February 1969

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February 9, 1969: First Boeing 747 "jumbo jet" takes flight
February 17, 1969: Fatal SEALAB III accident ends U.S. Navy research program
February 8, 1969: Meteorite explodes over Mexico
February 24, 1969: U.S. Mariner 6 launched toward Mars

The following events occurred in February 1969:

February 1, 1969 (Saturday)
  • U.S. President Richard M. Nixon instructed his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to secretly pursue a plan of action to establish dialogue between the governments of the United States and the People's Republic of China beginning with meetings between diplomats in Poland, where both nations had embassies.[1] Another future Secretary of State, Alexander Haig, would write later that Kissinger pursued the mission, which was described as merely creating "an impression of activity", despite Kissinger's comment that Nixon "just ordered me to make this flight of fancy come true."[2]
  • Born:
    • Andrew Breitbart, American conservative news publisher and creator of the Breitbart website; in Los Angeles (d. 2012)
    • Gabriel Batistuta, Argentine-born soccer football striker who starred in Italy's Serie A major league, and for Argentina's national team in three World Cup competitions; in Avellaneda, Santa Fe Province

February 2, 1969 (Sunday)
  • The Burdell Mansion commune, home at one time to members of the Grateful Dead rock band and later to more than 50 hippies who called their group The Chosen Family, was destroyed by an electrical fire. Decades later, California state archaeologists would excavate the ruins to study the hippie culture.[3]
  • Born: Dambisa Moyo, Zambian-born economist and author of four bestselling books, including 2010's How the West Was Lost; in Lusaka
  • Died: Boris Karloff (William Henry Pratt), 81, English-born actor known for portrayal of Frankenstein's monster in horror films, and as the narrator in the cartoon adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! [4]

February 3, 1969 (Monday)
Arafat
Mondlane
  • At the Palestinian National Congress in Cairo, Yasser Arafat was elected as the new chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), replacing Yahya Hammuda. Arafat would serve as PLO Chairman until shortly before his death in 2004.[5]
  • Eduardo Mondlane, the 48-year old leader of the Mozambique nationalist organization FRELIMO, was assassinated by a time bomb that had been planted inside a book mailed to him at his headquarters in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Investigators were never able to determine whether Mondlane's murder had been carried out by the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique or by Mondlane's rivals within FRELIMO.[6][7] Mondlane was succeeded by Samora Machel, who would become the first President of Mozambique when the east African nation was granted independence by Portugal in 1975.
  • As the hijacking to Cuba of American passenger jets continued, Eastern Air Lines Flight 7 was diverted to Havana along with its 87 passengers, including Allen Funt and a crew from the popular practical joke TV show, Candid Camera.[8][9] The plane was diverted as it approached Miami on its flight from Newark, New Jersey. Because of Funt's reputation as the host of the hidden camera prank show, many of the passengers thought at first that the hijacking was part of the filming of a Candid Camera episode.[10]
  • Born:
  • Died:

February 4, 1969 (Tuesday)
  • The derailment of the Trichinopoly to Madras express train in India killed 25 people and injured another 25. Nearly all of the victims had been non-paying passengers riding on the roof of the train.[11]

February 5, 1969 (Wednesday)
  • Turn-On, a new sketch comedy show on ABC from the creators of NBC's popular Laugh-In, premiered at 8:30 in the evening Eastern time, for its first and only episode. One television station in Cleveland, WEWS-TV, took the show off the air after the first commercial break [12] and stations in Portland and Seattle refused to air it after learning of the reaction in the earlier time zones.[13] Enough viewers and ABC station owners were offended by the show and its cancellation was announced two days later.[14][15]
  • António de Oliveira Salazar, the Prime Minister of Portugal who had ruled the nation as its dictator from 1932 until a brain hemorrhage in 1968, was released from the hospital in Lisbon.[16] Salazar had been replaced as prime minister while in a coma, but would not be told of the decision; he would continue in the belief that he ruled as Portugal's leader until his death in 1970.
  • Thirty-one people were killed in a fire at the Bandai Kokusai Hotel in the Japanese ski resort of Koriyama, and another 28 injured.[17] The blaze broke out in the hotel's nightclub and was driven by winter winds throughout the building. Masaki Matsushita, a nude dancer at the nightclub, told fire investigators later that she had accidentally started the blaze when she had "placed a gasoline-soaked rag on an oil stove backstage" while preparing to perform her act before 300 customers.[18]
  • Angeles Flying Service Flight 601, a Beechcraft Super H18 air taxi that regularly ferried passengers from Port Angeles, Washington to Seattle, crashed and burned immediately after its early-morning takeoff, killing all 10 people aboard.[19][20]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Thelma Ritter, 66, American stage and film actress
    • Conrad Hilton Jr., 42, American businessman, heir to the Hilton Hotels fortune, and playboy; of alcohol-related illness

