Freehold Borough, New Jersey

Freehold is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Monmouth County.[20][21] As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 12,052,[9][10][11] reflecting an increase of 1,076 (+9.8%) from the 10,976 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 234 (+2.2%) from the 10,742 counted in the 1990 Census.[22]

See also: Freehold Township, New Jersey

Freehold Borough, New Jersey
Borough
Borough of Freehold
South Street in Downtown Freehold
Map of Freehold Borough in Monmouth County. Inset: Location of Monmouth County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Census Bureau map of Freehold Borough, New Jersey
Freehold Borough
Location in Monmouth County
Freehold Borough
Location in New Jersey
Freehold Borough
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 40.260219°N 74.275884°W / 40.260219; -74.275884[1][2]
Country United States
State New Jersey
CountyMonmouth
IncorporatedMarch 25, 1869 (as town)
ReincorporatedApril 15, 1919 (as borough)
Government
 • TypeBorough
 • BodyBorough Council
 • MayorKevin A. Kane (D, term ends December 31, 2023)[4][5]
 • AdministratorStephen J. Gallo[6]
 • Municipal clerkTraci L. DiBenedetto[7]
Area
 • Total1.93 sq mi (5.01 km2)
 • Land1.93 sq mi (5.00 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)  0.10%
Area rank419th of 565 in state
32nd of 53 in county[1]
Elevation171 ft (52 m)
Population
 • Total12,052
 • Estimate 
(2019)[12]
11,682
 • Rank204th of 566 in state
17th of 53 in county[13]
 • Density6,180.8/sq mi (2,386.4/km2)
 • Density rank81st of 566 in state
8th of 53 in county[13]
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))
ZIP Code
07728[14][15]
Area code(s)732/848[16]
FIPS code3402525200[1][17][18]
GNIS feature ID0885226[1][19]
Websitewww.freeholdboroughnj.gov

What is now Freehold Borough was originally incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 25, 1869, from portions within Freehold Township. The town became independent of the township in 1888. On April 15, 1919, Freehold was incorporated as a borough, including all of Freehold and additional portions of Freehold Township, based on the results of a referendum held on July 8, 1919. Additional portions of Freehold Township were annexed on September 7, 1926.[23]

The Hispanic population is rapidly growing in Freehold Borough, making up 4.6% (0.2% Mexican) in the 1980 Census, 11.3% (2.8% Mexican) in the 1990 Census,[24] 28.0% (17.3% Mexican) in 2000[25] and recently 42.9% (29.6% Mexican) in 2010.[9] Meanwhile, the Black or African American population has decreased in recent decades: 17.1% in 1970, 19.8% in 1980, 18.2% in 1990, 15.8% in 2000 and 12.6% in 2010.

History

Early history

The Lenni Lenape Native Americans were the earliest known people to live in the area that became Freehold.[26] The Lenape were a hunter-gatherer society. They were largely sedentary, changing campsites seasonally. They were prolific hunters of small game and birds. They were also skilled fisherman, and were known to harvest vast amounts of clams from the bays and inlets on the Jersey Shore. They also practiced some agriculture to augment their food supply. During this time, an important crossroad of two major Lenape trails was located in the area of Freehold.[27]

In 1498, John Cabot became the first European to sight this land.[26] The Dutch were the first to settle and develop the area. By the 17th century, the English had taken over the area. In 1664, the Duke of York (later James II & VII) granted a patent to Sir George Carteret to develop the area. In 1685, Scottish immigrants, fleeing religious persecution at home, became the first to settle the area.[26] In 1693, Along with Middletown and Shrewsbury, Freehold was established by act of legislature as one of the three original townships in Monmouth County.[28] The name of the borough comes from the word Freehold, an English legal term describing fee simple property ownership.[29]

Colonial Freehold

In 1714, when the colonial government was deciding where to locate the county seat and courthouse, Freeholder John Reid, the first Surveyor General of East Jersey, wanted the county seat located in Freehold Township. Reid sold land suitable for use as a courthouse to the Board of Chosen Freeholders at a bargain price, and this may have been the deciding factor why Freehold was selected over Middletown and Shrewsbury. In return for the heavily discounted price, Reid placed a restrictive covenant in the deed that, should the property ever cease being used as a courthouse, ownership would revert to the Reid family. Direct descendants of John Reid still reside in Freehold Township.[30]

Freehold was officially designated as the seat of the Monmouth County government, and a court house was commissioned to be built on the land purchased from John Reid. The Monmouth Courthouse opened in 1715.[31] A small village quickly began to develop around the courthouse. At first, the village was called Monmouth Courthouse. Over time, other government buildings opened near the courthouse, including a sheriff's office, a prison and a post office. A number of homes and commercial businesses also sprang up in the village, including a blacksmith, a general store, a bank, a hotel, and saloon.[32]

In the area surrounding Monmouth Courthouse, many successful farms began to appear. The farms in Freehold were particularly well known for the production of potatoes, beans, and rye, which were sold in the markets of nearby cities. Freehold also became known for its excellent horse farms.[27] The differences within Freehold between growing village around the courthouse and the surrounding farmland were the seeds for the eventual division of Freehold into two separate municipalities in the early 20th century.

