October 1969

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October 29, 1969: The first electronic message between two computers, "L-O", is sent from UCLA to Stanford
October 13–16, 1969: Seven men in orbit around the Earth (Shonin and Kubasov, Soyuz 6)
October 27, 1969: Nixon orders secret mission and 18 nuclear-armed American B-52 bombers fly toward USSR
Filipchenko, Volkov and Gorbatko (Soyuz 7)
Shatalov and Yeliseyev (Soyuz 8)

The following events occurred in October 1969:

October 1, 1969 (Wednesday)
Olof Palme
Tage Erlander

October 2, 1969 (Thursday)
  • A 1.2 megaton thermonuclear device was tested at Amchitka Island, Alaska. The test. codenamed Project Milrow, was a "calibration shot" to test if the island was fit for larger underground nuclear detonations.[3]
  • Born: Mitch English, American TV host, in Covington, Kentucky

October 3, 1969 (Friday)
  • The member nations of the International Monetary Fund voted overwhelmingly to approve the implementation of a "new form of manmade international money", special drawing rights, referred to as "paper gold".[4][5] Under the plan, the IMF would distribute $9.5 billion dollars of credit over a three year period to IMF members "in proportion to their economic importance" in order to facilitate trade between nations without an actual transfer of their gold reserves.
  • Twenty-four of the 30 legislators of West Germany's Free Democrats party voted to join in a coalition government with the 224 members of Willy Brandt's Social Democratic Party, only one short of the 249 that would be necessary for Brandt to become Chancellor on the first ballot of voting in the new Bundestag that would take office on October 20.[6] The Free Democrat Party decision meant that, for the first time in West Germany's 20-year history, the Christian Democrats would no longer lead the government.
  • Born: Gwen Stefani, American singer and three-time Grammy Award winner; in Fullerton, California

October 4, 1969 (Saturday)
  • Major League Baseball's first divisional playoffs began as the Minnesota Twins visited the Baltimore Orioles and the New York Mets visited the Atlanta Braves. The division of the National League and the American League into Eastern and Western Divisions was new for 1969. Previously, the AL's Orioles (109-53 record) and the NL's Mets (100-62) would have been the pennant winners without need for a playoff. Opening the best 3 games of 5 series, the Orioles won, 4-3, and the Mets 9-5.[7]
  • Diane Linkletter, the 21-year old daughter of popular TV show host Art Linkletter, died after falling or jumping from a window of her sixth floor apartment at the Shoreham Towers in West Hollywood. Diane had made regular appearances on her father's show during the 1968-1969 season. The elder Linkletter attributed the death to his daughter's use of the hallucinogenic drug LSD, and told reporters, "It wasn't suicide, because she wasn't herself. It was murder. She was murdered by the people who manufacture and sell LSD." [8] He clarified in an interview with the Los Angeles Times that Diane was already "somewhat emotional and dramatic",[9] that she had confided in him that she had experimented with LSD five months earlier and had a bad experience, and that she apparently had taken the drug again hours before calling a friend and her brother to say that she was terrified. The tragedy would become part of an urban legend that, during the LSD trip, Diane had jumped because she "believed she could fly", and would be cited in debates over stricter controls over illicit drugs.
  • Died: Natalino Otto, 56, Italian big band leader

October 5, 1969 (Sunday)

October 6, 1969 (Monday)
The Haymarket Memorial
  • In Chicago, a time bomb placed by the American anarchist organization Weather Underground, destroyed a statue that had been erected to commemorate the victims of the Haymarket Bombing that killed seven Chicago policemen on May 4, 1886.[11] The statue of a 19th century policeman, located at the time on Randolph Street near the Kennedy Expressway, was broken in half by the blast and toppled from its pedestal.[12] The 1969 bombing was the first of several blasts that would be carried out by the "Weathermen" against the American governmental buildings, and was the opener of the "Days of Rage" that coincided with the trial of the "Chicago Seven", who were on trial for conspiracy to incite a riot during the Democratic National Convention in 1968. Nobody was injured, and the statue would be rebuilt, only to be bombed again on October 6, 1970.
  • The Baltimore Orioles and the New York Mets clinched the championships of the American League and the National League, respectively, by winning the third games of their best-of-5 series. Both games were played in the afternoon, with the NL series starting at 1:00 in New York, and the AL series beginning 90 minutes later in Minnesota. The Mets beat the Atlanta Braves, 7-4, and the Orioles beat the Minnesota Twins, 11-2, to qualify both teams for the 1969 World Series, set to begin on October 11.
  • Born:
  • Died: Walter Hagen, 76, American professional golfer who won the PGA Championship five times and the British Open four times during the 1920s, as well as the U.S. Open twice (1914 and 1919)