February 6, 1969 (Thursday)
  • Residents of the West Indies island of Anguilla voted overwhelmingly for independence from the United Kingdom and the creation of a republic. The final result was 1,739 in favor and only four against on the island of 6,000 people.[21][22] British paratroopers and municipal policemen from St. Kitts would invade the island on March 19 and dismantle the republic.[23]

February 7, 1969 (Friday)
  • Diane Crump of Woodmont, Connecticut, became the first woman jockey to ride a racehorse in American competition.[24] With odds of 50-to-1 on the horse, Bridle 'n Bit, 19-year old Crump finished tenth in a field of 12 in the seventh race that day at Florida's Hialeah race track near Miami.
  • Nine passengers were killed, and 47 seriously injured in Australia after the engineer of the Southern Aurora express train had a fatal heart attack as he approached the crossing at Violet Town, Victoria.[25] The train was nearing the end of its overnight trip from Sydney to Melbourne and passengers were preparing to eat breakfast when the collision with a freight train happened at 7:10 in the morning. A subsequent autopsy concluded that engineer John Bowden was dead before the train ran through two warning signals and a stop signal.[26][27]
  • The highest gust of wind in British history took place at Kirkwall, at Scotland's Orkney Isles on the North Sea, with a wind burst measured at 136 miles per hour (219 km/h).[28]

February 8, 1969 (Saturday)
  • At 1:05 in the morning local time (07:05 UTC), the Allende meteorite exploded as it entered the atmosphere over the village of Pueblito de Allende in Mexico's Chihuahua state. As the meteor exploded into two pieces which then fragmented into thousands, most of the stones fell in and around Pueblito Allende. Eventually, more than two metric tonnes — 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) — of fragments would be picked up; the Allende meteorite has become the most studied in the world, and is among the rarest because of its composition of carbonaceous chondrite.[29]
  • February 8, 1969, was the last date for an issue of the weekly magazine, The Saturday Evening Post,[30] though it was placed on news stands and sent to subscribers a week earlier.[31] The Post would be resurrected a year later as a semi-monthly magazine.

February 9, 1969 (Sunday)
  • The Boeing 747 "jumbo jet" was flown for the first time, taking off at 11:44 in the morning Pacific Time from Boeing's Paine Field airfield at Everett, Washington.[32] The flight had been scheduled to last two and a half hours, but pilot Jack Waddell reported difficulty with a wing flap 34 minutes after takeoff, and the 335 ton jet, largest commercial airliner in the world, returned for a landing at 12:49.
  • The ADN news agency of East Germany announced that the government would bar travel along the three corridors from West Germany to West Berlin, effective February 15, in an apparent effort to block West German state and federal officials from participating in the March 5 presidential election, to be held in West Berlin by 1,036 electors.[33]
  • TACCOMSAT, the Tactical Communications Satellite and the largest communications satellite to ever be launched from the United States, was put into a geostationary orbit above the equator by a Titan 3C booster rocket launched from Cape Kennedy.[34]
  • The Israeli Navy recovered the distress buoy from the submarine INS Dakar, which had disappeared in the Mediterranean Sea on January 25, 1968.[35] However, the wreckage itself would not be located for another 30 years, finally being found on May 28, 1999.[36]
  • Born: Ian Eagle, American TV sports announcer; in Essex Fells, New Jersey
  • Died: Gabby Hayes, 83, American character actor in Western films who portrayed the sidekick comedy relief for Hopalong Cassidy, Roy Rogers and several other Western stars.

