blue	The Turkish word is derived from the word gök, meaning "sky". Although the Turkish word is rarely used in the context of color, it is a common female name, meaning "pleasant, beautiful".
مجاز mecaz*, استعارة istiare	mecaz	iğretileme, eğretileme	metaphor
مجبور mecbûr*	mecbur	zorunlu	obligation, obligatory	Both the new and the old words can be used as either a noun or an adjective.
مجهول mechûl*	meçhul	bilinmeyen	unknown
مدني madanni*	medeni	uygar	civil	The new word is derived from Uyghur. The Arabic word means "from Medina".
مدنيات madanniyyat*	medeniyet	uygarlık	civilization
مفهوم mefhûm*	mefhum	kavram	concept
مکروه mekrûh*	mekruh	iğrenç	disgusting	The old word also has the religious meaning: "disliked", used by all Muslims. Its Arabic meaning is "hated"
meleke	meleke	alışkanlık	habit
melez*	melez	kırma	hybrid
مملکت memleket*	memleket	ülke	country	The old word is used for "one's native region"
مراسم merâsim*	merasim	tören	ceremony
مرثيه mersiye	mersiye	ağıt	elegy
مسافه mesafe*	mesafe	uzaklık	distance
mesame	mesame	gözenek	pore
مثانة mesane*	mesane	sidik kesesi	urinary bladder
مثلا meselâ*	mesela	örneğin	for example
mesele*	mesele	sorun	problem
مسعود mesʻûd*	mesut	mutlu, sevinçli	happy
مسئوليات maʻsûliyyat*	mesuliyet	sorumluluk	responsibility
مشهور meşhûr*	meşhur	ünlü	famous
مشروبات meşrûbât*	meşrubat	içecek	beverage
موقع mevkiʻ مكان mekân*	mevki, mekân	yer, konum	location
ميدان meydân*, ساحه sâha	meydan, saha	alan**	open area, plaza	While the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in the "area" of a triangle), it is seldom used with the same meaning of the old words except in compound words like havaalanı (airport), not hava meydanı (older version).
ميل meyl*	meyil	eğim, eğilim	inclination
مزار mezar*	mezar	gömüt**	cemetery	The Turkish word is derived from the verb göm-, which means to "bury".
منطقة mıntıka	mıntıka	bölge	region
mısra*	mısra	dize	verse
مراث mirâs*	miras	kalıt**	inheritance	The new word is almost never used, but its derivatives are in use, such as kalıtımsal ("hereditary").
مسافر misâfir*	misafir	konuk	guest
مثال misâl*	misal	örnek	example	örnek is actually Armenian.
مسکين miskîn*	miskin	uyuşuk, mıymıntı	lazy
معامله muʻâmele*	muamele	davranış	treatment, behavior
معما muʻammâ	muamma	bilmece	puzzle, trivia
معاصر muʻâsır	muasır	çağdaş, güncel	contemporary
معاون muʻâvin*	muavin	yardımcı	helper
معجزه muʻcize*	mucize	tansık**	miracle	The new word is almost never used.
مغذي mugaddii	mugaddi	besleyici	nourisher
مغالطه mugalata	mugalata	yanıltmaca	deceptive statement
مغني، مغنيه muganni, muganniye	muganni,muganniye	şarkıcı	singer
مغايرة mugayeret	mugayeret	aykırılık	irregularity
مغاير mugayir	mugayir	aykırı	irregular	The old word has only remained as a legal term meaning "adverse".
mugber	muğber	küskün, gücenmiş, dargın	the state of one not talking to another
muglak*	muğlak	çapraşık	ambiguous
مخابره muhabere	muhabere	iletişim, iletişme	communication
مهاجرة muhaceret	muhaceret	göç	emigration
مهاجم muhacim	muhacim	saldıran, saldırıcı	attacker, offender
مهاجر muhacir	muhacir	göçmen	immigrant
محدب muhaddep	muhaddep	dış bükey	convex	The western word konveks is used too.
محافظة muhafaza*	muhafaza	koruma	conservation
muhafazakar*	muhafazakar	tutucu	conservative
محافظ muhafız	muhafız	koruyucu	protector