As of 1745, the majority of families in Freehold were still Scottish immigrants.[33] In modern Freehold today, many important streets bear the name of early colonial families, including Barkalow, Applegate, Rhea, Throckmorton, and Schanck.[33]

The Revolutionary War in Freehold
See also: Battle of Monmouth

Freehold was deeply impacted by the American Revolution. By the early 1770s, the Sons of Liberty were actively recruiting local members in Freehold, and were agitating the relationship between the British government and the colonists.[34] In 1775, immediately after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Capt. Elias Longstreet recruited the first company of Freeholders to join the Continental Army.[35] Freehold was a known center of patriot activity. The Declaration of Independence was publicly proclaimed, read aloud, from the steps of the Freehold Courthouse just a few days after being signed in Philadelphia.[33]

However, after British success at the Battle of Long Island, Freehold and all of Monmouth County fell under the control of Loyalists.[36] The British government continued to operate the Freehold Courthouse, and several people involved in revolutionary activism were arrested and tried for treason at the courthouse.[36] The success of the Continental Army at the Battle of Trenton helped to weaken loyalist control of Freehold.[37]

In June 1778, the British Army began a major strategic evacuation of the city of Philadelphia. They attempted to protect a long, slow moving column of loyalist families, equipment, and other supplies seized in Philadelphia, as they moved towards ships in New York Harbor. On June 28, 1778, the Continental Army intercepted the column in Freehold.[38] The Battle of Monmouth was one of the largest battles of the Revolutionary War, involving over 25,000 soldiers combined in Continental, British, and Hessian forces. The Continental Army was able to repel the British forces, and hold their ground on the battlefield. However, the British forces were successful in completing their primary goal, the evacuation of Philadelphia. Both sides claimed victory in the battle.[38]

Molly Pitcher fighting at the Battle of Monmouth in Freehold, New Jersey

Several famous figures from the Revolutionary War fought at the Battle of Monmouth. British forces were commanded by Sir Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis. The Continental Army was commanded by George Washington and Charles Lee. Charles Lee was court martialed by the Continental Army for his behavior at the Battle of Monmouth. Nathaniel Greene, Alexander Hamilton, the Marquis de Lafayette and Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben also fought for the Continental Army at the Battle of Monmouth.[39] Another famous figure at the Battle of Monmouth was Molly Pitcher, who manned a cannon during the battle after her husband was wounded.[39]

In the aftermath of the Battle of Monmouth, Loyalist control of Freehold faltered. The town ceased to have a functioning municipal government, and the courthouse was closed until the end of the war. Minor clashes between loyalists and continentals flared up in town, with the violence peaking around 1780.[40] Colonel Tye, an escaped slave and leader of a prominent loyalist guerilla force, conducted several raids in and around Freehold. One famous incident was the capture and hanging of Joshua Huddy by British Loyalists under the direction of Richard Lippincott. Colonel Tye was killed during the raid on Huddy's home.[41] Patriots later cut down Huddy's body hanging from the gallows and buried it in Freehold, at Old Tennent Church.[42] At the end of the war, the community was deeply divided, and nearly 120 loyalist families left Freehold, fearing persecution from their neighbors. Most of these families re-settled in Canada.[43]

Freehold in 19th century

During the early 1800s, Freehold steadily grew in size. The village around the courthouse was now called Freehold, along with the surrounding farmland.[44] In 1852, when long distance railroad systems were first being developed, a railroad station, with trains making regular stops, was built near the courthouse in Freehold. Freehold soon had public sewers in the village and in some of the outlying farmland. By 1883, there was an electrical grid and a telephone switchboard, at a time when these inventions were still brand new.[44] These public advancements caused rapid economic growth in Freehold. The village of Freehold became an important commercial and industrial hub in central New Jersey. The farms in the rest of Freehold benefitted greatly by being able to sell their products more easily in New York and Philadelphia.[45] Both the village and the farms prospered together, however the public policies sought by the two different communities continued to grow further apart. The municipal government was increasingly divided between the villagers and farmers.