February 10, 1969 (Monday)

February 11, 1969 (Tuesday)
  • Thirteen days after seizing control of the computer center at Sir George Williams University in Montreal, student protesters set fire to the room on the seventh floor of the Henry F. Hall Building as city police moved to retake the facility.[40] The climax to the siege, which ended with the arrest of 50 students, was the damage of computers and data worth one million dollars.
  • U.S. President Nixon called for "a war on organized crime", requesting Congress to pass laws allowing confiscation of Mafia assets including any funds traced to criminal activity. The result would be the passage of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (OCCA).[41]
  • Born:
    • Jennifer Aniston, American TV actress and comedienne best known as Rachel in Friends; in Sherman Oaks, California
    • Bill Warner, American motorcycle racer and one-time holder of the land speed record of 311.945 miles per hour (502.027 km/h); in Little Falls, New York (killed in motorcycle crash, 2013)

February 12, 1969 (Wednesday)
  • The "Barre Plan", the first step within the six Common Market nations to coordinate their economic and monetary policies, was presented to the European Economic Community by Raymond Barre, the EEC Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany would approve the plan on July 17.[42]
  • Born:

February 13, 1969 (Thursday)
  • African-American students staged simultaneous protests on college campuses across the United States as part of the "Black Campus Movement" (BCM). An author would later write that "If there was a day, or the day, that black campus activists forced the racial reconstruction of higher education, it was February 13, 1969... It was like no other day in the history of black higher education... this day had been in the making for more than one hundred years and changed the course of higher education for decades to come." [43]
  • Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) terrorists set off a time bomb at the Canadian Stock Exchange and the Montreal Exchange injuring 27 people. At 2:45 in the afternoon, an anonymous phone call warned of a bomb somewhere in the building, but the explosion happened only three minutes later at the trading floor. At the time, there were 300 traders, exchange employees and people taking orders by phone.[44]
  • Died: Florence Mary Taylor, 89, Australian architect, engineer and pilot

February 14, 1969 (Friday)
  • Pope Paul VI issued Mysterii Paschalis, a motu proprio, deleting many names from the Roman calendar of saints (including Valentine, who was celebrated on this day).
  • Died: Vito Genovese, 71, Italian-born American mobster; of a heart attack while imprisoned at the federal medical center in Springfield, Missouri. Genovese, nicknamed "The King of the Racketeers", had continued to run his Mafia empire from prison while serving a 15-year sentence for narcotics trafficking.[45]

February 15, 1969 (Saturday)
  • Amitabh Bachchan, one of the most popular actors in Bollywood film history, began his movie career with the signing of a contract to appear in his debut film, Saat Hindustani.[46][47]
  • Born:
    • Roberto Balado, Cuban amateur super heavyweight boxer, 1992 Olympic gold medalist and three time world amateur champion (1989, 1991, 1993); in Jovellanos (killed in car accident, 1994)
    • Birdman (stage name for Bryan Christopher Williams), American rap music artist and entrepreneur, in New Orleans
  • Died:
    • Pee Wee Russell, 62, American jazz drummer
    • Zahurul Haq, 34, Pakistani Air Force officer and one of the 35 defendants in the Agartala Conspiracy Case, was fatally shot while in jail and awaiting trial. His death would cause so much outrage in East Pakistan that the Pakistani government would decide to drop the conspiracy charges and release the remaining defendants only a few days later. Within two years, the uprising would lead to East Pakistan becoming independent as Bangladesh, and Haq is now celebrated as a Bengali martyr.[48]

February 16, 1969 (Sunday)
  • The state of emergency that had existed in Pakistan (including East Pakistan, now Bangladesh) since 1965 was lifted by Pakistan's President Mohammad Ayub Khan.[49]
  • Fifteen travelers were arrested by Communist China's navy after the yachts they were sailing strayed into Chinese territorial waters as they traveled from Hong Kong to Macao.[50] The people on board the luxury yachts Morasum, Reverie and Uin-Na-Mara included four Americans, two Britons, three Taiwanese and a Frenchman. The 15 (four of whom were children), who were in Hong Kong to celebrate the Chinese New Year, had been warned not to make the trip because of the weather and found themselves surrounded by People's Liberation Army Navy gunboats. The group would be held captive on the mainland for seven weeks, until the release of 13 of the 15 on April 3, when the Reverie and the Uin-Na-Mara would be allowed to return to Hong Kong. The Morasum, however, would be held by China, along with its captain, Simeon Baldwin, and a passenger, Bessie Hope Donald, because of the yacht's electronic equipment and a suspicion that it was being used for espionage.[51] Baldwin, Donald, and the Morasum would not be allowed to leave until December 7.[52]