محاكمه muhakeme*	muhakeme	yargılama, uslamlama	judgment, argumentation
مدة muddat*	müddet	süre	duration
محقق muhakkak*	muhakkak	kesin(likle)	certain(ly)
محقق muhakkik	muhakkik	soruşturmacı	investigator
محال muhal	muhal	olanaksız	impossible
مخالفة muhallaffat*	muhalefet	karşıtlık	opposition	The Arabic word is especially common in the context of politics
مخمن muhammen	muhammen	oranlanan, ön görülen	pre-determined
مخمس muhammes	muhammes	beşgen	pentagon
muhammin	muhammin	ön gören	one that pre-determines
محاربه muhârebe, حرب harb	muharebe, harp	savaş	war
محارب muharip	muharip	savaşçı	warrior
محرر muharrer	muharrer	yazılı, yazılmış	written
محرك muharrik	muharrik	kışkırtıcı, ayartıcı	provoker
muharriş	muharriş	tırmalayan, irkilten	aggravator
muhassamat	muhasamat	çarpışma	collusion
محاصره muhasara	muhasara	kuşatma	siege
محاسبه muhasebe*	muhasebe	saymanlık	accounting, bookkeeping
محاسبجي muhasebeci*	muhasebeci	sayman	accountant, bookkeeper
muhassır	muhasır	kuşatan	one that envelops
muhassala	muhassala	bileşke	resultant
muhassas	muhassas	ayrılmış	reserved
muhat	muhat	kuşatılmış	one that's enveloped, sieged
muhavvil	muhavvil	dönüştüren	converter
muhavvile	muhavvile	dönüştürücü	transformer
محتمل muhtemel*	muhtemel	olası	possible
محتويات muhteviyyât	muhteviyat	içindekiler	ingredients
مقدس mukaddes	mukaddes	kutsal	sacred
منتظم muntazam*	muntazam	düzgün, düzenli	tidy
مربع murabbaʻ	murabba	kare	square	The word kare is actually a loanword itself (from French carré)
murafaa	murafaa	duruşma	court hearing
معتدل muʻtedil	mutedil	ılım(lı)	moderate(ly)
موفقيت muvaffakıyyet	muvaffakiyet	başarı	success
مبالغه mübalâga	mübalağa	abartı	exaggeration
مجادله mücâdele*	mücadele	çaba, uğraş	endeavor
مجرد mücerrit	mücerrit	soyut	abstract
مدافعه müdâfaʻa	müdafaa	koruma	sustain, protect, defend
مداخله müdâhale*	müdahale	karışma	intervention
مدت müddet*	müddet	süre	duration
مدركه mudrike	müdrike	anlık	intellect (in psychology)
mudrir	müdrir	idrar söktürücü	diuretic
muebbet*	müebbet	yaşam boyu, sonsuz	lifelong, forever	In today's Turkish, the Arabic word is exclusively used in the meaning of "lifelong prisonment"
mueccel	müeccel	ertelenmiş	delayed
مؤدب mueddep	müeddep	uslu	well behaved, demure
مؤلفات muelleffat	müellefat	(yazılı) yapıt	(written) piece
مؤلف، محرر muellif, muharrir	müellif, muharrir	yazar	writer
مؤمن muemmen	müemmen	sağlanmış	secured
مؤنث muennes	müennes	dişil	feminine
مؤسسه mu‘essese	müessese	kurum	foundation
muessif	müessif	üzücü	saddenning
مؤثر muessir	müessir	dokunaklı	touching
مؤسس muessis	müessis	kurucu	founder
mueyyide	müeyyide	yaptırım	sanction
مفكره mufekkrireh	müfekkire	düşünce gücü	thought capacity
muferrih	müferrih	iç açıcı	relaxing, refreshing
مفرد mufrett	müfret	tekil	singular
مفلس muflis	müflis	batkın	one that's gone bankrupt
مهم mühim*	mühim	önemli	important
مؤمن mü‘min	mümin	inanan, inançlı	believer
مناسبت münâsebet*	münasebet	ilişki	relation
مراجعت mürâcaʻat	müracaat	başvuru	application
مركب mürekkeb	mürekkep	birleşmiş, birleşik	composed of	The word mürekkep is still used in Turkish, to mean "ink"
مرتب murrettip	mürettip	dizgici	type setter
مسابقه müsâbaka	müsabaka	karşılaşma	match, competition
مسامحه müsâmaha	müsamaha	hoşgörü	tolerance
مساوى musavi	müsavi	eşit, denk	equal