In 1824, the American Hotel opened on Main Street in Freehold. It is still standing today, and is one of the oldest buildings in Freehold. In 1853, the Freehold Raceway opened. Though the original grandstand burned down in a fire, the racetrack is still open today, and is one of the oldest harness racetracks in America. The Great Fire of Freehold happened on October 30, 1873. The fire reportedly began in a commercial building on Main Street. It soon spread to engulf a large section of the village, and many wooden buildings, including Monmouth Courthouse, were burned down.[46]

Freehold also has a relatively forgotten but important place in the history of the bicycle. Cycling champion Arthur Augustus Zimmerman resided in the town during his racing career in the 1880s and 1890s, and from 1896–1899 operated the Zimmerman Bicycle Co.; the company's bicycles were known as the "Zimmy." Today, Freehold Borough is home to the Metz Bicycle Museum, where the only extant "Zimmy" can be seen.[47]

Freehold divided

At the beginning of the 20th century, Freehold was an increasingly divided community. The issue of local tax dollars, used as funding for public works and infrastructure projects, was the primary point of contention.[48] The Freeholders living in the downtown area, around the courthouse had very different ideas about how to spend public money compared to the Freeholders living in the surrounding farmland. Tension within the community increased greatly in 1916 when a severe polio epidemic swept through Freehold.[49] After contentious public debate, a referendum was held to on the future of Freehold, and voters overwhelmingly decided to split the town into two separate municipalities.

On April 15, 1919, Freehold Borough formally separated from Freehold Township. Freehold residents generally refer to the different municipalities simply as the Borough and the Township. The Borough, the downtown area around the courthouse, retained all the existing government buildings around Court Street and Main Street. The Borough also kept the designation as county seat.[50] Freehold Township, the farming communities that surrounded the courthouse, set up a new city hall complex on Schanck Road. The Township completely encircles the Borough. On September 7, 1926, Freehold Borough annexed additional territory from the Township.[50]

The Borough in the 20th century

Freehold Borough initially prospered in the early 20th century. However, by mid-century, the Borough began to decline as downtown areas across the country shrank, and suburban areas began growing. In 1961, the A & M Karagheusian rug factory closed.[51] This factory had long been the largest employer in the area, and its closure had a devastating effect on the economic stability of the Borough. The Borough managed to turn around its economic decline by establishing the downtown area as a center for restaurants and nightlife.[52] Several well-known local restaurants on Main Street are now crowded every night of the week.

Freehold Borough was an important center of African American civil rights activity in New Jersey during the years leading up to the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954.[53] In 2007, Jaye Sims became the first African American official to be elected to office.[54]

Bruce Springsteen grew up in the Borough and lived on South Street. In 1963, he graduated eighth grade from St. Rose of Lima School, and graduated from Freehold Borough High School in 1967.[55] In 1973, he released his first album, and rocketed to international fame. Springsteen has always remained loyal to Freehold and makes reference to it in several of his famous songs, including "My Hometown". In 1996, he conducted a small benefit concert in Freehold for St. Rose of Lima.[55]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.93 square miles (5.01 km2), including 1.93 square miles (5.00 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (<0.01 km2) of water (0.10%).[1][2] It is situated in the heart of Monmouth County and is located approximately 40 miles (64 km) south of New York City and 65 miles (105 km) northeast of Philadelphia. Freehold is also about 16 miles (26 km) west of Asbury Park on the Jersey Shore.

Freehold has an elevation of 174 feet (53 m) above sea level at its center.[8]

The borough is completely surrounded by Freehold Township,[56][57][58] making it part of 21 pairs of "doughnut towns" in the state, where one municipality entirely surrounds another.[59]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18802,432—
18902,93220.6%
19002,9340.1%
19103,23310.2%
19204,76847.5%
19306,89444.6%
19406,9520.8%
19507,5508.6%
19609,14021.1%
197010,54515.4%
198010,020−5.0%
199010,7427.2%
200010,9762.2%
201012,0529.8%
Est. 201911,682[12][60][61]−3.1%
Population sources:
1880-1920[62] 1880-1890[63]
1890-1910[64] 1910-1930[65]
1930-1990[66] 2000[25][67] 2010[9][10][11]

2010 Census

The 2010 United States Census counted 12,052 people, 4,006 households, and 2,659.984 families in the borough. The population density was 6,180.8 per square mile (2,386.4/km2). There were 4,249 housing units at an average density of 2,179.1 per square mile (841.4/km2). The racial makeup was 65.72% (7,920) White, 12.57% (1,515) Black or African American, 0.52% (63) Native American, 2.89% (348) Asian, 0.07% (8) Pacific Islander, 15.35% (1,850) from other races, and 2.89% (348) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 42.87% (5,167) of the population.[9]

Of the 4,006 households, 33.6% had children under the age of 18; 44.3% were married couples living together; 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 33.6% were non-families. Of all households, 26.2% were made up of individuals and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.48.[9]

24.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.3 years. For every 100 females, the population had 111.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 112.0 males.[9]

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $52,000 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,634) and the median family income was $60,471 (+/- $3,989). Males had a median income of $29,752 (+/- $8,068) versus $34,976 (+/- $8,305) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $23,331 (+/- $1,602). About 13.1% of families and 16.01% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over.[68]

2000 Census

As of the 2000 United States Census[17] there were 10,976 people, 3,695 households, and 2,571 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,501.1 people per square mile (2,118.9/km2). There were 3,821 housing units at an average density of 1,915.1 per square mile (737.6/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 71.02% White, 15.83% Black, .55% Native American, 2.45% Asian, .02% Pacific Islander, 6.64% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28.07% of the population.[25][67]