October 7, 1969 (Tuesday)
Medici
  • A three-member military junta, that had governed Brazil since August 31, selected Army General Emílio Médici as the nation's new President.[13] The three ministers of Brazil's Army, Navy and Air Force (Aurélio Tavares, Augusto Grünewald and Márcio Melo, respectively) had governed the country since August 31 after President Artur da Costa e Silva had suffered a stroke. Medici would be sworn in on October 30 after Brazil's Congress was called back into session to give official approval to the appointment and to approve 58 amendments to the national constitution to legalize the military junta's actions.
  • Died: Natalya Lisenko, 85, Russian-born French actress and wife of Ivan Mozzhukhin

October 8, 1969 (Wednesday)
  • The first public protests by the radical American Weather Underground organization began with the "Days of Rage" in Chicago, timed to coincide with the "Chicago Seven" trial of defendants people charged with inciting violence during the Democratic National Convention in 1968.[11] The Illinois National Guard was called in the next day to control the violence [14] Shortly after 10:30 p.m., a speaker at Chicago's Lincoln Park told 600 assembled demonstrators to "tear down the Drake Hotel" and to "get" Judge Julius Hoffman, who was presiding over the federal trial.[15]
Curt Flood
  • The rights to employ St. Louis Cardinals center fielder Curt Flood were traded to the Philadelphia Phillies as part of an exchange involving seven players [16] Flood, however, didn't want to leave St. Louis, where he had built a profitable business as a portrait painter. He announced first that he intended to retire from baseball [17] but soon became the first player to challenge the nearly century long practice of teams trading players without the players' consent. Before the 1970 season was to begin, Flood would file an antitrust lawsuit that, while ultimately unsuccessful, would lead the way for the players to strike successfully for the right to free agency.[18]

October 9, 1969 (Thursday)
China
USSR
  • The People's Republic of China announced that China would renounce further claims to territory that had been ceded to Russia during the past three centuries, including in the Treaty of Nerchinsk signed on August 27, 1689, between the Chinese Empire and the Russian Empire. "China does not demand the return of Chinese territory which Tsarist Russia annexed by means of unequal treaties," [19] the government said in a 4,500 word statement, and added that the only request that it had was for the Soviets to concede that the treaties had been unfair. The declaration also brought an immediate end to the border wars that had been going on since March, with a return to the status quo by withdrawal of both nations' troops from each other's territory.
  • The USSR made a partial change in its economic policy to allow employers the option to pay some workers more than others based on production. The move, which one British newspaper commented was "in effect, based on the capitalist policy of higher wages for better workers" [20] and to allow managers to fire inefficient ones, was approved by the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party following the recommendations of Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.
  • Born:
  • Died: Don Hoak, 41, manager of baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates, died of a heart attack shortly after being fired. Hoak collapsed while driving his car, after giving chase to three young men who had stolen his brother-in-law's automobile [21].

October 10, 1969 (Friday)
  • On the advice of National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, U.S. President Richard Nixon issued secret orders to the Joint Chiefs of Staff to commence "Operation Giant Lance", the sending of bombers armed with nuclear weapons toward Moscow in an effort to convince the Soviet leaders that he was not reluctant to launch a nuclear war in an effort to end the ongoing Vietnam War. A squadron of 18 B-52 bombers, each carrying nuclear bombs, would be sent out on October 27. "The mission was so secretive", a historian would write in 2008 after the orders had been declassified, "that even senior military officers following the orders — including the SAC commander himself — were not informed of its true purpose." [22] The cable from General Earle Wheeler, the JCS Chairman, to eight commanders, began with the words "We have been directed by higher authority to institute a series of actions during the period 130000Z — 250000Z Oct, to test our military readiness in selected areas world-wide to respond to possible confrontation by the Soviet Union." [23]
  • The city of Simi Valley, California, came into existence three weeks after voters in the Ventura County communities of Simi Valley and Santa Susana voted, 6,454 to 3,685 to incorporate.[24]
  • The town of McLendon-Chisholm, Texas, was incorporated by voters in two neighboring rural settlements in Rockwall County, Texas.
  • In the Court of the Crimson King, the debut of King Crimson, is released.
  • Born:

October 11, 1969 (Saturday)
  • The Soviet Union launched Soyuz 6 into orbit with two cosmonauts, Georgy Shonin and Valery Kubasov, as the first step in building a permanent space station.[25]
  • The Zodiac Killer claimed his seventh, and final victim, shooting San Francisco taxicab driver Paul Stine to death. Soon afterward, the killer mailed a piece of Stine's shirt to the San Francisco Chronicle and, as in previous letters to the Chronicle, claimed responsibility for the other murders.[26]

October 12, 1969 (Sunday)
Sonja Henie at 1936 Olympics
  • Soyuz 7, the Soviet Union's first three-man spacecraft, was launched the day after Soyuz 6 had been sent up. The cosmonauts sent aloft were Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Gorbatko.[27]
  • Voting was conducted in Turkey for the 450 member Grand National Assembly, as Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel and his Justice Party continued their control of the government.[28]
  • Anti-war protesters invaded a U.S. Army base for the first time, as an estimated 5,000 anti-war demonstrators crossed into the boundaries of the base at Fort Dix, New Jersey. The group was driven back by about 1,000 military policemen with tear gas, and there were no arrests and no injuries.[29]
  • Born: Judit Mascó, Spanish Catalan model and TV host; in Barcelona
  • Died: Sonja Henie, 57, Norwegian Olympic figure skating champion and actress; of complications from leukemia while flying home to Oslo

October 13, 1969 (Monday)

October 14, 1969 (Tuesday)
  • In one of the first major acts of in the United States of the animal rights movement, activists broke into the Bio-Research Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts and released 3,000 hamsters that had been used in disease research. A spokesman for the Institute said that the act had ruined years of research into medical problems, in that none of the hamsters could be matched up with their testing records.[33]
  • Born: David Strickland, American TV actor (committed suicide, 1999)
  • Died:
    • Arnie Herber, 59, American NFL quarterback and Pro Football Hall of Famer; of cancer
    • August Sang, 55, Estonian Soviet poet

October 15, 1969 (Wednesday)
  • Hundreds of thousands of people took part in Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations across the United States.[34] Estimates of turnouts were 250,000 in Washington DC and 100,000 in Boston [35] on a regular workday. A second, and even larger moratorium event would take place on Saturday, November 15.
  • Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the President of Somalia elected in 1967, was shot and killed by one of the policemen assigned to guard him during his visit to the Somali city of Las Anod [36] The murder, by Abdulkadir Abdi, took place one day before Shermarke's 50th birthday. Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein, the leader of the Somali National Assembly, assumed the role of acting president under the constitution [37] Hussein would serve for less than a week before being removed from office by a military coup.
  • Died: Rod La Rocque, 70, American film actor

October 16, 1969 (Thursday)
Tom Seaver, pitcher for "The Miracle Mets"

October 17, 1969 (Friday)
  • Fourteen black members of the undefeated University of Wyoming Cowboys football team were kicked off the squad by head coach Lloyd Eaton when they came to talk to him at his office while wearing black armbands. The players had come in to talk to the coach at his Laramie, Wyoming office, about wearing the armbands as a protest during the next day's game against the all-white and all-Mormon Brigham Young University (BYU) team. Accounts of what happened next differ, but all 14 (including five starters), were barred from playing again during the argument that followed.[39][40] A lawsuit by the players against Coach Eaton and the University would later be dismissed.[41] As for the Wyoming Cowboys, they beat BYU the next day without the 14 players, and another team the following week, they would lose their final four games. Eaton would quit at the end of the 1970 season after the Cowboys finished at 1-9-0.[42] Two of the players, Tony McGee and Joe Williams, would go on to careers in the NFL.
  • Police in La Paz, Bolivia, seized the offices of the Gulf Oil Corporation. Later in the day, a spokesman for Bolivia's military junta announced the nationalization of Compania Bolivia Gulf, a subsidiary of the American oil producer.[43]
  • Born:

October 18, 1969 (Saturday)
Caravaggio's Nativity
  • Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence, painted in the spring of 1600 by Milanese artist Michelangelo Amerighi da Caravaggio, was stolen from the Oratorio di San Lorenzo in Palermo.[44] Worth an estimated $20,000,000 now, the painting has never been recovered in the almost 50 years since its disappearance.[45]
  • Robert H. Finch, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, announced a ban (effective January 1, 1970) on the use by food and beverage makers of the artificial sweetener sodium cyclamate, more commonly referred to as "cyclamates". After meeting with Finch, a representative of the 12 leading American soft drink manufacturers announced that the makers of sugar-free colas and other beverages would "immediately suspend production of low calorie soft drinks" containing cyclamates (which were more costly than saccharin) and that the companies would "turn their efforts to developing or reformulating other products... so that low calorie products can again be offered for consumption to those people who wish to make that choice." [46] The drinks already bottled or canned could still be shipped to local distributors and retail outlets for the remainder of the year.[47]
  • The agreement to create the Caribbean Development Bank was signed in Kingston, Jamaica, by representatives of 16 nations, along with the United Kingdom and Canada.[48] The agreement entered into force three months later, on January 26, after 15 of the 18 nations had ratified the pact.

October 19, 1969 (Sunday)
  • The morning after the state funeral and burial for assassinated Somalian President Shermarke, Somalian Army General Siad Barre led a bloodless coup d'etat. The broadcast on Radio Mogadishu, announcing the coup, included a statement that "the revolution was staged to save Somalia from the corrupt malpractices of the ruling classes" and pledged to abolish tribalism.[49] General Barre and his Supreme Revolutionary Council would control the northeast African nation for more than 20 years until his overthrow by rebels on January 26, 1991.[50]
  • A landslide killed 18 children in the Mexican village of Tremenio de Los Reyes, located in the state of Michoacán about 35 miles (56 km) south of Morelia [51] The victims, ranging in age from 8 to 16 years old, had been part of a group of 60 student volunteers who were gathering sand for cement to help build a basketball court for the village church "18 Children Killed In Cave-In", Ottawa Journal, October 21, 1969, p1.
  • Born: Trey Parker, American TV producer and co-creator of South Park; as Randolph Severn Parker III, in Conifer, Colorado

October 20, 1969 (Monday)
A 1969 Kaiser Jeep
  • The fourth largest automaker in the United States, American Motors Corporation (AMC), announced its acquisition of the Kaiser Jeep Corporation, which had only manufactured the Jeep military and consumer vehicles since discontinuing its line of Kaiser-Frazer automobiles in 1963.[52] The buyout, capitalized at $10 million in cash, $10 million in promissory notes due in 1974, and 5.5 million shares of AMC stock, brought an end to the Kaiser Company's 24-year existence.
  • Born:

October 21, 1969 (Tuesday)
Brandt
Kiesinger
  • Members of the Bundestag, West Germany's lower house of parliament, voted to elect Willy Brandt as the new Chancellor of West Germany, bringing an end to the government of Kurt Georg Kiesinger. All but three of the members of Brandt's coalition of 224 Social Democrats and 30 Free Democrats cast votes in favor of Brandt to form a government, giving him 251 of the 496 possible votes, two more than needed for a majority.[53]
  • Born: Michael Hancock, Australian rugby league wing; in Stanthorpe, Queensland
  • Died:

October 22, 1969 (Wednesday)
  • The voice of the Zodiac Killer was heard on television for the first time as the murderer telephoned during a live broadcast of The Jim Dunbar Show, a morning program on San Francisco's KGO-TV. Dunbar's guest was the famous criminal defense attorney, Melvin Belli, and the first call came at 7:10, as the caller threatened to commit more murders if he wasn't allowed to talk to Belli on the air. In all, Zodiac called five times over a 90 minute period.[54]
  • Lebanon's Prime Minister Rashid Karami resigned after a series of violent clashes between the Lebanese Army and Palestinian guerrillas, protests in the streets of Beirut, and threats by Iraq, Syria and Libya [55]
  • Led Zeppelin released its second studio album, Led Zeppelin II, in the United States on Atlantic Records.[56] Atlantic would release the album in the United Kingdom on October 31.
  • Born: Spike Jonze, American film director; as Adam Spiegel, in Rockville, Maryland

October 23, 1969 (Thursday)
  • Eight sailors on board the Canadian destroyer HMCS Kootenay were killed in an explosion at sea.[57]