مستهجن müstehcen*	müstehcen	uygunsuz	inappropriate, obscene
مستملك mustamlak	müstemleke	sömürge	colony (exploitee)
مسوده müsvedde*	müsvedde	taslak	draft
مشابه، مماثل muşabbih, mumassil	müşabih, mümasil	benzer	similar
مشبهات muşşabbahat	müşabehet	benzerlik	similarity
مشخص müşahhas	müşahhas	somut	concrete (in concept, the opposite of abstract)
مشكل müşkül	müşkül	çetin**	difficult
muşkul-pesend	müşkülpesent	titiz	fussy
مشرك muşrik	müşrik	çoktanrıcı	polytheist
مشتق müştak	müştak	türev	derivative
muştehi	müştehi	istekli	willing (person)
مشتكي muşteki	müşteki	yakınan, sızlanan	one who complains, whiner
مشتملات muştemilat	müştemilat	eklenti	attachment, appandage
مشترك muşterek*	müşterek	ortak	partner
muştereken	müştereken	ortaklaşa	jointly
مشتري muşteri*	müşteri	alıcı, alımcı	customer
mut‘a	müt'a	geçici kazanç	temporary earning
مطالعه mütâlâʻa	mütalâa	düşünce	thought
متارکه mütâreke	mütareke	antlaşma	armistice
متعدد muteaddit	müteaddit	birçok	a lot, many
متفن muteaffin	müteaffin	kokuşuk	malodorous
متعهد muteahhid*	müteahhit	üstenci	contractor
muteahhidlik	müteahhitlik	üstencilik	contractor (as a profession)
muteakiben	müteakiben	arkadan	following
متعاقب muteakib	müteakip	sonra, ardından	after, thereafter
متعاليه mutealiye	mütealiye	deneyüstücülük	transcendentalism
متعلق muteallik	müteallik	ilişkin, ilgili	related (to)
متعمم muteammim	müteammim	yaygınlaşmış, genelleşmiş	something that has widespread
متعارفه mutearife	mütearife	belit**	axiom	The French word aksiyom is more common
متبقي mutebaki	mütebaki	kalan	remaining
mutebasbıs	mütebasbıs	yaltakçı	slimy
متبدل mutebeddil	mütebeddil	değişen, kararsız	one that changes, undecided
متبسم mutebessim	mütebessim	gülümseyen, güleç	one that smiles
متجنس mutecanis	mütecanis	bağdaşık	homogenous
mutecasir	mütecasir	yeltenen	one who dares
متجاوز mutecaviz	mütecaviz	saldırgan	attacker
متدين mutedeyyin	mütedeyyin	dindar	religious	The dindar is a Persian loanword, meaning "owner of religion". This is one of the most used words in modern Persian.
متأثر muteessir	müteessir	üzüntülü	sad (person)
متفكر mutefekkir	mütefekkir	düşünür	thinker, intellectual
متفرق müteferrik	müteferrik	dağınık	untidy
متحمل mutehammil	mütehammil	dayanıklı	durable
متحرك muteharrik	müteharrik	devingen, oynar	mobile
متخصص mütehassıs	mütehassıs	uzman	expert
متشبث muteşşebbis	müteşebbis	girişimci	entrepreneur
متوازي mütevâzî*	mütevazi	alçakgönüllü	humble
متوفى muteveffa	müteveffa	ölü, ölmüş	dead
متفق muttefik*	müttefik	bağlaşık**	ally
مزايده muzayyadeh	müzayede	açık arttırma	auction
مزمن müzmin	müzmin	süreğen	chronic	The new word is seldom used.
نادر nadir*, اندر ender*	nadir, ender	seyrek	rare(ly)
نغمه nağme	nağme	ezgi	melody
nafile*	nafile	boşuna	futile
نصيحت nasîhat*	nasihat	öğüt	advice, counsel
نظير nâzır	nazır	bakan	minister
نفس nefes*	nefes	soluk	breath
نسيج nesiç	nesiç	doku	tissue
نسل nesl*	nesil	kuşak	generation
نتيجه netîce*	netice	sonuç	result
نزيف nezif	nezif	kanama	hemorrhage
نصف nısf	nısıf	yarı(m)	half
نهايت nihâyet*	nihayet	son(unda)	final(ly)
نكاح nikâh*	nikâh	düğün	wedding	In modern Turkish, nikâh is generally used for the wedding ceremony, while düğün is used for the wedding reception or party.
نسبت nisbet*	nispet	oran	ratio
نطق nutk*	nutuk	söylev	speech
رأي*	rey	oy	vote
رغما ragmen*	rağmen	karşın	despite, in spite of