February 17, 1969 (Monday)
  • Undersea aquanaut Berry L. Cannon died of carbon dioxide poisoning while attempting to repair the SEALAB III habitat off of San Clemente Island, California.[53] "Had it not been for the tragic loss," an author would write later, "who knows how far the U.S. Navy might have advanced undersea research? It was his death, though, that caused the funding sponsors of this research to withdraw their support and the SEALAB program died a quiet death." [54]
  • Sixteen people were killed in South Africa, and another 70 seriously injured when their passenger train collided with an overturned gasoline tanker car at Langlaagte, a suburb of Johannesburg .[55][56]
  • Soviet Ambassador to Washington Anatoly Dobrynin was hosted by U.S. President Richard Nixon for the first time. Following the meeting at the White House, both men agreed to set up "a secret back channel" between Dobrynin and Henry Kissinger to discuss the possibility of nuclear disarmament.[57]
  • Died: Paul Barbarin, 69, American jazz drummer. Barbarin was leading his Onward Brass Band on St. Charles Street in the parade held in New Orleans on the night before the Mardi Gras celebrations, stopped to ask for a glass of water, and collapsed and died.[58]

February 18, 1969 (Tuesday)
  • All 35 passengers and crew onboard Hawthorne Nevada Airlines Flight 708 were killed after their DC-8 plane crashed into the side of Mount Whitney shortly after taking off from Hawthorne, Nevada. The 32 passengers had spent the previous day at the El Capitan Casino and were returning to Long Beach, California.[59] The wreckage of the "gambler's special" would not be located until August 8.[60]
  • Eight people in the small town of Crete, Nebraska, were killed, and 11 others seriously injured, after a railroad tank car ruptured and spread a fog of anhydrous ammonia fumes throughout the community. Five of the dead were residents, and another three were hoboes who had been riding aboard the Burlington Railroad train as it traveled from Denver to Chicago.[61]
  • The name of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was changed to the Committee on Internal Security by a 305 to 79 vote in the U.S. House of Representatives.[62]

February 19, 1969 (Wednesday)
  • In its race against the United States to be the first to land a man on the Moon first (with veteran cosmonaut Alexei Leonov as commander), the Soviet Union attempted to place Lunokhod lunar rover into low earth orbit, to be taken to the Moon by a more powerful rocket, the N1. Less than a minute after liftoff from Baikonur, however, the unmanned mission ended when the rocket booster exploded. A second setback would follow two days later.[63]
  • Eleven children and five women were massacred by a group of United States Marines at Son Thang, a small village in South Vietnam's Quang Nam Province.[64] Private Michael A. Schwarz and Private Randall D. Harrod would go on trial in Da Nang on charges of premeditated murder, and two privates first class would be convicted of unpremeditated murder, while a fifth Marine was granted immunity in exchange for his testimony. Schwarz, the first of the accused to be tried, would be found guilty of the premeditated murder of 12 of the victims and sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor by a seven-man military court, a sentence later reduced.[65]
  • Casey Station, an innovative Antarctic research station for the Australian Antarctic Territory, was established.[66] Originally referred to as "Repstat" because it was the replacement station for the Wilkes Station, it was renamed in honor of Richard Casey, the outgoing Governor-General of Australia.
  • The British Postal Museum & Archive, now simply referred to as The Postal Museum, was opened at the King Edward Building in a ceremony presided over by Queen Elizabeth II.[67]

February 20, 1969 (Thursday)
  • U.S. President Richard M. Nixon asked Congress to begin the process of abolishing the Electoral College with a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution to be considered by the states. Nixon, who said that the American presidential voting system "once again requires overhaul to repair defects spotlighted by the circumstances of 1968" suggested that the amendment take the form of either dividing each state's electoral votes "in a manner that may more closely approximate the popular vote" in the state, or that the popular vote winner be declared president as long as he or she had gotten at least 40 percent of the vote. If no candidate won at least 40%, the top two vote getters would face each other in a runoff election.[68]