There were 3,695 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.39.[25][67]

In the borough the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.[25][67]

The median income for a household in the borough was $48,654, and the median income for a family was $53,374. Males had a median income of $35,855 versus $30,377 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,910. About 7.7% of families and 12% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.[25][67]

Government
Monmouth County Courthouse

Local government

Freehold is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[69] The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle.[3] The Borough form of government used by Freehold is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.[70][71][72]

As of 2020, the Mayor of Freehold Borough is Democrat Kevin A. Kane, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Freehold Borough Council are Council President Michael DiBenedetto (D, 2020), Annette Jordan (D, 2021), Adam Reich (D, 2022), Margaret Rodgers (D, 2022), George Schnurr (D, 2020) and Sharon C. Shutzer (D, 2021).[4][73][74][75][76][77]

Michael Wilson had been elected in 1985 and served in office until January 2012, making him the longest-serving mayor in Freehold Borough history with 26 years of service.[78][79]

Federal, state and county representation

Freehold Borough is located in the 4th Congressional District[80] and is part of New Jersey's 11th state legislative district.[10][81][82] Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Freehold Borough had been in the 12th state legislative district.[83]

For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Fourth Congressional District is represented by Chris Smith (R, Hamilton Township).[84][85] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2021)[86] and Bob Menendez (Paramus, term ends 2025).[87][88]

For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 11th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Vin Gopal (D, Long Branch) and in the General Assembly by Joann Downey (D, Freehold Township) and Eric Houghtaling (D, Neptune Township).[89][90]

Monmouth County is governed by a Board of Chosen Freeholders consisting of five members who are elected at-large to serve three year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats up for election each year as part of the November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting held in the beginning of January, the board selects one of its members to serve as Director and another as Deputy Director.[91] As of 2020, Monmouth County's Freeholders are Freeholder Director Thomas A. Arnone (R, Neptune City, term as freeholder ends December 31, 2022; term as freeholder director ends 2021),[92] Freeholder Deputy Director Susan M. Kiley (R, Hazlet Township, term as freeholder ends December 31, 2021; term as deputy freeholder director ends 2021),[93] Lillian G. Burry (R, Colts Neck Township, 2020),[94] Nick DiRocco (R, Wall Township, 2022),[95] and Patrick G. Impreveduto (R, Holmdel Township, 2020)[96].

Constitutional officers elected on a countywide basis are County clerk Christine Giordano Hanlon (R, 2020; Ocean Township),[97][98] Sheriff Shaun Golden (R, 2022; Howell Township),[99][100] and Surrogate Rosemarie D. Peters (R, 2021; Middletown Township).[101][102]

Politics

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 5,108 registered voters in Freehold, of which 1,459 (28.6%) were registered as Democrats, 820 (16.1%) were registered as Republicans and 2,827 (55.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered to other parties.[103]

In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 54.5% of the vote (1,958 cast), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 41.8% (1,501 votes), and other candidates with 3.7% (134 votes), among the 3,593 cast by the borough's voters. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 61.4% of the vote (2,182 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 37.3% (1,326 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (48 votes), among the 3,591 ballots cast by the borough's 5,270 registered voters (35 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.1%.[104][105] In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.7% of the vote (2,222 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 39.0% (1,500 votes) and other candidates with 1.4% (53 votes), among the 3,849 ballots cast by the borough's 5,390 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.4%.[106] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 52.3% of the vote (1,955 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 45.6% (1,705 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (50 votes), among the 3,737 ballots cast by the borough's 5,316 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 70.3.[107]

In the 2017 gubernatorial election, Democrat Phil Murphy received 50.7% of the vote (1,064 cast), ahead of Republican Kim Guadagno with 46.2% of the vote (969 votes), and other candidates with 3.1% (64 votes), among the 2,097 cast by the borough's voters. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 61.7% of the vote (1,264 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 36.6% (750 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (33 votes), among the 2,093 ballots cast by the borough's 5,279 registered voters (46 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.6%.[108][109] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 55.0% of the vote (1,360 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 36.6% (906 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.9% (170 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (26 votes), among the 2,474 ballots cast by the borough's 5,178 registered voters, yielding a 47.8% turnout.[110]

Education

Freehold Borough's public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade attend the Freehold Borough Schools. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,698 students and 140.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1.[111] Schools in the district (with 2018–19 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[112]) are Freehold Learning Center[113] with 619 students in grades PreK-2, Park Avenue Elementary School[114] with 532 students in grades 3-5 and Freehold Intermediate School[115] with 515 students in grades 6-8.[116]

