Muğla

Muğla (pronounced [ˈmuːɫa]) is a city in south-western Turkey. Muğla is the center of the District of Menteşe and Muğla Province , which stretches along Turkey's Aegean coast. Muğla's center is situated inland at an altitude of 660 m and lies at a distance of about 30 km (19 mi) from the nearest seacoast in the Gulf of Gökova to its south-west. Muğla (ğMenteşe) district area neighbors the district areas of Milas, Yatağan and Kavaklıdere to its north by north-west and those of Ula and Köyceğiz, all of whom are dependent districts. Muğla is the administrative capital of a province that incorporates internationally well-known and popular tourist resorts such as Bodrum, Marmaris, Datça, Dalyan, Fethiye, Ölüdeniz and also the smaller resort of Sarigerme.

Muğla
City
Old city and the Mount Asar on the background.
Seal
Location of Menteşe district within Muğla Province.
Muğla Location of Muğla within Turkey. Show map of Turkey Muğla Muğla (Europe) Show map of Europe
Coordinates: 37°13′N 28°22′E
Country	Turkey
Region	Aegean
Province	Muğla
District	Menteşe
Government
• Mayor	Bahattin Gümüş (CHP)
• Metro	Dr. Osman Gürün (CHP)
Area [1]
• District	1,660.55 km^2 (641.14 sq mi)
Elevation	660 m (2,170 ft)
Population  (2019)[2]
• Urban	74.371
• District of Menteşe	115.059
• District of Menteşe density	0.069/km^2 (0.18/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Area code(s)	(+90) 252
Licence plate	48
Website	Muğla Metropolitan Municipality

The district area's physical features are determined by several pot-shaped high plains abbreviated by mountains, of which the largest is the one where the city of Muğla is located and which is called under the same name (Muğla Plain). It is surrounded by slopes denuded of soil, paved with calcerous formations and a scrub cover which gives the immediate vicinity of Muğla a barren look uncharacteristic for its region. Arable land is restricted to valley bottoms.

A relatively small city of 74,371 (2019 census) and often overlooked by visitors to nearby coastal resorts, Muğla received a new boost with the foundation of Muğla University in the 1990s. Today, the university brings together a student community of several thousands and, added by its academia and staff, it played a key role in bringing movement to the city and in opening it to the outside world. Its former profile as a predominantly rural, difficult to access, isolated and underpopulated region enclosed by a rugged mountainous complex is now coming to an end. Also in recent years, a major program of restoration of the city's architectural heritage has enhanced local tourism. The city remains an orderly, compact and leafy provincial center, which kept its old neighborhoods without surrendering to a boom in concrete constructions, but displays a progressive mind as exemplified by the pride still expressed at having had Turkey's first female provincial governor in the 1990s, Ms. Lale Aytaman. Nevertheless, Muğla still lacks sizeable manufacturing and processing centers and relies on trade, crafts, services, tourism and agriculture in its economy. Therefore, tourism in Muğla is a great employment opportunity for the local community and fertile soils and suitable climate conditions also give an opportunity to harvest variety of products for people who deals with the agricultural sector.

History

See Muğla Province and Caria for more information on the history of the area as a whole.

Classical antiquity

In ancient times, Muğla was apparently a rather insignificant settlement halfway on the passage between the Carian cities of Idrias (later Stratonicea) to the north and Idyma (modern Akyaka) to the southwest on the coast. The indigenous name Mobolla, over time corrupted into "Mogolla" and then further into the modern "Muğla", appears for the first time in the beginning of the 2nd century BC at the time of its region's passage from what was apparently an eastern Carian federation linked with Taba (modern Tavas) and other cities to Rhodian domination. Mobolla was part of the Rhodian Peraea on a firm basis as of 167 BC until at least the 2nd century AD. The Rhodian territory started here and while region was subject to Rhodes, it was not incorporated in the Rhodian state.

There are almost no ruins to reveal the history of the settlement of Mobolla. On the high hill to the north of the city, a few ancient remains indicate that it was the site of an acropolis. A handful of inscriptions were unearthed within the city itself and they date back to the 2nd century BCE.

In 2018, archaeologists unearthed a 2,300-year-old rock sepulchre of an ancient Greek boxer called Diagoras of Rhodes on a hill in the Turgut village, Muğla province, Marmaris. This unusual pyramid tomb was considered to belong to a holy person by the local people. The shrine, used as a pilgrimage by locals until the 1970s, also has the potential to be the only pyramid grave in Turkey. Excavation team also discovered an inscription with these words: “I will be vigilant at the very top so as to ensure that no coward can come and destroy this grave.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

In 2018, archaeological ruins and mosaics discovered in the city have been confirmed to belong to the villa of the Greek fisherman Phainos who lived in the 2nd century AD. Phainos was the richest and the most famous fisherman of his time.[10]

Turkish conquest

Turkish-era Muğla also remained a minor site in the beginning despite having been captured relatively early for western Anatolia in the course of the 13th century. The local ruling dynasty of Menteşe had their capital in Milas.