رفاه rafāh*	refah	gönenç	prosperity
رئيس re'îs	reis	başkan	president
روح ruh*	ruh	tin**	spirit	The Turkish word is almost never used, except in the context of philosophy
رطوبه rutûbet*	rutubet	yaşlık, ıslaklık	moisture
رؤيا rü'ya*	rüya	düş	dream
سادهّ sade, سائد sa'aid*	sade	yalın	plain	The Turkish word is rarely used.
صفحة safha*	safha	evre, aşama	stage, phase
صفراء safra*	safra	öd	bile
ساحل sahil*	sahil	kıyı	coast
صاحب sahip*	sahip	iye**	owner	The Turkish word is seldom used; however, it is commonly used in the context of grammar when describing the possessive suffix (iyelik eki)
sahte*	sahte	düzmece	fake
samimî*	samimi	içten	sincere	the Turkish word literally means "from inside"
سطح sath	satıh	yüzey	surface
سياره sayyâre	seyyare	araba, taşıt	car	Araba is the outdated expression for "car" in Arabic. The current word in Arabic for car is seyyara but in Turkish seyyar, means "transportable" or given to travel.
سبب sebeb*	sebep	neden	reason
سفاره safarat	sefaret	büyükelçilik	embassy
سلامت selâmet	selamet	esenlik	health, soundness
سما semâ	sema	gök	sky
سنه sene*	sene	yıl	year
seviye*	seviye	düzey	level
صحت sıhhat	sıhhat	sağlık	health
سحر sihr*	sihir	büyü	magic
صحبت sohbet*	sohbet	söyleşi	chat	The new word is used in somewhat different contexts.
سؤال su'âl	sual	soru	question
صلح sulh	sulh	barış	peace
صنع sunî	suni	yapay	artificial	The Turkish word is derived from the verb yapmak, which means "to do".
سکوت sükût	sükût	sessizlik	silence	The Turkish word literally means "soundlessness".
sürʻat*	sürat	hız	velocity, speed	In physics, the old word is used for "speed" (scalar) and the new word is used for "velocity" (vector). The new word is actually a loanword from Persian خيز (khiz), meaning "move!" and gained its new meaning after the 20th century.
شاهد şâhid*	şahit	tanık	witness	The Turkish word is derived from the verb tanımak, which means "to recognize".
شاعر şair*	şair	ozan	poet
شرق şark	şark	doğu	east	The Turkish word is derived from the verb doğmak, which means "to be born".
شرط şart*	şart	koşul	condition
şatafat(lı)	şatafat(lı)	gösteriş(li)	spectacular (noun and adjective)
شمال şimâl	şimal	kuzey	north
şuʻûr*	şuur	bilinç	consciousness	The Turkish word is derived from the verb bilmek, which means "to know".
şübheli*	şüpheli	sanık	suspect; someone charged with an offense
تعلق taalluk	taalluk	ilinti	connection, relation
طبقه tabaqqa*	tabaka	katman	layer
طبيعت ṭabîʻat*	tabiat	doğa	nature	The Turkish word is derived from the verb doğmak, meaning "to be born".
طبيعى ṭabîʻî*	tabii	doğal	natural	The Arabic word is mostly used with the meaning "certainly, of course". The new word doesn't have this meaning. French loanword natürel is used too.
تعبير، افاده taʻbîr, ifâde*	tabir, ifade	deyiş**	narration
ṭâbiyet*	tâbiyet	uyruk**	nationality
تحليل tahlil*	tahlil	inceleme	(laboratory) test (as in medicine)
تخمين tahmin*	tahmin	kestirim**	guess, prediction
تعقيب taʻkib*	takip	izlem**	follow-up	The Turkish word is derivede from the verb izlemek, meaning "to watch".
طلب ṭaleb*	talep	istek	request, demand, wish
طلبه ṭalebe	talebe	öğrenci	student (plural of طالب ṭâlib, "seeker" [of knowledge])
تعمير taʻmîr*, تعديلات taʻdîlât*	tamir, tadilat	onarım	repair, renovation
طرف taraf*	taraf	yan	side