Students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend Freehold High School, as part of the Freehold Regional High School District (FRHSD).[117][118] The Freehold Regional High School District also serves students from Colts Neck Township, Englishtown, Farmingdale, Freehold Township (which also has some students at Freehold Borough High School), Howell Township, Manalapan Township and Marlboro Township.[119][120] As of the 2018–19 school year, Freehold Borough High School had an enrollment of 1,422 students and 103.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1.[121] Students may apply to attend one of the district's six specialized learning centers, including the Medical Sciences Learning Center hosted at Freehold High School.[122] The FRHSD board of education has nine members, who are elected to three-year terms from each of the constituent districts.[123] Each member is allocated a fraction of a vote that totals to nine points, with Freehold Borough allocated one member, who has 1.0 votes.[124]

The independent Freehold Public Library is one of the remaining Carnegie-funded libraries in the state and is believed to be the only one with the name "Carnegie Library" engraved on its front.[125] It is not part of the Monmouth County Library system.

Transportation

Roads and highways
US 9, the largest and busiest road in Freehold Borough

As of May 2010, the borough had a total of 31.31 miles (50.39 km) of roadways, of which 26.60 miles (42.81 km) were maintained by the municipality, 1.30 miles (2.09 km) by Monmouth County and 3.41 miles (5.49 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.[126]

U.S. Route 9 passes through Freehold, as do Route 33 Business, Route 79, County Route 522 and County Route 537. The Henry Hudson Trail runs north along an abandoned rail line to Matawan.

Freehold Circle

Freehold Circle was located near the western boundary of Freehold Borough near the Freehold Raceway. The circle carried traffic between US 9, Business Route 33 and Manalapan Avenue (CR 24); it was eliminated in the 1980s due to the increased traffic load caused by a boom in commercial and residential development. Most notable of the commercial development is the Freehold Raceway Mall, in Freehold Township just south of the old circle on US 9, whose development in the late 1980s was a major impetus to redesign the circle. The former circle now features several jughandles, and most Manalapan Avenue traffic must use a connector road to Business Route 33 to reach the main intersection, but it is still known by locals as Freehold Circle.[127][128] In the early 1940s, the Freehold Circle was the planned terminus of highway that would funnel traffic from South Amboy to the Jersey Shore by way of Matawan and Marlboro Township.[129]

See also

Public transportation

The railroad that ran through Freehold was originally a Central Railroad of New Jersey branch connecting the still-active former Penn Central line from Jamesburg to CNJ's Seashore Branch and the New York and Long Branch line (now owned by NJ Transit) at Matawan. The Central Railroad of New Jersey went into bankruptcy in the early 1970s and entered into Conrail on April 1, 1976. Freight service on the rails from Freehold to Matawan was terminated in 1979 and the rails removed in 1980. Today, it is mostly a rail-trail . Freehold's former train station now serves as its central bus station. The Monmouth Ocean Middlesex Line is a New Jersey Transit proposal to restore passenger service to the region.

NJ Transit bus service connects Freehold with towns along U.S. Route 9, Newark Liberty International Airport and New York City, to Philadelphia (via transfer in Lakewood) and to Six Flags Great Adventure located in Jackson Township. The 131, 135 and 139 provide service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, on the 67 to Newark, on the 64 and 67 to Jersey City and local service on the 836 and 838 routes.[130]

Points of interest

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Freehold Borough include:

gollark: ```govar numbers map[string]int;numbers["One"] = 1;numbers["Two"] = 2;numbers["Three"] = 3;print(numbers["Four"]);```A small example of wrong.
gollark: Slightly sane*r*.
gollark: Ah, but Lua is slightly sane.
gollark: Well, I noticed when it failed to minify, but changed it.
gollark: It's a bit long, but seems good.