October 24, 1969 (Friday)
  • Convicted of espionage eight years earlier, American spies Morris Cohen and Lona Cohen, better known by their aliases as "Peter and Helen Kroger", were released from prison in Great Britain. Mr. Cohen had been serving a 20-year sentence at Parkhurst Prison on the Isle of Wight, while his wife had been held at Holloway Prison near London. They were reunited in London, then taken to Heathrow Airport and put on a British European Airways flight to Warsaw, from which they would then be taken to live in the Soviet Union.[58][59]
  • Paul McCartney of The Beatles appeared in public for the first time since the "Paul is dead" rumor that had been circulating for several weeks, bringing an end to the speculation that clues to his apparent accidental death had been included in backward messages within Beatles songs, and images on albums. Paraphrasing the late Mark Twain, McCartney told reporters, "Reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated." [60]
  • Born: Adela Noriega, Mexican actress; in Mexico City

October 25, 1969 (Saturday)

October 26, 1969 (Sunday)

October 27, 1969 (Monday)
  • Unbeknownst to the general public, 18 American B-52 bombers, each loaded with nuclear weapons, took off from the United States and flew a polar route toward Moscow and the Soviet Union, as part of Operation Giant Lance. For three days, in maneuvers designed to attract the attention of the USSR and to test their intelligence capabilities, the bombers flew close to Soviet territory in what a historian would later describe as "the only moment we know of when a president decided that it made strategic sense to pretend to launch World War III." [22] The operation was ended on October 30 by order of President Nixon.
  • The Caribbean British colonies of Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, comprising 31 inhabited islands, were allowed autonomy as the West Indies Associated States after 300 years of being governed by British colonial authorities.[63]

October 28, 1969 (Tuesday)

October 29, 1969 (Wednesday)
The UCLA Sigma 7
  • At 10:30 in the evening at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) campus, the first message was sent over ARPANET, the forerunner of the internet. Leonard Kleinrock would recall later that the first message, transmitted from UCLA to the computer at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) was intended to be transmitting the letters "L-O-G", after which Stanford would add two more letters to send back the word "LOGIN". Charley Kline, a 21-year old UCLA student, was asked by Kleinrock to help send a message on the department's SDS Sigma 7 computer to a Sigma 7 at SRI.[65] The UCLA team sent the "L", then asked over the telephone whether it had been received, then sent the "O". Before UCLA could transmit the letter "G", the SRI computer crashed and, as Kleinrock would note later, "History now records how clever we were to send such a prophetic first message, namely 'Lo'".[66]
  • The United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education that the last remaining school districts in the United States practicing de facto racial segregation could no longer delay submitting desegregation plans.[67] In doing so, the Court referenced its 1955 amendment to its 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which had ordered that schools be desegregated "with all deliberate speed", declaring that 14 years had been long enough. "Continued operation of segregated schools under a standard of allowing 'all deliberate speed' for desegregation", the Court wrote, "is no longer constitutionally permissible." [68] The Court ordered that the 30 districts that had continued to have separate schools for white and black students would have to submit plans by December 1.
  • Died:

October 30, 1969 (Thursday)
  • The government of Kenya, at the direction of President Jomo Kenyatta, outlawed the African nation's only opposition political party, the Kenya People's Union (KPU) [69] The action, taken a little more than a month before parliamentary elections scheduled for December 6, took place three days after the arrest of former Vice President Jaramogi Oginga Odinga and the other seven members of the National Assembly from the KPU. With no rivals on the ballot, the candidates from Kenyatta's party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU) would be elected to the 158 seats in the Assembly.[70]
  • General Emílio Garrastazu Médici was sworn in as the new President of Brazil, with Admiral Augusto Rademaker as vice president.[71] A three-man military junta had governed the nation since August 30. The Brazilian National Congress also approved 58 amendments to the Brazilian constitution to enhance the power of the President and to limit the powers of the Congress, which was reduced from 409 to 280 members, and to legalize the death penalty for anyone charged and convicted in the military courts for subversion against the government.[72]
  • Future U.S. President Bill Clinton was reclassified from "1-S" to "1-A" by his local draft board, losing the deferment for college students, after reneging on a promise to enroll in the ROTC program at the University of Arkansas.[73]
  • Born:

October 31, 1969 (Friday)
  • Sam Walton's chain of Wal-Mart discount department stores was formally incorporated. Shares of stock in the company would first be offered to the public on October 1, 1970, originally at the price of $16.50 per share. In the first 47 years after the trade, there would be eleven different stock-splits so that one of the original shares of Wal-Mart stock would be 2,048 by the end of 2016 [74] With a price 49 years later of $100 per share, each original share of stock would now be worth $204,800.
  • The disappearance of Patricia Spencer and Pamela Hobley happened in Oscoda, Michigan when the two teenage girls, aged 16 and 15 respectively, vanished after choosing to walk out of classes at Oscoda High School. The two were apparently picked up by their killers while hitchhiking, and were never seen again.[75]
  • Died: Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, 75, President of Ecuador 1940 to 1944
gollark: Somewhat late: I'm relatively sure diamonds or diamond-like things are possible to manufacture artificially *anyway*.
gollark: Nobody ever continues my naming schemes, except for two out of what, 453?
gollark: `I couldn't think of a name` / `so I just wrote this` could work on a pair of dragons...
gollark: `I Asked People For Names and Just Got This Lousy One`
gollark: I had a good one but it was too long...

References
  1. "Olof Palme Is Named Premier of Sweden; Youngest in History", Chicago Tribune, October 2, 1969, p1A-4
  2. Translation of Beijing.cn website history
  3. "U.S. Sets Off Big A-Blast In Alaska", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 3, 1969, p1
  4. "Votes Cast On World Paper Gold", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 3, 1969, p3
  5. "New 'Gold' Good Internationally", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 4, 1969, p2
  6. "Brandt Coalition Chancellor— Alliance With Scheel Ends Christian Democrats' Rule", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 4, 1969, p2
  7. "Mets, Orioles Lead Playoffs", Pittsburgh Press, October 5, 1969, p4-1
  8. "Linkletter Blames LSD For Daughter's Death", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 6, 1969, p1
  9. "LSD Killed Daughter, Art Linkletter Says", Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1969, p1
  10. "The Week's TV", in The Observer (London), October 5, 1969, p39
  11. "Photos of the Radical Organization that Declared War on the United States Government", HistoryCollection.co
  12. "Haymarket Statue Bombed", Chicago Tribune, October 7, 1969, p1
  13. "Gen. Medici New Brazil President", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 8, 1969, p1
  14. "Guard Called to Quell Chicago Riots", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 10, 1969, p1
  15. "RADICALS GO ON RAMPAGE— Battle Police Thru Gold Coast Area", Chicago Tribune, October 9, 1969, p1
  16. "Phils Get Flood, McCarver for Allen, Rojas, Johnson", Philadelphia Daily News, October 8, 1969, pE-9
  17. "Cardinals' Curt Flood Throws A Snag Into Swap With Retirement", The Daily Times (Salisbury MD), October 9, 1969, p25
  18. Neil F. Flynn, Baseball's Reserve System: The Case and Trial of Curt Flood Vs. Major League Baseball (Walnut Park Group, 2006)
  19. "Chinese yield over borders", The Age (Melbourne), October 10, 1969, p1
  20. "Soviet switch to new system", The Guardian (Manchester), October 10, 1969, p3
  21. "Don Hoak Is Dead At 41, Found Slumped Over Steering Wheel", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 10, 1969, p1
  22. "The Nukes of October: Richard Nixon's Secret Plan to Bring Peace to Vietnam", by Jeremi Suri, WIRED magazine, February 25, 2008
  23. Memorandum from Gen Wheeler, Chairman, JCS 10 Oct 1969
  24. "In Recognition of the City of Simi Valley's 40th Birthday", remarks by U.S. Representative Elton Gallegly", Congressional Record, October 8, 2009, p24528
  25. "Soviet Space Pad May Be In Works", Pittsburgh Press, October 12, 1969, p1
  26. "Frisco Intensifies Hunt For Zodiac, Slayer of 5", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 17, 1969, p1
  27. "2nd Soyuz Put in Orbit By Russia", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 13, 1969, p1
  28. "Incumbents In Turkey Claim Win", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 13, 1969, p2
  29. "MPs Repulse 'Invasion' at Ft. Dix", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 13, 1969, p1
  30. "7 Cosmonauts Due to Link Up 3 Spacecraft— Soviets Apparently Plan to Put Together Orbiting Station", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 14, 1969, p1