taraftar*	taraftar	yandaş	supporter, proponent	While the Turkish word is also very common, only the Arabic word is used in the context of "fan or supporter of a sports club".
تاريخ tarih*	tarih	günay**	date (in time)	The Arabic word tarih also means "history". The Turkish word günay (literally meaning "day-month") is rarely used.
تسلط tasallut	tasallut	sarkıntılık	(sexual) harassment
تصور tasavvur	tasavvur	canlandırma, tasarı	imagine
تصديق tasdîk*	tasdik	onay	approve
تصحيح tashîh	tashih	düzeltme	correction
تصوير tasvîr*	tasvir	betimleme	description
طياره tayyâre	tayyare	uçak	airplane
توصيه tavsiye*	tavsiye	salık	advice
تعادل teʻâdül	teadül	denklik	equivalence
تعامل teʻâmül	teamül	tepkime, davranış	reaction, behavior
تبسم tebessüm	tebessüm	gülümseme	smile
تبديل tebdîl	tebdil	değişiklik	change
تبريك tebrîk*	tebrik	kutlama	congratulate	The new word also has the meaning "celebration".
تجلى tecellî	tecelli	belirme	emerge, appear
تجسم tecessüm	tecessüm	görünme	appearance, manifestation
تجربة tecrübe*	tecrübe	deneyim	experience
تجهيزات techîzât*	teçhizat	donanım	equipment
تداوى tedavi*	tedavi	sağaltım**	therapy
تدبير tedbîr*	tedbir	önlem	precaution
تأثر te'essür	teessür	üzüntü	agony
teferruat	teferruat	ayrıntı	detail
تكامل tekâmül	tekamül	evrim, başkalaşım	maturation, metamorphosis, evolution
تقاعد tekaʻüd	tekaüt	emeklilik	retirement
تكفل tekeffül	tekeffül	yükümlenme	standing surety
تكليف teklîf*	teklif	öneri	proposal
تكرار tekrar*	tekrar	yine	again
تلاش telâş*	telaş	tasa, kaygı	worry
تناسب tenâsüb	tenasüp	uyum	congruity
تنبيه tenbîh*	tembih	uyarı	warning
tercîh etmek*	tercih etmek	yeğlemek	to prefer
ترجمه tercüme*	tercüme	çeviri	translation
تردد terreddut*	tereddüt	duraksama	hesitancy
ترتيب tertip*	tertip	düzen	order, tidiness
تأثير tesir*	tesir	etki	effect
تسلى teselli*	teselli	avunma	console
تشخيص teşhis*	teşhis	tanı	diagnosis	The Turkish word tanı is the root of the verb tanımak, which literally means "to recognize".
تشكيل teshkil	teşkil etmek	oluşturmak	to constitute
تشرين اول teşrîn-i evvel		ekim	October
تشرين ثانی teşrîn-i sânî		kasım	November
تشويق teşvik*	teşvik	özendirme, kışkırtma	(providing) incentive, provocation
usûl*	usul	yöntem	method
عنصر unsur*	unsur	öğe	constituent, element
عنوان unvan*	ünvan	san	(professional) title
اسلوب uslup*	üslup	biçem**	style
وعد vaʻd*	vaat	söz	promise (noun)
واقعه vakʻâ*	vaka	olay	event
وقور vakûr	vakur	ağır başlı	dignified	The Turkish expression literally means "heavy headed".
وصف vasf*	vasıf	nitelik	feature, quality
واسطه vasıta	vasıta	araç	vehicle
وسيع vâsi	vâsi	engin	vast
وطن vatan*	vatan	yurt	homeland
vatandaş*	vatandaş	yurttaş**	citizen	The Turkish word used to be more common up to thirty years ago.
vaz geçmek*	vazgeçmek	caymak	to change one's mind; to give up (on something/someone)	Here, vaz is the Persian loanword, and geçmek is a Turkish auxiliary verb.
وظيفه vazîfe*	vazife	görev	task, mission
و ve*	ve	ile	and	The Turkish word is very common, but is only used to link nouns, and can normally be translated as with.
وهم vehm	vehim	kuruntu	apprehension, fancy
ولاية vilâyet*	vilayet	il	province
تفسير tefsîr*	tefsir	yorum	interpretation, analysis, comment
ضبط dzabt*	zabıt	tutanak	minute of proceeding, trial
ضمير zamîr*	zamir	adıl**	pronoun
زاويه zaviye	zaviye	açı	angle	From aç-, meaning "to open".