See also

References
  1. 2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 1, 2020.
  2. US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  3. 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 63.
  4. Mayor & Council, Freehold Borough. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  5. 2020 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  6. Planning Board, Freehold Borough. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  7. Clerk, Freehold Borough. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  8. "Borough of Freehold". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  9. DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Freehold borough, Monmouth County, New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at Archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  10. Municipalities Sorted by 2011-2020 Legislative District, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  11. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Freehold borough Archived May 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  12. QuickFacts for Freehold borough, New Jersey; Monmouth County, New Jersey; New Jersey from Population estimates, July 1, 2019, (V2019), United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2020.
  13. GCT-PH1 Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at Archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 3, 2012.
  14. Look Up a ZIP Code for Freehold, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed November 20, 2011.
  15. Zip Codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed August 28, 2013.
  16. Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for Freehold, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed December 24, 2016.
  17. U.S. Census website , United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  18. Geographic codes for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed September 1, 2019.
  19. US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  20. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  21. Monmouth County, NJ, National Association of Counties. Accessed January 21, 2013.
  22. Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed July 25, 2012.
  23. Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 179. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  24. 1990 Census of Population General Population Characteristics New Jersey Section 1 of 2, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  25. Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Freehold borough, New Jersey Archived May 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  26. History, Township of Freehold. Accessed August 28, 2013.
  27. Pepe, p. 19.
  28. Lurie, Maxine ed.; "Freehold Township", Encyclopedia of New Jersey, p. 291. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ; 2004. Accessed August 28, 2013. ISBN 9780813533254.
  29. Gannett, Henry. The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States, p. 198. United States Government Printing Office, 1905. Accessed August 31, 2015.
  30. History of the Hall of Records Archived November 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed January 28, 2008.
  31. Pepe, p. 10.
  32. Pepe, p. 25.
  33. Pepe, p. 29.
  34. Adelberg, p. 15.
  35. Adelberg, p. 16.
  36. Adelberg, p. 17.
  37. Adelberg, p. 18.
  38. Adelberg, p.20
  39. Adelberg, p. 11
  40. Adelberg, p.22
  41. PBS Resource Bank. Colonel Tye", "Africans in America". Accessed October 13, 2013. "In September, 1780 Tye led a surprise attack on the home of Captain Josiah Huddy, whom Loyalists had tried to capture for years. Amazingly, Huddy and his friend Lucretia Emmons managed to hold off their attackers for two hours, until the Loyalists flushed them out by setting the house afire. During the battle, Tye was shot in the wrist, and days later, what was thought to be minor wound turned fatal when lockjaw set in."
  42. The Joshua Huddy era Archived September 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Monmouth County. Accessed December 14, 2006.
  43. Adelberg, p.23
  44. Pepe, p. 23
  45. Griffith, Lee Ellen; Freehold, Arcadia Publishing; Charleston; 1996; introduction
  46. Griffith, p.11
  47. Metzger, Dick. "Bicycle buffs have a haven at Freehold museum: Local collector's prize possession is 'Zimmy' manufactured in town" Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, East Brunswick Sentinel, July 11, 2002. Accessed May 15, 2007. "More than 100 years ago, in the late 1880s and 1890s, the village of Freehold was arguably the bicycle capital of the world."
  48. pepe; p.134
  49. pepe; p.133
  50. Pepe; p. 135
  51. Pepe; p.128
  52. Lurie, Maxine ed.; Hamburger, Susan. "Freehold Borough" in The Encyclopedia of New Jersey, Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ; 2004; p. 290.
  53. Greason, Walter. The Path to Freedom: Black Families in New Jersey, The History Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59629-992-4. Accessed August 13, 2014.
  54. Councilman Jaye Sims, Freehold Borough Democrats. Accessed August 13, 2014. "Jaye was appointed to the Freehold Borough Council in June 2006. It was an historical appointment. Jaye was the first member of the African American Community to serve on the governing body."
  55. Pepe; p.146
  56. Areas touching Freehold Borough, MapIt. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  57. Regional Location Map, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  58. New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019.
  59. DeMarco, Megan. "Voters to decide whether to merge two Princetons into one", The Star-Ledger, November 3, 2011. Accessed January 8, 2017. "There are 22 sets of 'doughnut towns' in New Jersey, those where one town wraps around the other town". Note that following voter approval of the Princeton merger, 21 pairs of "doughnut towns" remain.
  60. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2020.
  61. Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2020.
  62. Compendium of censuses 1726-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed October 13, 2013.
  63. Porter, Robert Percival. Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III - 51 to 75, p. 99. United States Census Bureau, 1890. Accessed July 24, 2012.
  64. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 338. Accessed July 24, 2012.
  65. Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 717. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  66. Table 6. New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990 , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed July 13, 2016.
  67. DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 - Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Freehold borough, Monmouth County, New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at Archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 25, 2012.
  68. DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Freehold borough, Monmouth County, New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at Archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 15, 2012.