February 21, 1969 (Friday)
  • The second major setback for the Soviet Union's manned lunar program happened as the most powerful Soviet rocket, the unmanned N1, was launched for the first time. The rocket lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, in the Kazakh SSR, at 3:18 in the afternoon local time (0918 UTC). Only 70 seconds later, however, its 30 engines shut down by themselves, or by a destruct order from ground control.[63] The payload, a modified lunar spacecraft, separated and landed 21 miles (34 km) from Baikonur, and the rest of the N1 fell 31 miles (50 km) further. An author for Popular Science magazine would comment more than 40 years later, "In less than two minutes, the Soviets’ last valiant effort to beat America to the Moon was reduced to piles of twisted and burnt metal." [69]
  • The official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, People's Daily, announced the Party's decision to concentrate resources on "socialist industrialization" to quickly develop small-scale factories in the nation's rural provinces. In the two years following the publication of the editorial "Grasp Revolution, Promote Production and Win a New Victory on the Industrial Front", tens of thousands of iron works, cement plants, fertilizer plants and other small production facilities would be constructed, especially in the provinces of Heilungkiang, Honan, Hopei, Hunan, Hupeh, Kwangsi and Shantung.[70]
  • A volcanic eruption began on Deception Island, the site of Antarctic research stations established by both the United Kingdom and by Chile. The blast triggered flooding, and by the time it ended less than 48 hours later, the abandoned Chilean research station was destroyed and the British station was so severely damaged that it had to be abandoned permanently.[71]
  • With his popularity in sharp decline, Pakistan's President Ayub Khan announced that he would not run for re-election.[72]
  • Born: Petra Kronberger, Austrian alpine skier, 1992 Olympic double gold medalist and the first woman to win races in all five World Cup skiing events (downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom and combined downhill and slalom) in one racing season (1990-1991); in Pfarrwerfen

February 22, 1969 (Saturday)
Ayub Khan of West Pakistan
Sheikh Mujibur of East Pakistan
  • Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Bengali leader of the Awami League and leader of the fight for the rights of the Bengali Muslim residents of East Pakistan against the Pakistan government, was ordered released unconditionally after nine months imprisonment. Mujib and 33 others were set free as Pakistan's government dropped all charges arising from the Agartala Conspiracy Case, the orders coming on the same day as more than a million students protested the government of Ayub Khan.[73] In 1971, East Pakistan would become independent from West Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh, with Mujib as its first President.
  • The final stage of the Tet Offensive, the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong attack on South Vietnam, was launched on multiple provinces. The "Vietnam Spring Offensive", which would lead to President Nixon's decision to carry the Vietnam War into Cambodia, would continue until June 8.[74][75]
  • The Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine was founded.[76]
  • Born:

February 23, 1969 (Sunday)
  • In the aftermath of the new Communist offensive against South Vietnam during the American halt of bombing, U.S. President Nixon decided to expand the Vietnam War into Cambodia. Nixon was en route to Brussels on Air Force One for his first tour of Europe as president when, as Henry Kissinger would later recount, "he suddenly ordered the bombing of the Cambodian sanctuaries" of the Viet Cong guerrillas, "without consulting relevant officials" and "in the absence of a detailed plan for dealing with the consequences." [77] Nixon would cancel the order two days later after his aides intervened, but would order the first attack on March 18.[78]
  • Born: Michael Campbell, New Zealand professional golfer, 2005 U.S. Open winner and winner the same year of the HSBC World Match Play Championship; in Hāwera
  • Died: Madhubala (screen name for Mumtaz Jehan Dehlavi), 36, Indian actress and leading lady of Hindi cinema; of a lung illness

February 24, 1969 (Monday)
  • The landmark decision of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District was issued by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution applies to public schools within limits.[79][80] The case stemmed from an incident on December 16, 1965, when students Mary Beth Tinker, John Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt wore black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War, and then were suspended after declining to remove them. Justice Abe Fortas, writing for the 7 to 2 majority, observed that "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate," but added that schools retained the right to deter protests that "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school." [81]
  • The American Mariner 6 probe was launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida in the United States at 8:29 p.m. local time, to begin a 226,300,000 mile journey to Mars, where it was scheduled to make its closest approach on July 31.[82]
  • Firing mortars from Jordan, Al-Fatah guerrillas fired artillery shells at the country residence of Israel's Prime Minister Levi Eshkol at Degania Alef near the Sea of Galilee. In acknowledging the attack, the Israeli government noted that Eshkol was in Jerusalem for more than three weeks.[83]