Loanwords of French origin

French words started to infiltrate the Turkish language in the 1800s, when administrative reforms (Tanzimat) started taking place in the Ottoman Empire. The extent of French influence was such that the number of French loanwords was close to 5,000.

Most of the French loanwords are still widely used in Turkish today.

* Words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.

Loanword	Turkish equivalent	Meaning in English	Original French spelling
ajanda *	andaç (replaced with gündem )	agenda	agenda
akselerasyon	ivme	acceleration	accélération
aksesuar *	süs	accessory (decorative)	accessoire
aktif *	etkin	active	actif
alternatif *	seçenek	alternative (noun)	alternatif
analiz *	çözümleme	analysis	analyse
asimilasyon, anabolizma *	özümleme	assimilation, anabolism	assimilation, anabolisme
astronomi *	gökbilim	astronomy	astronomie
avantaj *	üstünlük	advantage	avantage
done	veri	data	donnée
detay *	ayrıntı	detail	détail
direkt *	doğrudan	directly	direct
dikte *	yazdırım	dictation	dictée
doktrin	öğreti	doctrine	doctrine
doküman *	belge	document	document
domestik *	evcil	domestic	domestique
dominant	baskın	dominant	dominant
egzersiz *	alıştırma	exercise	exercice
endemik *	salgın	endemic	endémique
enerji *	erke	energy	énergie
enflamasyon *	yangı	inflammation	inflammation
enformatik	bilişim	information technology	informatique
enteresan *	ilginç	interesting	intéressant
eritrosit	alyuvar	red blood cell	érythrocyte
eksper *	bilirkişi	expert	expert
faks *	belgeç, belgegeçer	fax	fax
faktör *	etken	factor	facteur
fenomen *	olgu	phenomenon	phénomène
filoloji *	dilbilim	philology	philologie
filtre *	süzgeç	filter	filtre
fizyoloji *	işlevbilim	physiology	physiologie
fonksiyon *	işlev	function	fonction
fotokopi *	tıpkıbasım	photocopy	photocopie
garanti *	güvence	insurance, assurance	garantie
global *	küresel	global	global
gramer	dil bilgisi	grammar	grammaire
grup *	öbek	group	groupe
halüsinasyon *	sanrı	hallucination	hallucination
histoloji	doku bilimi	histology	histologie
homojen *	bağdaşık	homogenous	homogène
Hoplamak*	Zıpla	Jump	Oup La
illüzyon *	yanılsama	illusion	illusion
istatistik *	sayımlama	statistics	statistiques
izolasyon *	yalıtım	isolation	isolation
kalite *	nitelik	quality	qualité
kampüs *	yerleşke	campus	campus
kapasite *	sığa, kapsam	capacity	capacité
karakter *	kişilik	character, personality	caractère
kategori *	ulam	category	catégorie
kompleks *	karmaşık	complex	complexe
komünikasyon	iletişim	communication	communication
konsantrasyon *	derişim	concentration	concentration
konsolidasyon *	süreletme	consolidation (economics)	consolidation