  69. Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed November 18, 2019.
  70. Cerra, Michael F. "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask" Archived September 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Accessed November 30, 2014.
  71. "Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey", p. 6. Rutgers University Center for Government Studies. Accessed July 13, 2016.
  72. Form of Government, Borough of Freehold. Accessed March 29, 2020. "Freehold Borough is governed by six council members and a mayor. Council members are elected for a three year term and the mayor is elected for a four year term."
  73. 2019 Municipal Data Sheet, Freehold Borough. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  74. Monmouth County Directory 2018, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed September 15, 2019.
  75. General Election November 5, 2019 Official Results, Monmouth County, New Jersey Clerk, updated December 16, 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020.
  76. General Election November 6, 2018 Official Results, Monmouth County, New Jersey Clerk, updated January 7, 2020. Accessed February 8, 2020.
  77. General Election November 7, 2017 Official Results, Monmouth County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 17, 2017. Accessed January 1, 2018.
  78. Celano, Claire Marie. "Freehold H.S. honors first hall of fame inductees: Wilson, Springsteen, White, Hendry among school's celebrated grads" Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Freehold News Transcript, April 19, 2006. Accessed April 5, 2011. "Wilson is the longest serving mayor in Freehold Borough's history, having taken office on May 9, 1985, at the age of 34. He will soon mark his 21st consecutive year in office."
  79. Celano, Claire Marie. "Friends salute retiring mayor: Michael Wilson has been Freehold Borough's mayor since 1985", News Transcript, November 16, 2011. Accessed March 15, 2012. "The end of an era is fast approaching in Freehold Borough. Michael Wilson, 61, who has been the mayor of his hometown since May 9, 1985, will leave office on Dec. 31 after 26 years.... On May 10, 2005, Wilson became the longest running mayor in Freehold Borough's history, eclipsing the previous mark set by Dr. Peter F. Runyon, who was mayor from Jan. 1, 1926, to Dec. 31, 1945."
  80. Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  81. 2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed October 30, 2019.
  82. Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  83. 2011 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government Archived June 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, p. 57, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 22, 2015.
  84. Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 3, 2019.
  85. Biography, Congressman Chris Smith. Accessed January 3, 2019. "Elected in 1980, U.S. Rep. Chris Smith (R-Hamilton, N.J.) is currently in his 19th two-year term in the U.S. House of Representatives, and serves residents of the Fourth Congressional District of New Jersey."
  86. About Cory Booker, United States Senate. Accessed January 26, 2015. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community."
  87. Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "He currently lives in Paramus and has two children, Alicia and Robert."
  88. Senators of the 116th Congress from New Jersey. United States Senate. Accessed April 17, 2019. "Booker, Cory A. - (D - NJ) Class II; Menendez, Robert - (D - NJ) Class I"
  89. Legislative Roster 2018-2019 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 22, 2018.
  90. District 11 Legislators, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 22, 2018.
  91. Monmouth County Government, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed February 18, 2018.
  92. Freeholder Thomas A. Arnone, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  93. Freeholder Susan M. Kiley, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  94. Freeholder Lillian G. Burry, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  95. Freeholder John P. Curley, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  96. Freeholder Patrick Impreveduto, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed February 18, 2018.
  97. The Monmouth County Clerk, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  98. Members List: Clerks, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  99. About Sheriff Shaun Golden, Monmouth County Sheriff's Office. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  100. Members List: Sheriffs, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  101. About the Surrogate, Monmouth County New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  102. Members List: Surrogates, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  103. Voter Registration Summary - Monmouth, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed December 2, 2012.
  104. "Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Monmouth County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  105. "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Monmouth County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  106. 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Monmouth County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed December 2, 2012.
  107. 2004 Presidential Election: Monmouth County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed December 2, 2012.
  108. "Governor - Monmouth County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  109. "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Monmouth County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  110. 2009 Governor: Monmouth County Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed December 2, 2012.
  111. District information for Freehold Borough School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  112. School Data for the Freehold Borough Schools, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  113. Freehold Learning Center, Freehold Borough Schools. Accessed May 15, 2020.
  114. Park Avenue Elementary School, Freehold Borough Schools. Accessed May 15, 2020.
  115. Freehold Intermediate School, Freehold Borough Schools. Accessed May 15, 2020.
  116. New Jersey School Directory for the Freehold Borough Schools, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 29, 2016.
  117. Freehold Borough Public School District 2016 Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 9, 2017. "The Freehold Borough Public School District serves a growing and diverse population of PK-8 students in historic Freehold Borough, the county seat of Monmouth County. The Borough covers 1.9 square miles allowing nearly all children to walk to school. Upon graduation from 8th grade, the students enter the Freehold Regional High School District for grades 9-12, which is under a separate governing board of education."
  118. FRHSD Attendance Boundaries; Which High School Will My Child Attend? Archived September 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Freehold Regional High School District. Accessed January 15, 2020. "The following is a list of streets, by municipality, that are assigned to a Freehold Regional District high school outside of their hometown."