February 25, 1969 (Tuesday)
  • U.S. President Nixon announced that the United States would unilaterally discontinue its offensive biological weapons program, and that research would be limited to defense against bio-weapons. Among the reasons was that the weapons had limited utility and were not a reliable deterrent and that it was important to discourage their acquisition by other nations.[84]
  • Died: Jan Zajíc, 18, Czechoslovakian student. Following the example of Jan Palach the previous month, Zajíc set fire to himself to protest the Soviet Union's occupation of Czechoslovakia.[85]

February 26, 1969 (Wednesday)
Eshkol
  • Levi Eshkol, who had served as the Prime Minister of Israel since 1963, died of a heart attack in Jerusalem while convalescing from a February 3 myocardial infarction.[86] Deputy Prime Minister Yigal Allon acted as the interim premier until the Knesset could choose a permanent replacement from one of three candidates— Allon, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan and former Foreign Minister Golda Meir. The Al Fatah guerrilla organization claimed in a statement issued from Damascus that its February 24 rocket attack on Eshkol's rural residence had been the cause of wounds that claimed Eshkol's life, and the Israeli government's response was that "It is the most ridiculous and infantile of the Fatah's 1,001 nights fairy tales." [87] Meir would become the new Prime Minister in March.
  • Died: Karl Jaspers, 86, German-born Swiss psychiatrist and existentialist

February 27, 1969 (Thursday)
  • One of the least successful Broadway productions, But, Seriously, opened at Henry Miller's Theatre. Despite a cast that included Richard Dreyfuss and Tom Poston, and the authorship of Academy Award-winning film screenwriter Julius J. Epstein (who won the Oscar for Casablanca), the play had its fourth, and final, performance on Saturday, March 1. But, Seriously would also prove to be the last Broadway play to be staged at Henry Miller's Theatre, which would not be revived for more than 30 years.[88]
  • Died:

February 28, 1969 (Friday)
  • Following an uprising in western Guyana's Rupununi area by the indigenous minority, Prime Minister Forbes Burnham met with 150 chiefs and their advisers from the nine tribes (the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao) and pledged that they would be started on the path toward full Guyanese citizenship and that one of them would be chosen to be on the government's Lands Commission. Burnham's promises were a step toward meeting the Amerindian's demands, but would reportedly be considered by them to be insufficient.[89]
  • Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, on trial in Los Angeles for the 1968 murder of presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, stood up in court shortly after the first defense witness began to testify. After Superior Court Judge Herbert V. Walker sent the jury out and allowed Sirhan to speak, the accused assassin said "At this time I wish to withdraw my original plea of innocent and plead guilty on all counts," then added on further questioning that "I will ask to be executed," and that "I believe it is in my best interests. That is my prerogative." Judge Walker declined to accept the guilty plea, along with Sirhan's request to fire the three attorneys who had volunteered to defend him.[90]
  • Born: Robert Sean Leonard, Tony Award-winning American stage, TV, and film actor; as Robert Lawrence Leonard, in Westwood, New Jersey
  • Pat Monahan, Lead vocalist for the band Train
gollark: Hit sword.
gollark: How strange.
gollark: A few days back, it/s very useful.
gollark: Why did you buy a gift with so many edges? Whom for? Buying such edgy gifts must be costly thus <:bonk:787781477328355378>?
gollark: I don't need to be able to read or think to insult things.