kontrol *	denetim	control	contrôle
korelasyon	bağıntı	correlation	corrélation
kramp *	kasınç	(muscle) cramp	crampe
kriter *	ölçüt	criteria	critères
kronik *	süreğen	chronic(ally)	chronique
kuaför *	güzellik salonu/berber	beauty/hair salon, barber	coiffeur
lenf *	ak kan	lymph	lymphe
liste *	dizelge	list	liste
lokosit	akyuvar	white blood cell	leucocyte
medya *	basın-yayın	media	média
mekanizma *	düzenek	mechanism	mécanisme
meridyen *	boylam	longitude	méridien
mesaj, posta *	ileti	message	message
metamorfoz *	başkalaşım	metamorphosis	métamorphose
metot *	yöntem	method	méthode
monoton *	tekdüze	monotonous	monotone
mobilya *	?	furniture	mobilier
moral *	özgüç	moral	morale
mutasyon *	değişinim	mutation	mutation
normal *	olağan	normal	normal
objektif *	nesnel	objective	objectif
organizasyon *	düzenleme	organization	organisation
orijinal *	özgün	original	original
otorite *	yetke	authority	autorité
over	yumurtalık	ovary	ovaire
paradoks *	çelişki	paradox	paradoxe
paralel *	enlem	latitude	parallèle
parazit *	asalak	parasite	parasite
pasif *	edilgen	passive	passif
performans *	başarım	performance	performance
plaj *	kumsal	beach	plage
plato *	yayla	plateau	plateau
popüler, favori *	gözde	popular, favorite	populaire, favori
prensip *	ilke	principal	principe
prezentasyon	sunum	presentation	présentation
primer	birincil	primary	primaire
problem *	sorun	problem	problème
prodüktör	yapımcı	producer	producteur
program *	izlence	program	programme
proje *	tasarı	project	projet
prosedür *	işlem, işleyiş	procedure	procédure
proses	süreç	process	procès
provokasyon	kışkırtma	provocation	provocation
radyoaktif *	ışın etkin	radioactive	radioactif
randıman *	verim	efficiency	rendement
rapor *	yazanak	report	rapport
rejisör	yönetmen	director	régisseur
resesif	çekinik	recessive	récessif
restoran *	aşevi	restaurant	restaurant
rezistans	direnç	resistance	résistance
sekunder, sekonder	ikincil	secondary	secondaire
sekreter *	yazman	secretary	secrétaire
sembol *	simge	symbol	symbole
semptom *	belirti	symptom	symptôme
sendrom *	belirti	syndrome	syndrome
sentez *	bireşim	synthesis	synthèse
sistem *	dizge	system	système
simülasyon *	öğrence	simulation	simulation
solüsyon	çözelti	solution	solution
spesifik	özellikli	specific	spécifique
spesiyal	özel	special	spécial
standart *	ölçün	standard	standard
statik *	duruk	static	statique
statü *	durum	status	statut
subjektif *	öznel	subjective	subjectif
teori *	kuram	theory	théorie
tretuvar	kaldırım	pavement / sidewalk	trottoir
tümör *	ur	tumor	tumeur
versiyon *	sürüm	version	version
viraj *	dönemeç	turn (as in traffic)	virage
ultrason *	yansılanım (the act of echoing)	ultrasound	ultrason