  119. Freehold Regional High School District 2016 Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 9, 2017. "The Freehold Regional High School District, the largest regional high school District in New Jersey, has six high schools with over 11,000 students and over 1,500 employees and spans 200 square miles. District members include the townships of Colts Neck, Freehold, Howell, Manalapan, and Marlboro, and the boroughs of Englishtown, Farmingdale, and Freehold."
  120. Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for Freehold Regional High School District, New Jersey Department of Education, June 30, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2020. "Geographically, the District is comprised of the Townships of Colts Neck, Freehold, Howell, Manalapan and Marlboro and the Boroughs of Englishtown, Farmingdale and Freehold. Established in 1953, the District's total area is 198 square miles."
  121. School data for Freehold Borough High School, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  122. Specialized Learning Centers, Freehold Regional High School District, updated August 31, 2016. Accessed January 19, 2020.
  123. Comprehensive Annual Financial Report of the Freehold Regional School District, New Jersey Department of Education, June 30, 2018. Accessed January 19, 2020. "The Freehold Regional High School District is a Type II District located in Monmouth County, New Jersey. The School District is an instrumentality of the State of New Jersey, established to function as an educational institution. The Board of Education of the Freehold Regional High School District, comprised of nine elected individuals, is the primary governing authority of the District."
  124. Vilacoba, Karl. "Marlboro files challenge to FRHSD voting system", Central Jersey Archives, September 26, 2002. Accessed January 19, 2020. "Under the current weighted FRHSD vote apportionment, a nine-point voting system is in place. Howell has two board members for a combined 2 voting points; Marlboro, Manalapan and Freehold Township each have one vote worth 1.4 points; Colts Neck and Freehold Borough each have one vote worth 0.9 points; and Englishtown and Farmingdale each have one vote worth 0.5 voting points."
  125. Metzgar, Dick. " Library celebrates century of service to Freehold; Andrew Carnegie gave town $11,000 to fund construction of building" Archived January 24, 2013, at Archive.today, News Transcript, August 13, 2003. Accessed August 13, 2014.
  126. Monmouth County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 24, 2014.
  127. Carney, Leo H. "Monmouth Seeks to Channel Growth", The New York Times, May 1, 1988. Accessed April 10, 2013.
  128. Staff. Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1991. Accessed April 10, 2013.
  129. Kroh, H. H. "RESORTS IN NEW JERSEY; New Highways and Bridges Will Connect Points Along the 125-Mile Seashore", June 16, 1940. Accessed April 10, 2013.
  130. "Monmouth County Bus/Rail Connections". NJ Transit. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  131. Our Mission, Monmouth County Historical Association. Accessed August 13, 2014.
  132. Fitzgerald, Alison. "Track Financier Buys Historic Freehold Raceway He Paid $23 Million For The Oldest Harness-racing Track In The U.S.; He Has His Eye On Other Sites, Too.", The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 15, 1994. Accessed October 13, 2013. "Robert E. Brennan, the controversial financier and self-anointed savior of the casino and racetrack industries in the state, has bought Freehold Raceway, the nation's oldest harness-racing track, for $23 million dollars.... Freehold Raceway, which first opened in 1853, is unique in the United States because it is the only harness track that runs a daytime schedule, and therefore provides the only daytime harness races for the national simulcasting market."
  133. Historic Houses Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Monmouth County Historical Society. Accessed October 13, 2013. "Built 1752-3, it served as headquarters for British General Sir Henry Clinton before the Battle of Monmouth in 1778."
  134. St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Freehold, New Jersey Historic Trust. Accessed October 13, 2013. "St. Peter's Church was built between 1771 and 1806 by Robert Smith, a leading colonial architect and builder. This Georgian-style structure is one of the only five eighteenth-century church structures still standing in New Jersey."
  135. Garbi, Jill. "Shul celebrates century of 'tradition and caring'", New Jersey Jewish News, December 6, 2010. Accessed October 13, 2013. "In 1911 residents drew up a charter for the formation of an Orthodox synagogue and purchased a lot at First and Center streets. The land and the construction of the small wooden structure cost about $1,000, which was collected in pennies, dimes, and quarters from members of the struggling congregation."
  136. History, Metz Bicycle Museum and Treasures of Years Gone By. Accessed October 13, 2013.
  137. Lodge History Archived October 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Olive Branch Lodge No 16 Free and Accepted Masons. Accessed October 13, 2013.
  138. Russell, Suzanne C. "Lion's heart beat disability Scott Conover: I went from a nerd to the NFL", Home News Tribune, February 28, 2004. Accessed July 30, 2007. "Conover, a native of Freehold who now works as the in-school suspension teacher, head football coach and assistant track coach at Perth Amboy High School, told the students that school is where it starts."
  139. Anthony DeSclafani, Cincinnati Reds. Accessed May 11, 2015.
  140. Danny Lewis, December 25, 2007.
  141. Morris, Tim. "Pats' win over CBA is historic" Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, News Transcript, January 28, 2004. Accessed May 8, 2007. "If the great area teams that had featured all-state forward Zucker, who went on to a fine career at Rutgers, or that had future NBA player Tim Perry of Freehold Borough couldn't beat CBA, who
    could?"
  142. Celano, Clare Marie. "Colts' Reid returns home with plan to help youths", News Transcript, June 21, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2007. "Reid, a former Freehold High School football player, is currently a member of the NFL's Indianapolis Colts but a piece of his heart remains in the town in which he grew up – Freehold Borough."
  143. In The Lane With Licht, October 22, 2004.
  144. Rebecca Soni, WNBC-TV. Accessed August 2, 2012. "Known as 'Reb,' Soni was born in Freehold Borough, N.J."
  145. Sapia, Joseph. "A day in the life of Freehold Borough", Asbury Park Press, December 16, 1999. Accessed May 8, 2007. "Maybe it's a case of Springsteen's lyrics having been influenced by his environment. Just as the borough is Coyne's hometown, it is Springsteen's as well."
  146. Goldstein, Stan. "Bruce Springsteen Rocked Here", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, May 15, 2009, updated September 10, 2010. Accessed July 13, 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.