References
  1. Berkowitz, Edward D. (2005). Something Happened: A Political and Cultural Overview of the Seventies. Columbia University Press. p. 40.
  2. Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (2004). The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press. p. 33.
  3. "An Archaeologist Excavates a Hippie Commune, Preserved in 1969 by Fire", by Mark Strauss, June 18, 2014, gizmodo.com
  4. "Screen Monster King Boris Karloff Is Dead", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 4, 1969, p8
  5. Efraim Karsh, Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest (Grove/Atlantic, 2007)
  6. J. Bowyer Bell, Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence (Transaction Publishers, 1979) p95
  7. "Anti-Portugal African Leader Assassinated", "Anti-Portugal African Leader Assassinated", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 4, 1969, p1
  8. "Candid Camera Crew Aboard Hijacked Jet", Miami News, February 3, 1969, p1
  9. "'Fly To Cuba:' That's Candid!", Pittsburgh Press, February 3, 1969, p1
  10. "Did Airline Passengers Mistake a Hijacking for a ‘Candid Camera’ Stunt?", snopes.com
  11. "Indian Express Derails, 25 Dead", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 5, 1969, p1
  12. "'Turn-On' Quickly Turned Off", Akron (OH) Beacon Journal, February 6, 1969, p2
  13. "More Turn Off 'Turn On'", Capital Journal (Salem, Oregon), February 7, 1969, p19
  14. "ABC Decides to Turn Off Its 'Turn-On'", Chicago Tribune, February 8, 1969, p7
  15. "'Turn-On' Turn-Off Makes TV History", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 11, 1969, p33
  16. "Salazar Goes Home an Invalid", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 6, 1969, p7
  17. "Fire Toll Now 31", Minneapolis Star, February 10, 1969, p8
  18. "Shapely Japanese Dancer Blamed In Fire Killing 30", Indianapolis Star, February 7, 1969, p2
  19. "10 perish in local air crash", Port Angeles (WA) Evening News, February 5, 1969, p1
  20. "Plane Burns At Liftoff, 10 Feared Dead", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 6, 1969, p7
  21. "Smallest republic?", The Guardian (London), February 8, 1969, p2
  22. "Anguilla Votes to Become a Republic", Philadelphia Inquirer, February 8, 1969, p2
  23. Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson, British Overseas Territories Law (Bloomsbury, 2018) p317
  24. "Girl Jock Rides, Comes In Tenth", Cincinnati Enquirer, February 8, 1969, p1
  25. "Rail crash blamed on human error", Sydney Morning Herald, February 8, 1969, p1
  26. "Driver died before Aurora crash", The Age (Melbourne), February 12, 1969, p1
  27. "Crash Laid To Engineer", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 12, 1969, p4
  28. R. J. Berry, The Natural History of Orkney (HarperCollins UK, 2012)
  29. Dana Desonie, Cosmic Collisions (Henry Holt and Company, 2014)
  30. "Saturday Evening Post Ends With Feb. 8 Issue", Fresno (CA) Bee, January 10, 1969, p1
  31. "Post's Final Issue on Stands This Week", The Daily Telegram (Eau Claire WI), January 28, 1969, p4
  32. "Super Jet's First Flight Cut Short", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 10, 1969, p2
  33. "East Germany Cuts Travel To West Berlin", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 10, 1969, p1
  34. "Communications Satellite Orbiting Above the Pacific", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 10, 1969, p1
  35. "Buoy From Missing Submarine Recovered", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 12, 1969, p1
  36. "Dakar", in Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence, by Nigel West (Scarecrow Press, 2010) pp81-82
  37. "Thailand Holds First Election in 11 Years", Minneapolis Star-Tribune, February 11, 1969, p14
  38. "Premier's Party Wins In Thailand Election", Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), February 13, 1969, p2
  39. Interparliamentary Union archive
  40. "Montreal Collegians Run Wild", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 12, 1969, p1
  41. "The History of Confiscation Laws: From the Book of Exodus to the War on White-Collar Crime", by Michael Fernandez-Bertier, in Chasing Criminal Money: Challenges and Perspectives On Asset Recovery in the EU, ed. by Katalin Ligeti and Michele Simonato (Bloomsbury, 2017)
  42. Wilfried Loth, Building Europe: A History of European Unification (Walter de Gruyter, 2015) p196
  43. Ibram H. Rogers, The Black Campus Movement: Black Students and the Racial Reconstitution of Higher Education, 1965–1972 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) pp ii-iii
  44. "Blast rocks stock exchange", Montreal Gazette, February 14, 1969, p1
  45. "Mafia Boss Genovese, 71, Dies in Jail— King of Racketeers Ran Crime Empire From Prison Cell", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 1969, p2