  31. "Red 'Troika' Space Teams Down Safely", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 18, 1969, p1
  32. Aviation Safety Network
  33. "Vandals Release 3,000 Hamsters", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 15, 1969, p1
  34. "Viet Foes Observe Moratorium— War Protested By More Than Half Million", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 16, 1969, p1
  35. "Moratorium", in The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War, by David L. Anderson (Columbia University Press, 2002) p143
  36. "Somalian President Killed; Police Arrest Assassin", Dayton (O.) Journal Herald, October 16, 1969, p1
  37. "Somalia's President Shot Dead", Baltimore Sun, October 16, 1969, p1
  38. "Amazin' Story Ends, N.Y. Mets Win Series", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 17, 1969, p1
  39. "Black Players Object to BYU— University Hit by Football Crisis", Casper (WY) Star-Tribune, October 18, 1969, p1
  40. "Wyoming Trustees Kick Off 14 Negro Gridders", Ogden (UT) Standard-Examiner, October 18, 1969, p4
  41. "The Black 14 Case: The Not-So-Silent Witness of the Armbands", by Weston W. Reeves, Wyoming Lawyer magazine
  42. John Sayle Watterson, College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy (JHU Press, 2002) p322-324
  43. "Bolivian Troops Seize Gulf Oil", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 18, 1969, p2
  44. "Nativity Picture Is Stolen", Ottawa Jouirnal, October 20, 1969, p5
  45. "The Case of the Mafia and the Stolen Caravaggio"
  46. "Diet Drinks Being Taken Off Market", UPI report in Casper (WY) Star-Tribune, October 19, 1969, p1
  47. "Responding to the Ban on Cyclamates"
  48. CARICOM: Caribbean Development Bank
  49. "Army Seizes Somalia Rule", San Francisco Examiner, October 21, 1969, p2
  50. "Somalia (1960-present), University of Central Arkansas Political Science department
  51. "18 Mexican Children Die in Earthslide", Chicago Tribune, October 21, 1969, p1
  52. "AMC to Buy Jeep For $80 Million", Ottawa Journal, October 21, 1969, p4
  53. "Brandt Elected Chancellor in Bonn", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 22, 1969, p2
  54. "Belli Talks To 'Zodiac' In TV Show", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 23, 1969, p2
  55. "Lebanese PM Karami Resigns", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 23, 1969, p2
  56. "Real Rock Museum: Led Zeppelin II", KSHE-FM website
  57. "Canadian Ship Blast Kills Eight Sailors", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 24, 1969, p1
  58. "Krogers fly out with a last laugh", The Guardian (London), October 25, 1969, p1, p18
  59. "Freed Spies Sip Champagne, Joke About Years in Prison", Los Angeles Times, October 25, 1969, p1
  60. "Paul McCartney Insists He's Alive", Daily News (New York), October 25, 1969, p6
  61. "Liberals just scrape home", The Age (Melbourne), October 27, 1969, p1
  62. "Right Makes Clean Sweep In Portugal", San Francisco Examiner, October 27, 1969, p5
  63. "British Caribbean Rule Is Eased in 31 Islands", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 28, 1969, p1
  64. "Israelis Return Meir to Power", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 29, 1969, p1
  65. Tom Standage, Writing on the Wall: Social Media, The First 2,000 Years (Bloomsbury, 2013)
  66. Commentary by Leonard Kleinrock in "UCLA to be First Station in Nationwide Computer Network, Press release dated July 3, 1969", in From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology, Volume 2, ed. by Jeremy M. Norman (Norman Publishing, 2005) p869
  67. "Supreme Court Orders Immediate State Mix— Segregated Schools No Longer Allowed", The Clarion-Ledger (Jackson MS), October 30, 1969, p1
  68. "Integrate Now, Mississippi Told", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 30, 1969, p1
  69. "Kenya's Opposition Party Is Banned As Subversive", Baltimore Sun, October 31, 1969, p2
  70. "Kenya (1963-present)", University of Central Arkansas Political Science department
  71. "Brazil President Takes Oath, Vows Democracy", Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1969, p27
  72. "Brazil Junta to Make Constitution Reforms", Bridgeport (CT) Telegram, October 20, 1969, p6
  73. Stanley A. Renshon, High Hopes: The Clinton Presidency and the Politics of Ambition (Routledge, 1998) pp201-204
  74. "Wal-Mart Stock History: How the World’s Biggest Retailer Created So Much Wealth for Investors", by Demitrios Kalogeropoulos, The Motley Fool, January 1, 2017
  75. "Two Teens Skipped School One Day In 1969 – And They Have Not Been Seen Since", by Emma Harwood, Absolute History.com, March 12, 2018
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