Ottoman and Republican periods

Muğla acquired regional importance after it replaced Milas as the seat of the subprovince (sanjak) under the Ottoman Empire in 1420. The sanjak kept the name Menteşe until the Republican Era, when it was renamed Muğla after its seat of government.

Climate

Muğla has a Mediterranean Climate. It is characterised by long, hot and dry summers with cool and wet winters.

Climate data for Muğla
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	10.1 (50.2)	10.9 (51.6)	14.3 (57.7)	18.6 (65.5)	24.4 (75.9)	29.8 (85.6)	33.5 (92.3)	33.5 (92.3)	29.3 (84.7)	23.3 (73.9)	16.5 (61.7)	11.4 (52.5)	21.3 (70.3)
Average low °C (°F)	1.5 (34.7)	1.8 (35.2)	3.6 (38.5)	7.0 (44.6)	11.3 (52.3)	16.2 (61.2)	19.7 (67.5)	19.6 (67.3)	15.2 (59.4)	10.2 (50.4)	5.6 (42.1)	3.2 (37.8)	9.6 (49.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	222.7 (8.77)	183.0 (7.20)	118.3 (4.66)	71.0 (2.80)	46.8 (1.84)	22.7 (0.89)	9.8 (0.39)	10.2 (0.40)	23.3 (0.92)	69.2 (2.72)	139.2 (5.48)	272.9 (10.74)	1,189.1 (46.81)
Average rainy days	14.1	13.2	10.9	9.9	7.8	3.6	1.6	1.4	2.8	6.6	9.8	14.9	96.6
Average relative humidity (%)	76	76	72	67	61	52	45	47	50	62	73	80	63
Mean monthly sunshine hours	127.1	140.0	189.1	213.0	263.5	306.0	341.0	331.7	288.0	229.4	153.0	114.7	2,696.5
Source 1: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü[11]
Source 2: Weatherbase[12]

Places of interest

Although it is close to major resorts, Muğla has only recently begun to attract visitors. Sights of interest in the city include:

• Great Mosque of Muğla (Ulu Cami) – large mosque built in 1344 by the Beys of Menteşe
• Konakaltı Han and Yağcılar Han – restored 18th century caravanserais, the first used as an art gallery and facing Muğla Museum, and the second used for more commercial purposes
• Kurşunlu Cami – large mosque built in 1495
• Muğla City Museum has a good collection of archaeological and ethnographical artefacts, as well as 9 million years old animal and plant fossiles recently discovered in Kaklıcatepe nearby
• the Ottoman Empire-era bazaar (Arasta) – marked by a clock tower built by a Greek craftsman named Filivari Usta in 1895
• Vakıflar Hamam – a still operating Turkish bath which dates back to 1258

The old quarter of Muğla – on the slopes and around Saburhane Square (Meydanı), consisting of about four hundred registered old houses dating from the 18th and 19th centuries, many of which are restored. These houses are mainly in the Turkish/Ottoman style, characterized by hayat ("courtyard") sections accessed through double-shuttered doors called kuzulu kapı ("lamb doors") and dotted with chimneys typical of Muğla. But there are also a number of "Greek" houses. The differences between the two types of houses may have as much to do with the extent to which wood or stone were used in their architecture, and whether they were arranged in introverted or extraverted styles, as with who inhabited them previously.

Local students tend to hang out in open air cafés along the İzmir highway or in the caravanserai or in Sanat Evi ("Art House"), an Ottoman style residence that has been turned into a café/art gallery exhibiting principally wood carvings.

• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiator gravestone
• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiator gravestone
• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiator gravestone
• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiator gravestone
• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiator gravestone
• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiator gravestone
• 
  Muğla Museum Gladiators in small ceramic
• 
  Muğla Museum Small ceramic
• 
  Muğla Museum Statuettes
• 
  Muğla Museum Child bathing ceramic
• 
  Muğla Museum Stage mask
• 
  Muğla Museum Museum courtyard
• 
  Muğla Museum Frieze
• 
  Muğla Museum Frieze
• 
  Muğla Museum Frieze
• 
  Muğla Museum Christian decoration
• 
  Muğla Museum Seljuk plaque
• 
  Muğla Museum Interior
• 
  Muğla Chimneys
• 
  Muğla Chimneys
• 
  Muğla Clock tower
• 
  Muğla Old houses
• 
  Muğla Old houses
• 
  Muğla Old houses
• 
  Muğla Old houses
• 
  Muğla Old houses
• 
  Muğla great mosque
• 
  Muğla Şhahidi Camii
• 
  Muğla Şhahidi Camii
• 
  Muğla Şhahidi Camii
• 
  Muğla Şeyh Camii
• 
  Muğla Şeyh Camii
• 
  Muğla Kurşunlu Camii Front
• 
  Muğla Kurşunlu Camii
• 
  Muğla Kurşunlu Camii
• 
  Muğla Kurşunlu Camii Painting of Mecca
• 
  Muğla Konakaltı Han
• 
  Muğla Konakaltı Han
• 
  Muğla Hacıkadı Evi
• 
  Muğla Hacıkadı Evi
• 
  A street in the old quarter
• 
  Buildings in the new part of the city.
• 
  An old fotograph of Muğla chimneys.
• 
  A traditional house.
• 
  Muğla in 19th century.
• 
  Cityscape from Mount Asar
• 
  Old quarter of the city.
• 
  Cityscape from Mount Asar
• 
  Cityscape from Mount Asar
• 
  Old quarter of the city.

Politics

Street in the new quarters of Muğla.

Muğla's political color has traditionally been center-left. In Turkey's 2004 local elections, Dr. Osman Gürün (CHP) was re-elected, increasing his votes to 43.28%, aided in this by the abrupt virtual collapse of the other center-left party the DSP. The 2004 elections were the seventh successive victory for the center-left candidates in the Muğla municipality. Turkey's incumbent AKP and the traditional center-right DYP have each obtained (24,5–24.75%). In 2009 communal elections, MHP made a significant leap in votes and reached %24,2 of casts. CHP had collected almost half of the votes at %46.

Sports

The local football club, Muğlaspor currently apply their trade in the third tier of the Turkish football pyramid.

Notable people from Muğla

• Şahidi İbrahim Dede – 15th–16th century Sufi poet
• Nail Çakırhan – 20th-century poet and architect
• Zihni Derin – 20th century agronomist and agriculturalist who pioneered tea production in Turkey

Due to the particularity of its location, commanding a large part of Anatolia's southwestern coast and a number of busy district centers, Muğla is also notable by the large number of people who, short of being natives in the strict sense, had associations of one sort or another with the city, including among its small Greek minority until the 1923 Population exchange between Greece and Turkey.[13] Among these can be cited;

• Arms trading tycoon Basil Zaharoff, whose family were actually Greeks of the Ottomnan capital but who was born in Muğla in 1849
• The French actress of Greek descent Anna Mouglalis, as attested by her name, can trace her roots to the city
• Mining and poultry magnate Yavuz Sıtkı Koçman (d. 2002) who contributed an important part of his fortune to building the university in the 1990s

See also

• Caria
• Menteşe (district)
• Menteşe (beylik) (Anatolian beyliks)
• Muğla University
• Mesut of Menteşe

Sources

• George Ewart Bean (1989). Turkey Beyond the Meander. London: John Murray Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7195-4663-1.

Footnotes

1. "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
2. ^https://www.nufusu.com/mentese -mugla-mahalleleri-nufusu
3. Smith, John. "Turkey 'Shrine' Turns Out to be Tomb of Ancient Greek Boxer | Greek Reporter Europe". Retrieved 2 September 2019.
4. "Yıllarca türbe sanıldı; mozole çıktı". trthaber.com. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
5. "Shrine in Turkey uncovered as tomb of ancient Greek boxer | Neos Kosmos". English Edition. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
6. TM. "Previous holy site in Turkey's Marmaris revealed to be tomb of Greek boxer – Turkish Minute". Retrieved 2 September 2019.
7. Team, G. C. T. "2,300-year-old shrine in Turkey turns out to be tomb of ancient Greek Boxer Diagoras". Greek City Times. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
8. Whelan, Ed. "Mistaken Belief has Turkish Locals Seeking Blessings at Olympic Boxer's Tomb". ancient-origins.net. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
9. "Aegean villagers mistook Greek boxer's tomb for Islamic holy site, archaeologists discover". Ahval. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
10. Villa and mosaics of Greek fisherman Phainos discovered in Turkey
11. İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
12. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=29271&refer=&units=us&cityname=Mugla-Turkey
13. According to 1912 figures, the Sanjak of Menteşe (Muğla) had a total population of 42,000, in which 1,500–4,000 according to varying sources, were Greeks (S. Anagiostopoulou (1997) and G. Sotiriadis (1918) for the demographic data). Most Greeks residing in the subprovince lived in the city of Muğla, pp. 55, totalling slightly more than 1,000 in number. Peter Benedict (1974). Ula : An Anatolian Town. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03882-0.

External links

• Muğla Municipality
• Several hundreds of pictures