  46. "Amitabh Bachchan completes 48 years in Bollywood", Khaleej Times, February 16, 2017
  47. "Amitabh Bachchan turns poet to mark 49 years in Hindi Cinema"], Deccan Chronicle, February 15, 2018
  48. S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies (University of Minnesota Press, 1974) p195
  49. "State of Emergency Lifted in Pakistan", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 17, 1969, p8
  50. "British Ask Peking to Free 15 Yachtsmen", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 18, 1969, p8
  51. "Red China Releases 2 Of 3 Yachts", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 3, 1969, p2
  52. "2 Americans Freed By Peking 9 Months After Arrest on Boat", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 7, 1969, p1
  53. "Sealab Work Halted After Aquanaut Dies", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 18, 1969, p1
  54. "The Impact of Armed Forces on the Development of Marine Technology: A Look Back— A Look Ahead", by Donald R. Chandler, in Ocean Pulse: A Critical Diagnosis, ed. by John T. Tanacredi and John Loret (Springer, 1998) p58
  55. "Flaming Train Crash Kills Six", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 18, 1969, p1
  56. "S. Africa Toll Rises to 16", Nashville Tennessean", February 20, 1969, p20
  57. Thomas Crump, Brezhnev and the Decline of the Soviet Union (Routledge, 2013)
  58. "Drummer Of Jazz Fame Dies", Detroit Free Press, February 19, 1969, p8-C
  59. "Plane With 35 Aboard Missing on Calif. Flight", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 19, 1969, p1
  60. Aviation Safety Network
  61. "Eight Killed As Ammonia Gas Escapes", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 19, 1969, p1
  62. "House Changes HUAC Name", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 19, 1969, p1
  63. Erik Seedhouse, Mars via the Moon: The Next Giant Leap (Springer, 2015) p33
  64. "Corps Identifies 5 Marines Held In Killing Of Civilians", St. Louis Post-Dispatch", February 28, 1970, p8A
  65. "Marine Gets Life Term on Murders", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 22, 1970, p3
  66. "Casey station: a brief history", Australian Antarctic Division
  67. RoyalMailGroup.com
  68. "Nixon Asks 40 Per Cent Win Electoral Race", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 19, 1969, p1
  69. "This Rocket Failed to Put Soviets on the Moon", by Amy Shira Teitel, Popular Science, October 2, 2016
  70. Willy Kraus, with E. M. Holz, Economic Development and Social Change in the People’s Republic of China (Springer, 1979) p198
  71. "The 1969 subglacial eruption on Deception Island (Antarctica)", by J. L. Smellie, in Volcano-ice Interaction on Earth and Mars (The Geological Society, 2002) p61
  72. Ayesha Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics (Harvard University Press, 2014) p135
  73. Nitish K. Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib (Penguin Books India, 2011) p534
  74. Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis (University of Michigan Press, 1997) pp191-192
  75. David Mitchell, Making Foreign Policy: Presidential Management of the Decision-making Process (Ashgate Publishing, 2005) p52
  76. Partha Gangopadhyay and Nasser Elkanj, Analytical Peace Economics: The Illusion of War for Peace (Taylor & Francis, 2016) p148
  77. Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Little, Brown & Company, 1979) p174
  78. Blema S. Steinberg, Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996) p174
  79. "Court Upholds School Protests", Orlando (FL) Evening Star, February 24, 1969, p1
  80. "D. M. Arm-Band Protest Upheld", Des Moines Tribune, February 24, 1969, p1
  81. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, Justia.com
  82. "Mariner Begins Voyage to Mars", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 25, 1969, p2
  83. "Arabs Shell Home of Eshkol", Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1969, p1
  84. "Biological Weapons Convention", by Kathryn Nixdorff, in Verifying Treaty Compliance: Limiting Weapons of Mass Destruction and Monitoring Kyoto Protocol Provisions, ed. by Rudolf Avenhaus, et al. (Springer, 2007) p108
  85. Burton, Richard (2003). Prague: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. p. 167.
  86. "Israel Premier Eshkol Dies Of Heart Attack", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 27, 1969, p1
  87. "Arab Guerrillas Claim Eshkol Died of Wounds", The Leader-Times (Kittanning PA), February 26, 1969, p2
  88. "Henry Miller's Theatre", in Broadway: An Encyclopedia, by Ken Bloom (Routledge, 2013) pp335-336
  89. Ron Ramdin, Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People (New York University Press, 2000) p281
  90. "Sirhan Appeals For Execution", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 1, 1969, p1
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