Loanwords of Persian origin

The list gives the Ottoman Turkish word, the modern spelling of the word in Turkish (as suggested by TDK), the modern Turkish equivalent, and its meaning in English.

Most of the original Persian words are still widely used in modern Turkish. In fact, there are over 1,500 Persian words in Turkish. However, for many of the Persian words (unlike Arabic words), there is no TDK-prescribed equivalent. TDK did not put as much effort into replacing Persian words as it did for Arabic words, largely because the Persian words were better assimilated into the language. Arabic language and culture is general perceived by Turks to be more "foreign" than Persian language and culture, which had a native presence in Anatolia since the time of the Achaemenids, and was patronised for millennia afterwards by other dynasties with a presence in Anatolia such as the Sasanians, Seleucids, Seljuks, Sultanate of Rum, and lastly, the Ottomans, amongst others.

* New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.

Ottoman Turkish word	Modern spelling of the Ottoman Turkish word	Modern Turkish equivalent	Meaning in English	Remarks
برابر	beraber	birlikte	together
بوسه	buse	öpücük	kiss
جنگ	cenk	savaş	war
چابك	çabuk	ivedi *	quick(ly)	Çabuk is related to Old Armenian ճապուկ (čapuk)[3]
چاره	çare	çözüm	solution
چهره	çehre	yüz	face
چنبر	çember	yuvarlak	circle
	çeşit	tür	kind, variety	Çeşit is still in popular use.
چهار یک	çeyrek	dörtte bir	quarter	Both the Persian and the Turkish expressions literally mean one in four
درد	dert	ağrı	pain	Dert changed meaning and is now used as "problem"
دیگر	diğer	öbür, öteki	other
دشمن	düşman	yağı *	enemy	The Turkish word is almost never used.
انديشه	endişe	kaygı	worry (noun)
گزيده	güzide	seçkin	élite	Please see the beginning of this article for the derivation of "seçkin"
خسته	hasta	sayrı*	patient, sick	The Turkish word is never used. But its derivative sarılık is. The original Persian word actually means tired
همیشه	hemîşe	her zaman	always	The Her Zaman is a Persian loanword, meaning "any time". This is one of the most used words in modern Persian.
هنوز	henüz	daha	yet	Both words are still in popular use.
	kurnaz	açıkgözlü	cunning	The Turkish word literally means open-eyed. Both words are used.
مهتاب	mehtap	ay ışığı	moonlight
پاپوش	pabuç	ayakkabı	shoe	Both the Persian and the Turkish words literally mean foot coverer
سرخوش	sarhoş	esrik *	drunk	The Persian word (serhoş) literally means head-sweet. The Turkish word is derived from the verb root es-, meaning to blow, to fan (wind). The Turkish word is no longer used.
سر	ser	baş	head
سربست	serbest	erkin *	free, footloose	The Turkish word is almost never used.
سرسری	serseri	başıboş	bum, runabout	The Turkish word is rarely used.
سياه	siyah	kara	black	The Persian and the Turkish word are used in somewhat different contexts.
بهار	sonbahar	güz	fall (season)	The Persian word behar means spring. The Turkish compound word sonbahar (which literally means last-spring) means fall. The compound word ilkbahar'(first-spring')means spring. But often just the word "bahar" is used.
شهر	şehir	kent	city	The word kent is actually of Sogdian origin. Sogdian is an Iranian language that is now extinct.
تازه	taze	yeni	new	taze and yeni are used in different ways. While taze means rather fresh, yeni means new.
تنبل	tembel	haylaz	lazy
ویران	viran	yıkık	ruin
یاور	yaver	yardımcı	helper	The Persian word is hardly ever used.
	yeknesak	tekdüze	monotonous
یکپاره	yekpare	bütün	whole
زهر	zehir	ağı *	poison, toxin	The Turkish word is rarely used.
زنگین	zengin	varsıl *, varlıklı, varlı **	rich	The Turkish word is rarely used.
زور	zor	çetin *	difficult	Both words are used but çetin means very difficult or unfeasible.

Loanwords of other origin

* Words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.

Loanword	Turkish equivalent	Meaning in English	Origin language	Original spelling	Remarks
akut	iveğen	acute(ly)	German	akut
angarya *	yüklenti	drudgery, forced labor	Greek	αγγαρεία	The Turkish word is still unused.
endoskopi *	iç görüm ("inside seeing")	endoscopy	English		The Turkish word is less common.
fetüs *	dölüt	fetus	Latin	fetus	The Turkish word is used occasionally.
genetik *	kalıtım (bilimi) ("the science of heredity")	genetics	German	Genetik	Both the loanword and the Turkish word are used.
hegemonya *	boyunduruk	hegemony	Greek	ηγεμονία	The Turkish word is more commonly used.
İnternet *	Genel Ağ	Internet	English		The Turkish word is still unused.
konsonant	ünsüz	consonant	German[4]	Konsonant	The loanword is now unused.
kundura *	ayakkabı	shoe	Italian	condura	The Turkish word is more commonly used.
otoban *	otoyol	highway	German	Autobahn
vokal *	ünlü	vowel	German[5]	Vokal	The loanword is now unused.
pezevenk *	dümbük	procurer	Armenian	բոզավագ	The Turkish word is less common.

See also

• Animal name changes in Turkey
• Geographical name changes in Turkey
• List of French loanwords in Persian

Notes

1. "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük" (in Turkish). Turkish Language Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
2. "Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm" [Numerical list on the origin of words in Türkçe Sözlük (2005)] (in Turkish). Turkish Language Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
3. "چابک - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
4. TDK Online Dictionary - konsonant Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
5. TDK Online Dictionary - vokal Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine

Sources

• Yazım Kılavuzu, the official spelling guide of the Turkish language on TDK website